Eastern Yugur language

Short description: Mongolic language of Gansu, China

Eastern Yugur

Native to| China
Region| Gansu
Ethnicity| 6,000 Yugur (2000)[1]

Native speakers

| 4,000 (2007)[1]

Language family

Mongolic

* Southern Mongolic
* Eastern Yugur

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `yuy`
Glottolog| `east2337`[2]

Eastern Yugur is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Eastern Yugur is a Mongolic language spoken within the Yugur nationality. The other language spoken within the same community[according to whom?] is Western Yughur, which is a Turkic language. The terms may also indicate the speakers of these languages, which are both unwritten.[3] Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term Yellow Uygur, from the autonym of the Yugur. Eastern Yugur speakers are said to have passive bilingualism with Inner Mongolian, the standard spoken in China.[4]

Eastern Yugur is a threatened language with an aging population of fluent speakers.[5][6] Language contact with neighbouring languages, particularly Chinese, has noticeably affected the language competency of younger speakers.[6] Some younger speakers have also begun to lose their ability to distinguish between different phonetic shades within the language, indicating declining language competency.[7]

Grigory Potanin recorded a glossary of Salar, Western Yugur, and Eastern Yugur in his 1893 book written in Russian, The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

## Phonology

Consonants  | Bilabial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Uvular  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|
|

plain | lateral
Stop  | voiceless | p | t |  |  | k | q |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ |  |  | kʰ | qʰ |
Affricate  | voiceless |  | t͡s |  | t͡ʃ |  |  |
aspirated |  | t͡sʰ |  | t͡ʃʰ |  |  |
Fricative  | voiceless |  | s | ɬ | ʃ |  | χ | h
voiced | β |  |  |  | ɣ | ʁ |
Nasal  | voiced | m | n |  |  | ŋ |  |
voiceless |  | n̥ |  |  |  |  |
Trill  |  | r |  |  |  |  |
Approximant  |  |  | l | j |  |  |

The phonemes /ç, çʰ, ɕ, ɕʰ, ʂ, ʑ/ appear exclusively in Chinese loanwords.[3]

Vowels[14] | Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

High | i | y | ʉ | u
Mid | e | ø | ə | o ɔ
Low |  |  | ɑ

Vowel length is also distributed.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Eastern Yugur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "East Yugur". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2337.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nugteren, Hans; Roos, Marti (1996). "Common Vocabulary of the Western and Eastern Yugur Languages: The Turkic and Mongolic Loanwords" (in en). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 49 (1/2): 25–91.
4. ↑ Wurm, Stephen Adolphe, ed (1996) (in en). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 822. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&q=yugur+close+to+original+uyghur&pg=PA822.
5. ↑ "East Yugur" (in en). https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2337.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wu, Han; Jin, Yasheng (2017). "Phonetic Changes of Eastern Yugur Language: Case Study of Vowel /ɐ/" (in en). Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016). Atlantis Press. pp. 745–749. doi:10.2991/icemeet-16.2017.155. ISBN 978-94-6252-288-6. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icemeet-16/25869215.
7. ↑ Wu, Han; Yu, Hongzhi (2017). "Features and Changes of Vowels of Eastern Yugur Language" (in en). Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Economic Management and Social Science (IEMSS 2017). Atlantis Press. pp. 681–685. doi:10.2991/iemss-17.2017.136. ISBN 978-94-6252-314-2. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iemss-17/25873095.
8. ↑ Poppe, Nicholas (1953). "Remarks on The Salar Language" (in en). Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 16 (3/4): 438–477. doi:10.2307/2718250.
9. ↑ Roos, Martina Erica (2000). The Western Yugur (Yellow Uygur) Language: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
10. ↑ "Yugurology" (in en). http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/yugurol.htm.
11. ↑ Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893) (in ru). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. https://books.google.com/books?id=crgQAQAAMAAJ.
12. ↑ Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893) (in ru). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. https://books.google.com/books?id=1QMyAQAAMAAJ.
13. ↑ Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893) (in ru). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. https://books.google.com/books?id=_PwTAAAAIAAJ.
14. ↑ Chuluu (1994)

## Further reading

* 保朝鲁; 贾拉森 (1991) (in zh). Dōngbù yùgù yǔ hé ménggǔ yǔ. Huhehaote: Neimenggu renmin chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-204-01401-9. OCLC 299469024.
* Chuluu, Üjiyediin (Chaolu Wu) (1994) (in en). Introduction, Grammar and Sample Sentences for Jegün Yogur. Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 54. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 32579233. http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp054_jegun_yogur.pdf.
* Stuart, Kevin C., ed (1996) (in en). Blue Cloth and Pearl Deer: Yogur Folklore. Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 73. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 41180478. http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp073_yogur_folklore.pdf.

