East Asian languages

Short description: Proposed language family

This article is about the proposed language family. For the languages of the East Asian geographical region, see languages of East Asia.

East Asian

(proposed, under study)
Geographic
distribution| East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Madagascar, Siberia
Linguistic classification| Proposed language family
Subdivisions|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Austroasiatic
* Koreanic (sometimes included)
* Japonic (sometimes included)
* Mongolic (sometimes included)
* Tungusic (sometimes included)

Glottolog| None

The East Asian languages are a language family (alternatively macrofamily or superphylum) proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by George van Driem and others.

## Contents

* 1 Classifications
* 1.1 Early proposals
* 1.2 Starosta (2005)
* 1.3 van Driem (2012)
* 1.4 Larish (2006, 2017)
* 2 Vocabulary comparison
* 3 Distributions
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes and references
* 6 External links

## Classifications

### Early proposals

Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophylla, in narrower scope:[1]

* Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Tibeto-Burman: August Conrady (1916, 1922)[2][3] and Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)[4][5]
* Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Hmong–Mien: Paul K. Benedict (1942),[6] Robert Blust (1996),[7] Ilia Peiros (1998)[8]
* Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong–Mien: Stanley Starosta (2001)

Precursors to the East Asian proposal:

* Austro-Tai (Kra–Dai and Austronesian): Gustave Schlegel (1901, 1902),[9][10] Weera Ostapirat (2005)[11][12]
* Austric (Austroasiatic and Austronesian): Wilhelm Schmidt (1906),[13] Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005)[14][15]

### Starosta (2005)

Location of the Peiligang culture

Stanley Starosta's (2005)[16] East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien, to form an East Asian superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct sister of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a disyllabic (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by Peiligang culture and Cishan culture millet farmers on the North China Plain (specifically the Han River, Wei River, and central Yellow River areas).[17]

* East Asian
* Austronesian
* (various Formosan branches)
* Extra-Formosan
* Tai–Kadai
* Malayo-Polynesian
* Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian
* Sino-Tibetan
* Yangzian
* Austroasiatic
* Hmong–Mien

Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in Proto-Tibeto-Burman and Proto-Austronesian, as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as Nicobaric.[18]

* *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'
* *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'
* *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'
* *n(V)- 'perfective'

### van Driem (2012)

See also: Social:Father tongue hypothesis

The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by George van Driem in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the Benares Hindu University.[1][19]

* East Asian
* Austro-Tai
* Kradai
* Austronesian
* Austroasiatic
* Himalayan-Yangtzean
* Trans-Himalayan
* Sino-Bodic
* Burmo-Qiangic
* Brahmaputran
* Gongduk, etc.
* Kiranti, etc.
* Yangtzean
* Hmong–Mien

Modern distribution of basal O-M175, which expanded from southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.

According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA Haplogroup O.[20] (Further information: Father tongue hypothesis)

### Larish (2006, 2017)

According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). Japonic is grouped together with Koreanic as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra–Dai, Hmong–Mien and Sino-Tibetan languages.[21][22]

* East Asian
* Japano-Koreanic
* Japonic
* Koreanic
* Austro-Asian
* Austronesian
* Austroasiatic
* Kra–Dai
* Hmong–Mien
* Sino-Tibetan

## Vocabulary comparison

Below is a comparison of basic vocabulary items for proto-languages of all 5 East Asian language families.

Sources

* Proto-Tibeto-Burman: Matisoff (2015)[23]
* Proto-Hmong–Mien: Ratliff (2010)[24]
* Proto-Austroasiatic: Sidwell (2024);[25] Sidwell & Rau (2015)[26]
* Proto-Austronesian: Blust & Trussel (2020)[27]
* Proto-Tai: Pittayaporn (2009)[28]
* Proto-Hlai: Norquest (2007)[29]
* Proto-Kra: Ostapirat (2000)[30]

