Donor registration

Short description: Systems to aid later offspring–gamete-donor contact

Donor registration facilitates donor conceived people, sperm donors and egg donors to establish contact with genetic kindred. Registries are mostly used by donor conceived people to find out their genetic heritage and to find half-siblings from the same egg or sperm donor. In some jurisdictions donor registration is compulsory, while in others it is voluntary; but most jurisdictions do not have any registration system.

## Contents

* 1 Types of registries
* 1.1 Clinic registries
* 1.2 Independent registries
* 1.3 Private registries
* 2 International registration standards
* 2.1 Australia
* 2.2 New Zealand
* 2.3 Sweden
* 2.4 United Kingdom
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Types of registries

There are registries of the fertility clinics etc. as well as independent registries.

### Clinic registries

Fertility clinics etc. keep registries of donors and receivers. The donor number is generally available to the donor as well as the receivers. On the other hand, a donor doesn't generally know which receivers that are linked to his/her donor number, and the receivers don't generally know the true identity behind the donor number.

In the case of non-anonymous donors, the donor conceived people may know the true identity of the donor behind the donor number.

### Independent registries

Since clinic registries are often very limited, independent registries may be more efficient in finding genetic kindred.

Some donors are non-anonymous, but most are anonymous, i.e. the donor conceived person doesn't know the true identity of the donor. Still, he/she may get the donor number from the fertility clinic. If that donor had donated before, then other donor conceived people with the same donor number are thus genetic half-siblings. In short, donor registries matches people who type in the same donor number.

Alternatively, if the donor number isn't available, then known donor characteristics, e.g. hair, eye and skin color may be used in matching siblings.

Donors may also register, and therefore, donor registries may also match donors with their genetic children.

### Private registries

Sperm banks keep their own records of sperm donors and recipients, although there may not be any obligation to save them unless there is non-anonymous sperm donation, let alone any obligation to reveal them for donor conceived people who want to know about their genetic history.

In the US there is increased pressure on sperm banks to make donor information available to donor conceived people, for example by creating a collaborative private registry between sperm banks.[1] Without such initiative, it may lead to a government driven registry that sperm banks and clinics must report to.[1]

## International registration standards

Some countries have established laws concerning the registration of donors, others permit states to regulate this or have no regulation.

### Australia

In Australia, health issues are the responsibility of the states and territories. In Victoria, donor registers are maintained by the Victorian Assisted Reproductive Treatment Authority (VARTA) (until 2010 called the Infertility Treatment Authority).[2][3] Donor registration is compulsory and donors agree to release identifying information to the donor child when they reach 18 years of age. Some other states, such as Western Australia, have a voluntary register on which donors and recipients may register their details.

### New Zealand

In New Zealand the Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2004 established compulsory registration of donors and their offspring born from donations made after 22 August 2005. Fertility clinics must inform the Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages that a donor offspring has been born, and give the Registrar identifying details about the donor, offspring and clinic. Non-identifying details about the donor must be retained by the fertility clinic for 50 years or until the clinic closes, when they are transferred to the Registrar.

Information from clinics and the Registrar may be released to donors, donor offspring and their parents, and medical professionals. However, there are restrictions on releasing identifying details about donor offspring until they turn 18 years old (16 years old with permission of the Family Court).

The Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages maintains a second voluntary register detailing donor and donor offspring arising from donations prior to 22 August 2015.

### Sweden

As in Austria, donor registration is a task for each region, in Sweden: county. Thus, any official fertility clinic cannot know if a donor has donated in other places within the country as well.