| Eastern Yugur language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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Languages of China

Official|

* Standard Mandarin

Regional|

| ARs / SARs|

* CantoneseHK/MC
* EnglishHK
* MongolianNM
* PortugueseMC
* TibetanXZ
* UyghurXJ
* ZhuangGX

|

Prefecture|

* Hmong
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Counties/Banners|

numerous

Indigenous|

Sino-Tibetan languages

| Lolo-
Burmese|

| Mondzish|

* Kathu
* Maang
* Manga
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* Maza
* Mondzi
* Muangphe

|

Burmish|

* Achang
* Xiandao
* Pela
* Lashi
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* Lhao Vo
* Zaiwa

Loloish|

| Hanoish|

* Akeu
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|

Lisoish|

* Eka
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* Kuamasi
* Laizisi
* Lalo
* Lamu
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Nisoish|

* Alingpo
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* Axi
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* Phala
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* Phupa
* Phupha
* Phuza
* Samei
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* Zokhuo

Other|

* Gokhy
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Qiangic|

* Baima
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* Ersu
* Guiqiong
* Horpa
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* Khroskyabs
* Laze
* Lizu
* Na
* Muya
* Namuyi
* Naxi
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* Shixing
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Tibetic|

* Amdo
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* Central Tibetan
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* Khalong
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* Zhongu
* Zitsadegu

Other|

* Bai
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* Derung
* Jingpho
* Longjia
* Nung
* Tujia
* Waxianghua

Other languages

| Austroasiatic|

* Bit
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* Bolyu
* Bugan
* Bumang
* Hu
* Kuan
* Mang
* Man Met
* Muak Sa-aak
* Palaung
* Riang
* U
* Va
* Wa

|

Hmong-Mien|

| Hmongic|

* A-Hmao
* Bu-Nao
* Gejia
* Guiyang
* Hm Nai
* Hmong
* Hmu
* Huishui
* Kiong Nai
* Luobohe
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* Pa-Hng
* Pa Na
* Pingtang
* Qo Xiong
* Raojia
* She
* Small Flowery
* Xixiu
* Younuo

|

Mienic|

* Biao Min
* Dzao Min
* Iu Mien
* Kim Mun

Mongolic|

* Bonan
* Buryat
* Daur
* Eastern Yugur
* Kangjia
* Khamnigan
* Monguor
* Oirat
* Ordos
* Santa
* Torgut

Kra-Dai|

| Zhuang|

* Bouyei
* Dai
* Min
* Ningming
* Nong
* Tai Dam
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hongjin
* Tai Lü
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Ya
* Yang
* Yei

|

Other|

* Ai-Cham
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* Kam
* Lakkja
* Mak
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* Ong Be
* Paha
* Qabiao
* Sui
* Then

Tungusic|

* Evenki
* Manchu
* Nanai
* Oroqen
* Xibe

Turkic|

* Äynu
* Fuyu Kyrgyz
* Ili Turki
* Lop
* Salar
* Western Yugur

Other|

* Sarikoli (Indo-European)
* Tsat (Austronesian)
* Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Minority|

* Kazakh
* Korean
* Kyrgyz
* Russian
* Tatar
* Tuvan
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* Vietnamese (Kinh)
* Wakhi

Varieties of
Chinese|

* Mandarin
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* varieties
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Creole/Mixed|

* E
* Hezhou
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Extinct|

* Ba-Shu
* Jie
* Khitan
* Ruan-ruan
* Saka
* Tangut
* Tocharian
* Tuoba
* Tuyuhun
* Xianbei
* Zhang-Zhung

Sign|

* Chinese Sign
* Hong Kong SignHK/MC
* Tibetan SignXZ

* GX = Guangxi
* HK = Hong Kong
* MC = Macau
* NM = Inner Mongolia
* XJ = Xinjiang
* XZ = Tibet

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Mongolic languages

Contemporary|

| Central|

* Buryat
* Khamnigan
* Mongolian
* Baarin
* Chakhar
* Khalkha
* Khorchin
* Oirat
* Alasha
* Kalmyk
* Torgut
* Ordos

|

Southern|

* Bonan
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* Santa
* Eastern Yugur
* Monguor

other|

* Dagur
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mixed|

* Tangwang
* Wutun

Historical|

* Proto-Mongolic
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Para-Mongolic|

* Khitan
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