| Sino-Tibetan  | Hmong–Mien  | Austroasiatic  | Austronesian  | Kra–Dai

|
|
|
|
|

gloss  | Proto-Tibeto-Burman  | Proto-Hmong–Mien | Proto-Austroasiatic | Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Tai | Proto-Hlai | Proto-Kra
hair  | *(t)sam  | *pljei  | *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ  | *bukeS  | *prɤmA | *hnom  | *m-səmA
eye  | *s-myak  | *mu̯ɛjH  | *matˀ  | *maCa  | *p.taːA | *tʃʰaː  | *m-ʈaA
ear  | *r/g-na  | *mbræu  | *Ctoːr  | *Caliŋa  | *krwɯːA | *ljəy  | *k-raA
nose  | *s-na ~ *s-naːr  | *mbruiH  | *muːh, *muːɕ  | *ujuŋ  | *ɗaŋA | *kʰət  | *hŋətD
tooth  | *s/p-wa  | *hmjinʔ  | *muɲ, *məɲ  | *lipen, *n/ŋipen  | *wanA | *fjən  | *l-pənA
tongue  | *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley  | *mblet  | *lntaːkˀ  | *Sema, *lidam  | *liːnC | *hliːnʔ  | *l-maA
hand  | *lak ~ *C-yak  | *-bɔuʔ  | *tiːˀ  | *kamay  | *mwɯːA | *C-mɯː  | *mjaA
bone  | *s/m/g-rus  | *tshuŋʔ  | *cʔaːŋ  | *CuqelaN  | *C̥.dukD | *Cuɾɯːk  | *dəkD
blood  | *s-hywəy-t  | *ntshjamʔ  | *(m)ɕaːm  | *daRaq  | *lɯətD | *alaːc  | *platD
liver  | *m-sin  | *-hri̯ən  | *kləːm;[26] *gre(ː)ɕ  | *qaCay  | *tapD | *ɗəy  | *təpD
meat, flesh  | *sya-n  | P-Mienic *ʔaB | *sacˀ  | *Sesi  | *n.mɤːC | *rəmʔ  | *ʔaɯC
dog  | *d-kʷəy-n  | P-Hmongic *hmaŋC | *cɔʔ  | *asu  | *ʰmaːA | *hmaː  | *x-maA
bird  | *s-ŋak  | *m-nɔk  | *ciːm  | *manuk  | *C̬.nokD | *səc  | *ɳokD
fish  | *s-ŋya  | *mbrəuʔ  | *kaʔ  | *Sikan  | *plaːA | *hlaː  | *p-laA
louse  | *s-r(y)ik  | *ntshjeiʔ  | *ciʔ  | *kuCux  | *trawA | *tʃʰwəw  | *C-ʈuA
leaf  | *lay  | P-Hmongic *mblɔŋA,
P-Mienic *nɔmA | *slaʔ  | *waSaw  | *ɓaɰA | *ɓɯː  | *ɖiŋA
sun, day  | *s-nəy  | P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA | *tŋiːˀ  | *waRi, *qajaw  | *ŋwanA | *hŋwən  | *(l-/h)wənA
moon  | *s/g-la  | *hlaH  | *khe(ː)ʔ  | *bulaN, *qiNaS  | *ɓlɯənA | *C-ɲaːn  | *(C-)tjanA
water  | *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s  | *ʔu̯əm  | *ɗaːkˀ; Pal. *ʔoːm  | *daNum  | *C̬.namC | *C-nəmʔ  | *ʔuŋC
rain  | *r/s/g-wa  | P-Hmongic *m-noŋC | *gmaːˀ  | *quzaN  | *C̥.wɯnA | *fun  | *jəlA
fire  | *mey  | *douʔ  | *ʔuːɕ  | *Sapuy  | *wɤjA | *fiː  | *puiA
name  | *r-mi(ŋ/n)  | *mpɔuH  | *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh  | *ŋajan  | *ɟɤːB | *pʰaːŋ  | *n(ʒ)iA
eat  | *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s  | P-Mienic *ɲənC | *ca(ː)ʔ  | *kaen  | *kɯɲA | *kʰən  | *kanA
die  | *səy  | *dəjH  | *kceːt[26] | *ma-aCay  | *p.taːjA | *hlaːwɦ  | *pɣonA
I  | *ŋa-y ~ *ka  | P-Hmongic *kɛŋB | *ʔaɲ  | -ku  | *kuːA | *ɦuː  | *kuA
you (sg.)  | *na-ŋ  | *mu̯ei  | *miːˀ, *meːˀ  | -mu  | *mɯŋA | *C-mɯː  | *məA/B