The Personal Data Act [4] regulates donor/sibling registries in Sweden. For instance, personal data may mostly not be handed out unless there is consent from that person, and this might include donor codes, although only the clinic itself can link it directly with that donor. However, they may still indirectly link to the donor, and therefore, it is not certain that clinics are willing to deliver donor codes. Furthermore, even if the organization is availed the data, then, by the same law, such an organization has huge responsibilities. For instance:

* It has to make sure the data only is used for its purpose, i.e. link donor siblings to each other.
* The people turning to the organization too has to give data to the organization, and therefore have to be properly informed about how it is used. In addition, a written consent has to be retrieved from them.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has a central register of people conceived using gamete donation after 1 August 1991. People conceived using donations made after 1 April 2005 will have the right to know who their donor was when they turn 18.[5] UK Donorlink[Usurped!] was a Department of Health Funded voluntary register for people conceived before 1 August 1991 and for their donors.[6]

## See also

* Donor Sibling Registry
* Donor conceived people
* Dibling
* sperm donors
* egg donors
* artificial insemination
* donor insemination
* sperm bank
* accidental incest

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Reason Magazine: Who's Your Daddy? by Cheryl Miller, February 2009
2. ↑ Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 2008
3. ↑ registers in Victoria, Australia
4. ↑ "Personal Data Act". http://www.datainspektionen.se/in_english/personal_data.shtml.
5. ↑ HFEA Register
6. ↑ UK Donorlink[Usurped!]. This service was replaced when it was transferred to the National Gamete Donation Trust (NGDT) in April 2014 and is now called the Donor Conceived Register http://www.donorconceivedregister.org.uk/

## External links

* Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and Families (Selected resources from the Maternal & Child Health Library, Georgetown University)
* SearchingForMySpermDonorFather.org (A donor and donor-offspring registry for those seeking their offspring and donors)
* One Sperm Donor, 150 Offspring New York Times

* v
* t
* e

Human physiology of sexual reproduction

Menstrual cycle|

* Menarche
* Menstruation
* Follicular phase
* Ovulation
* Luteal phase

Gametogenesis|

* Spermatogenesis
* spermatogonium
* spermatocyte
* spermatid
* sperm)
* Oogenesis (oogonium
* oocyte
* ootid
* ovum)
* Germ cell
* gonocyte
* gamete)

Human sexual activity|

* Sexual arousal
* Sexual intercourse
* Masturbation
* Erection
* Orgasm
* Ejaculation
* Insemination
* Fertilization / Fertility
* Implantation
* Pregnancy
* Postpartum period
* Mechanics of sex

Development of the reproductive system|

* Sexual differentiation
* Sexual dimorphism
* Feminization
* Virilization)
* Puberty
* Gonadarche
* Tanner scale
* Pubarche
* Menarche
* Spermarche
* Adrenarche)
* Maternal age / Paternal age
* Menopause

Egg|

* Ovum
* Oviposition
* Oviparity
* Ovoviviparity
* Vivipary

Reproductive endocrinology
and infertility|

* Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
* Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
* Andrology
* Hormone

Breast|

* Thelarche
* Development
* Lactation
* Breastfeeding

Human reproductive system|

* Male
* Female

* v
* t
* e

Assisted reproductive technology

Infertility|

* Female
* Male
* Fertility clinic
* Fertility testing
* Fertility tourism

Fertility medication|

* Estrogen antagonists
* aromatase inhibitor
* clomifene
* FSH
* GnRH agonists
* Gonadotropins
* menotropins
* hCG

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
and expansions|

* Assisted zona hatching
* Autologous endometrial coculture
* Cytoplasmic transfer
* Embryo transfer
* Gestational carrier
* In vitro maturation
* Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
* Oocyte selection
* Ovarian hyperstimulation
* Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
* Snowflake children
* Transvaginal ovum retrieval
* Zygote intrafallopian transfer

Other methods|

* Artificial insemination
* Ovulation induction
* Cryopreservation
* embryos
* oocyte
* ovarian tissue
* semen
* Gamete intrafallopian transfer
* Reproductive surgery
* Vasectomy reversal
* Selective reduction
* Sex selection
* Surrogacy

Donation|

* Donor registration
* Donor Sibling Registry
* Egg donation
* Embryo
* Sperm
* Semen collection
* Sperm bank
* Ova bank

Ethics|

* Accidental incest
* Genetic diagnosis of intersex
* Religious response to ART
* Mitochondrial donation
* Sex selection

In fiction|

* See subsection in sperm donation
* Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction

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