## Distributions

* Distribution of Sino-Tibetan languages

* Distribution of Kra–Dai languages

* Distribution of Austroasiatic languages

* Distribution of Hmong–Mien languages

* Dispersal of Austronesian languages

* Distribution of Japonic languages

* Distribution of Koreanic languages

## See also

* Father tongue hypothesis
* Classification of Southeast Asian languages
* Sino-Austronesian languages
* Austric languages
* Austro-Tai languages
* Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
* Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
* Languages of East Asia
* Languages of Southeast Asia
* Languages of China

## Notes and references

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 van Driem, George. 2013. "East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography[Usurped!]", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 135-188.
2. ↑ Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
3. ↑ Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
4. ↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
5. ↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
6. ↑ Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
7. ↑ Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
8. ↑ Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
9. ↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. T'oung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
10. ↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. T'oung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
11. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.
12. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
13. ↑ Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
14. ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
15. ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
16. ↑ Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
17. ↑ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3. https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen.
18. ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). "Morphological evidence for Austric". Oceanic Linguistics 33 (2): 323–344. doi:10.2307/3623132. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32987/1/A39.1994.pdf. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
19. ↑ van Driem, George. 2016. "The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory[Usurped!]", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».
20. ↑ van Driem, George. 2018. "The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes[Usurped!]", Journal of the Asiatic Society, LX (4): 1-38.
21. ↑ Larish, Michael D. (January 2006). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
22. ↑ Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
23. ↑ Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus . Berkeley: University of California. (PDF )
24. ↑ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
25. ↑ Sidwell, Paul (2024). "500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press) 17 (1): i-xxxiii. ISSN 1836-6821. https://hdl.handle.net/10524/52519. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
27. ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (June 21, 2020). "Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition". https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pan.htm.
28. ↑ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
29. ↑ Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai . Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
30. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "Proto-Kra ." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.

## External links

* Papers on the East Asian languages by George van Driem[Usurped!]

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Tibetan languages

Western Himalayas
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)|

* West Himalayish
* Tamangic
* Newaric
* Newar
* Baram–Thangmi
* Kiranti
* Dhimalish
* Dhimal
* Toto
* Lhokpu
* Lepcha

| Greater Magaric|

* Magaric
* Magar
* Kham
* Chepangic
* Chepang
* Bhujel
* Raji–Raute
* Dura
* Tandrange

|

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)|

* Bodish
* Tibetic
* East Bodish
* Tshangla
* Basum
* Nam?
* Gongduk
* ʼOle
* Tani
* Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border|

* Karbi
* Kuki-Chin
* Mruic
* Mru
* Hkongso
* Pyu
* Taman

| "Naga"|

* Ao
* Angami–Pochuri
* Meitei
* Tangkhulic
* Zeme

|

Sal|

* Boro–Garo
* Konyak
* Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia|

* Sinitic
* Bai
* Tujia
* Nungish
* Karenic
* Gong
* Kathu
* Caijia–Longjia–Luren

| Burmo-Qiangic|

* Qiangic
* Gyalrongic
* Ersuic
* Naic
* Lolo-Burmese
* Mondzish
* Burmish
* Loloish

|

Dubious (possible isolates)
(Arunachal)|

* Hrusish
* Hruso
* Miji
* Kho-Bwa
* Puroik
* Miju–Meyor

| Greater Siangic|

* Siangic
* Koro
* Milang
* Idu–Taraon

|

Proposed groupings|

* Central Tibeto-Burman
* Greater Bai
* Mahakiranti
* Rung
* Tibeto-Burman
* Tibeto-Kanauri

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Tibeto-Burman
* Proto-Loloish
* Proto-Karenic
* Proto-Min

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

* v
* t
* e

Hmong–Mien languages

(Proto-language)|

* Proto-Hmong-Mien

Hmongic|

| Bahengic|

* Pa-Hng
* Hm Nai

|

Sheic|

* She
* Kiong Nai
* Pa Na
* Younuo?

West Hmongic|

* Hmong
* Small Flowery
* Xixiu
* A-Hmao
* Mashan
* Guiyang
* Mo Piu
* Huishui
* Pingtang
* Luobohe
* Gejia
* Bu-Nao

Xong|

* Xong

Hmuic|

* Hmu
* Raojia
* Ná-Meo

Mienic|

* Iu Mien
* Biao Mon
* Kim Mun
* Biao Min
* Dzao Min

Mixed languages|

* Lingling
* Maojia
* Badong Yao
* Yeheni
* Sanqiao
* Shehua
* Younian

* v
* t
* e

Kra–Dai languages

Kra|

* Laha
* Gelao
* Lachi
* Paha
* Buyang
* En
* Qabiao

Kam–Sui|

* Mulam
* Kam (Dong)
* Cao Miao
* Naxi Yao
* Sanqiao
* Then
* Maonan
* Chadong
* Sui
* Mak
* Ai-Cham

Biao–Lakkia|

* Biao
* Lakkia

Hlai|

* Hlai
* Cun

Jiamao|

* Jiamao

Be–Jizhao|

* Be
* Jizhao

Tai
(Zhuang)|

| Northern|

* Standard Zhuang
* Bouyei
* Hezhang Buyi
* Yei Zhuang
* Longsang Zhuang
* E
* Saek
* Tai Yo (Nyaw)
* Yoy
* Tai Pao

|

Central|

* Nong Zhuang
* Dai Zhuang
* Min Zhuang
* Yang Zhuang
* Pyang Zhuang
* Myang Zhuang
* Nung
* Tày
* Tsʻün-Lao

Southwestern
(Thai)|

| Northwestern|

* Shan
* Tai Ya
* Tai Nuea
* Tai Long
* Tai Hongjin
* Khamti
* Tai Laing
* Tai Phake
* Tai Aiton
* Khamyang
* Ahom
* Turung

|

Lao–Phutai|

* Lao
* Phu Thai
* Isan
* Nyaw
* Lao Nyo
* Kaloeng

Chiang Saen|

* Thai (Siamese)
* Northern Thai
* Tai Daeng
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hang Tong
* Tai Lue
* Tai Dam
* Khun
* Phuan
* Thai Song
* Tày Tac

Southern|

* Southern Thai

(other)|

* Sapa
* Pa Di
* Tai Muong Vat
* Tai Thanh
* Tai Khang
* Yong
* Kuan

(mixed)|

* Caolan

(mixed origins)|

* Hezhang Buyi
* E
* Caolan
* Sanqiao
* Jiamao

proposed groupings|

* Kam–Tai

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Kra
* Proto-Tai
* Proto-Kam–Sui
* Proto-Hlai

* v
* t
* e

Austronesian languages

Formosan

| Rukaic|

* Rukai

|

Tsouic|

* Tsou
* Kanakanabu
* Saaroa

Northern Formosan|

| Atayalic|

* Atayal
* Seediq

|

Northwest Formosan|

* Saisiyat
* Pazeh †
* Kulon †
* Thao
* Babuza
* Favorlang †

East Formosan|

* Ketagalan †
* Basay †
* Kavalan
* Amis
* Siraya †

Southern|

* Puyuma
* Paiwan
* Bunun

Malayo-Polynesian

Western branches of Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

| Batanic (Bashiic)|

* Itbayat
* Ivatan
* Yami

|

Northern Luzon|

* Ilokano
* Pangasinan
* Ibanag
* Arta
* Isnag
* Atta
* Itawis
* Yogad
* Cagayan Aeta
* Gaddang
* Ga'dang
* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta
* Isinai
* Itneg
* Kalinga
* Ifugao
* Tuwali ?
* Balangao
* Bontok-Finallig
* Kankanaey
* Ilongot
* Ibaloi
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Dicamay Agta †

Central Luzon|

* Kapampangan
* Abellen
* Ambala
* Bolinao
* Botolan
* Mag-antsi
* Mag-indi
* Mariveleño
* Sambali
* Remontado Agta (Sinauna)

Northern Mindoro|

* Alangan
* Iraya
* Tadyawan

Greater
Central
Philippine|

| Southern Mindoro|

* Buhid
* Hanuno'o
* Tawbuid

|

Central
Philippine|

* Tagalog

Bisayan|

* Cebuano
* Hiligaynon
* Waray
* Tausug
* Kinaray-a
* Aklanon
* Capiznon
* Asi
* Ati
* Bantayanon
* Baybayanon
* Boholano
* Butuanon
* Caluyanon
* Cuyunon
* Kinabalian
* Onhan
* Porohanon
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Surigaonon
* Masbatenyo
* Southern Sorsogon (Gubat)
* Central Sorsogon (Masbate)

Bikol|

* Central Bikol
* Albay Bikol
* Isarog Agta
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada

Unclassified|

Sulod

Mansakan|

* Davawenyo
* Kalagan
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa
* Mandaya
* Mansaka

Palawan|

* Aborlan Tagbanwa
* Palawan Batak
* Palawano

Mindanao|

* Maguindanao
* Maranao
* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Binukid
* Cotabato Manobo
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Iranun
* Kagayanen
* Kinamigin
* Matigsalug
* Obo
* Sarangani
* Subanen
* Tagabawa
* Western Bukidnon

Gorontalo-
Mongondow|

* Bolango
* Buol
* Bintauna
* Gorontalo
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Suwawa
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan

Kalamian|

* Agutaynen
* Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic|

* B'laan
* Giangan
* T'boli
* Tiruray

Sangiric|

* Sangirese
* Talaud
* Bantik
* Ratahan

Minahasan|

* Tonsawang
* Tontemboan
* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsea

Unclassified|

* Umiray Dumaget

Manide-Inagta|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide

Other western branches

| North Bornean|

| Sabahan|

* Ida'an
* Bonggi
* Brunei Bisaya
* Tatana (Sabah Bisaya)
* Lotud
* Dumpas
* Dusun
* Kuijau
* Eastern Kadazan
* Gana'
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Kinamaragang (Momogun)
* Klias River Kadazan
* Coastal Kadazan
* Yakan
* Tombonuwo
* Kinabatangan
* Sungai
* Keningau Murut
* Okolod
* Tagol
* Paluan
* Selungai Murut
* Timugon
* Bookan
* Abai
* Papar
* Kalabakan
* Sembakung
* Serudung
* Nonukan Tidong

Unclassified|

* Molbog

North Sarawakan|

* Kenyah (Bakung)
* Sebob
* Tutoh
* Uma' Lasan
* Wahau Kenyah
* Penan ?
* Kelabit
* Lengilu
* Lundayeh
* Sa'ban
* Tring
* Berawan
* Belait
* Kiput
* Narom
* Tutong
* Bintulu

Melanau-Kajang|

* Kajaman
* Lahanan
* Sekapan
* Daro-Matu
* Kanowit-Tanjong
* Melanau
* Bukitan
* Punan Batu
* Sian
* Ukit
* Basap
* Burusu
* Bah-Biau Punan
* Sajau
* Punan Merap
* Bukat
* Seru †
* Lelak †

Kayan-Murik|

* Kayan
* Bahau
* Modang
* Segai
* Hovongan
* Aoheng
* Aput
* Punan
* Krio Dayak
* Murik

Land Dayak|

* Bekati'
* Sara
* Lara'
* Bukar Sadong
* Rejang
* Biatah
* Tringgus
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Semandang
* Ribun
* Benyadu'
* Sanggau

Barito|

* Malagasy
* Bushi
* Deyah
* Malang
* Witu
* Ma'anyan
* Paku
* Lawangan
* Kohin
* Dihoi
* Siang
* Bakumpai
* Ngaju
* Ampanang
* Tunjung

| Sama-Bajaw|

* Abaknon
* Bajaw
* Mapun
* Pangutaran Sama
* Sama
* West Coast Bajau
* Yakan

|

Malayo-Sumbawan|

| Sundanese|

* Baduy
* Sundanese

|

Madurese|

* Kangean
* Madurese

Malayo-Chamic|

| Aceh–Chamic|

* Acehnese
* Cham dialects
* Chru
* Haroi
* Jarai
* Rade
* Roglai
* Tsat (Utsat)

|

Malayic|

* Bamayo
* Banjar
* Brunei/Kedayan Malay
* Berau Malay
* Bangka Malay
* Balau
* Bengkulu
* Col
* Duano'
* Haji
* Iban
* Jambi Malay
* Jakun
* Kedah Malay
* Kutai Malay
* Kaur
* Kerinci
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay (Yawi)
* Kendayan
* Keninjal
* Kubu
* Orang Laut
* Lubu
* Johore-Riau Malay (Malaysian & Indonesian)
* Minangkabau
* Musi
* Mualang
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Pekal
* Perak Malay
* Pontianak Malay
* Remun
* Sarawak Malay
* Seberuang
* Sebuyau
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Urak Lawoi'

Bali–Sasak|

* Balinese
* Sasak
* Sumbawa

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands|

* Enggano
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nias
* Sikule
* Simeulue

Batak|

* Alas
* Angkola
* Dairi
* Karo
* Simalungun
* Toba
* Mandailing

Lampungic|

* Lampung Nyo
* Lampung Api
* Komering

Celebic|

| Bungku–Tolaki|

* Bahonsuai
* Bungku
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Padoe
* Rahambuu
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Waru
* Wawonii

|

Kaili–Pamona|

* Bada
* Behoa
* Kaili
* Mbelala
* Moma
* Napu
* Pamona
* Rampi
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Topoiyo
* Uma

Muna–Buton|

* Bonerate
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Kaimbulawa
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Liabuku
* Muna
* Pancana
* Tukang Besi

Saluan–Banggai|

* Andio
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Bobongko
* Saluan

Tomini–Tolitoli|

* Balaesang
* Boano
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Lauje
* Pendau
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tomini
* Totoli

Wotu–Wolio|

* Kalao
* Kamaru
* Laiyolo
* Wolio
* Wotu

South Sulawesi|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Bentong
* Budong-Budong
* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Coastal Konjo
* Dakka
* Duri
* Embaloh
* Enrekang
* Highland Konjo
* Kalumpang
* Lawa
* Lemolang
* Maiwa (Sulawesi)
* Makassarese
* Malimpung
* Mamasa
* Mamuju
* Mandar
* Panasuan
* Pannei
* Selayar
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah
* Tae'
* Talondo'
* Taman
* Toraja-Sa'dan
* Ulumanda'

Moken|

* Moken dialects

Javanese|

* Banyumasan
* Kawi (Old Javanese)
* Osing
* Tenggerese

Branch-level isolates|

* Chamorro
* Palauan

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

| Sumba–Flores|

* Bima

Sumba-Manggarai|

| Sumba–Hawu|

* Hawu
* Dhao
* Kambera
* Mamboru
* Anakalangu
* Wanukaka
* Pondok
* Baliledo
* Wejewa
* Lamboya
* Kodi
* Gaura

|

Western Flores|

* Komodo
* Manggarai
* Riung
* Rembong
* Rajong
* Kepo'
* Wae Rana
* Palu'e
* Ende
* Li'o
* Nage
* Ke'o
* Ngad'a
* Rongga
* So'a

Flores-Lembata|

* Kedang

Sika-Lamaholot|

* Sika

Lamaholotic|

* Lamatuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Levuka
* South Lembata
* Lamaholot
* Alorese
* Lamalera
* Lewotobi
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Mingar

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Kei-Tanimbar|

* Kei
* Fordata
* Yamdena
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin

Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

Timor-Babar|

| Timoric ?|

* Kemak
* Tukudede
* Mambai
* Idalaka
* Dawan
* Amarasi
* Helong
* Bilba
* Dengka
* Lole
* Ringgou
* Dela-Oenale
* Termanu
* Tii
* Tetum
* Bekais
* Wetar
* Galoli
* Luang
* Makuva

|

Babar|

* West Damar ?
* Dawera-Daweloor
* North Babar
* Dai
* Masela
* Serili
* Southeast Babar
* Emplawas
* Imroing
* Tela'a

Unclassified|

* Naueti
* Kairui
* Waimoa
* Midiki

Kowiai|

* Kowiai

Central Maluku ?|

* Teor-Kur

West Central Maluku|

* Ambelau
* Buru
* Lisela
* Hukumina †
* Moksela †
* Sula
* Mangole
* Taliabo

East Central Maluku|

* Banda
* Bati
* Geser
* Watubela
* Bobot
* Masiwang
* Hoti †
* Benggoi
* Salas
* Liana

Nunusaku|

* Kayeli †
* Nuaulu
* Huaulu
* Manusela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?|

* Asilulu
* Luhu
* Manipa
* Wakasihu
* Boano (Moluccas)
* Sepa-Teluti
* Paulohi
* Kaibobo
* Hitu
* Tulehu
* Laha
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Kamarian †
* Haruku
* Amahai
* Nusa Laut
* Saparua
* Latu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

* South Halmahera–West New Guinea
* Oceanic languages

* Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

* v
* t
* e

Austroasiatic languages

Bahnaric|

| North|

* Jeh
* Halang
* Kayong
* Kaco’
* Takua
* Monom
* Todrah
* Sedang
* Rengao
* Hrê
* Duan
* Katua

|

West|

* Lavi
* Jru'
* Laven
* Su'
* Juk
* Nyaheun
* Sapuan
* Oi
* Brao

Central|

* Alak
* Tariang
* Tampuan
* Bahnar

| South|

* Chrau
* Koho
* Stieng
* Ra’ong
* Mnong
* Mel-Khaonh
* Thmon

|

East|

* Cua

Katuic|

* Katu
* Phuong
* Bru
* Kuy
* Pacoh
* Ta'Oi

Vietic|

| Viet-Muong|

* Vietnamese
* Mường
* Nguồn

|

Cuoi|

* Cuoi

Chutic|

* Thavưng
* Chứt
* Arem
* Maleng
* Kri

Khmuic|

* Khmu
* Mlabri
* Phai
* Mal
* Ksingmul
* O’du
* Phray
* Phong
* Khao

Palaungic|

* Danau
* Palaung
* Riang
* Lamet
* Kiorr
* Kuan
* Tai Loi

| Angkuic|

* Hu
* U
* Man Met
* Mok
* Muak Sa-aak
* Va

|

Waic|

* Blang
* Lawa
* Wa
* Meung Yum
* Savaiq

Bit-Khang|

* Bit
* Quang Lam
* Kháng
* Bumang

Khasic|

* Khasi
* Pnar
* War
* Lyngngam

Mangic|

* Mang
* Bolyu
* Bugan

Khmeric|

* Khmer
* Northern Khmer
* Western Khmer
* Khmer Khe

Pearic|

* Pear
* Suoi
* Saoch
* Western Chong
* Central Chong (Samre)
* Somray (Samre of Siem Reap)
* Kasong

Monic|

* Mon
* Nyah Kur

Aslian|

| Jahaic|

* Cheq Wong
* Batek
* Jahai
* Jedek
* Minriq
* Mintil
* Kintaq
* Kensiu
* Ten'edn
* Wila'

|

Senoic|

* Semai
* Temiar
* Lanoh
* Sabüm
* Semnam

Jah Hut|

* Jah Hut

Semelaic|

* Temoq
* Semelai
* Semaq Beri
* Mah Meri

(unclassified)|

* Kenaboi

Nicobarese|

* Car
* Chaura
* Teressa
* Central Nicobarese
* Nancowry
* Camorta
* Katchal
* Southern Nicobarese
* Shompen?

Munda|

| North|

* Korku
* Korwa
* Santali
* Turi
* Birhor
* Mundari
* Ho
* Koda
* Kol
* Asur
* Birjia
* Agariya
* Majhwar

|

South|

* Kharia
* Juang
* Gta’
* Bonda
* Gutob
* Gorum
* Sora
* Juray
* Lodhi

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Austroasiatic
* Proto-Palaungic
* Proto-Khmeric
* Proto-Aslian

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Kwomtari
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Sentani
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keresan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Uralic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Elymian
* Ligurian
* North Picene
* Sicani
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Hurro-Urartian
* Hattic
* Kassite ?
* Kaskian ?
* Philistine ?
* Sumerian
* Proto-Euphratean ?
* Elamite

Caucasian|

* Kartvelian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Nihali
* Burushaski
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Austroasiatic
* Sino-Tibetan
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Kenaboi
* Enggano

North Asia|

| Altaic ?|

* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Koreanic ?
* Japonic ?

|

"Paleosiberian"|

* Koreanic
* Ainu
* Nivkh
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Yukaghir
* Yeniseian

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Ruanruan ?
* Eskimo–Aleut

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Pontic
* Karasuk
* Turanian
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Ural–Altaic
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Uralo-Siberian

| Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

|

Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East Asian languages. Read more

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