Engan languages

Short description: Family of languages

Engan

Enga – Southern Highlands
Geographic
distribution| New Guinea
Linguistic classification| Northeast New Guinea and/or Trans–New Guinea?

* Engan

Subdivisions|

* North (Engan)
* South (Kewa–Huli)

Glottolog| enga1254[1]

Map: The Engan languages of New Guinea

The Engan languages

Trans–New Guinea languages

Other Papuan languages

Austronesian languages

Uninhabited

The Engan, or more precisely Enga – Southern Highland, languages are a small family of Papuan languages of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. The two branches of the family are rather distantly related, but were connected by Franklin and Voorhoeve (1973).[2]

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 2 Languages
* 3 Classification
* 4 Proto-language
* 4.1 Phonemes
* 4.2 Pronouns
* 4.3 Vocabulary
* 5 Evolution
* 6 Vocabulary
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Name

The name "Engan" is often restricted to the northern branch of the family, to those languages transparently related to Enga, but also sometimes to the family as a whole.

## Languages

The languages fall into three quite distinct branches: Engan proper, Huli, and Southern Highlands:

* North Engan (Engan proper): Enga–Kyaka–Lembena, Ipili, Bisorio (Nete, Iniai)
* South Engan (Kewa–Huli)
* Huli
* Southern Highlands: Angal (Mendi), Kewa; Samberigi (Sau)

## Classification

The Engan family constitutes a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, but the evidence for this is weak.

There are a considerable number of resemblances with Wiru. Borrowing has not been ruled out as the reason for this, though the pronouns are similar as well.

## Proto-language

### Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[3]

*m | *n |  |

|
|
|

*p | *t |  | *k
*mb | *nd |  | *ŋg
*w | *l | *j |

Vowels are *i *e *a *o *u.

### Pronouns

Pronouns are easy to reconstruct for the northern and southern branches, but much more difficult for Engan as a whole. Ross (2005) has the following for the singular, Wiru has been added for comparison:

| pEngan | N Engan | S Engan | Wiru

|
|
|
|

1  | **nə | *na-ba | *ní | no (gen. anu)
2  | **ne-ke | *ne-ba | *ne-ke | ne (gen. ne-ke)
3  | ? | *ba | *[n]i-bu | one

Usher (2020) has not yet published reconstruction of Engan as a whole, but has done Engan proper:[4]

Engan proper  | sg | du | pl

|
|
|

1  | *na(-mba) | *nali(-mba) | *nani(-ma)
2  | *ni(-mba) |  |
3  | *[e]-mba |  |

### Vocabulary

Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Trans Enga (Proto-Engan) by Usher (2020) are:[3]

gloss | Proto-Trans-Enga | Proto-Southern Highlands | Huli

|
|
|

name  | *ŋge | *[i]mbi | mi-ni
fire/tree  | *ita | *ti | iɾa
moon  | *kana | *eke, *jumba | ege
four  | *tumenda | *mala | ma-
path  | *kaita | *pota | haɾiga
stand  | *kata | *ka | ha
cassowary | *laima | *jati | jaɾi
skin  | *jan[o/u] | *joŋgale | doŋgo-ne

## Evolution

The Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma, if Engan languages are indeed members of the Trans-New Guinea family, are:[5]

Enga:

* mona ‘heart’ < *mundun
* yaka ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)
* lyaŋa ‘ashes’ < *la(ŋ,k)a
* ŋaŋa ‘baby < *ŋaŋ(a)
* (m)ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
* kuri ‘bone’ < *kondaC
* kare ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
* ne- ‘eat’ < *na
* apa(ne) ‘father’ < *apa
* iti ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
* endo ‘fire’ < *kend(o,u)p
* lema ‘louse’ < *niman
* kana ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
* mana ‘instructions’ < *mana
* kitama ‘morning’ < *k(i,u)tuma
* kumi- ‘die’ < *kumV-
* re- ‘speak’ < *nde-
* maa ‘taro’ < *mV
* ita ‘tree’ < *inda

Huli:

* ega ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)
* na- ‘eat’ < *na-
* aba ‘father’ < *apa
* iri ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
* ira ‘tree’ < *inda
* ma ‘taro’ < *mV

Kewa:

* ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
* ibi ‘name’ < *imbi
* iri ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
* uni ‘bone’ < *kwanjaC
* apu ‘tail’ < *a(mb,m)u
* lema ‘louse’ < *niman
* oma ‘die’ < *kumV-
* reka- ‘stand’ < *t(a,e)kV-
* la- ‘talk’ < *nde-
* maa ‘taro’ < *mV
* yaa ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)

Mendi:

* am ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
* ap ‘father’ < *apa
* mbi ‘name’ < *imbi
* ome- ‘die’ < *kumV-

## Vocabulary

Basic vocabulary of Enga and Kewa from William A. Foley (1986):[6]

gloss | Enga | Kewa

|
|

‘two’ | rama | laapo
‘man’ | akari | ali
‘water’ | ipa | ipa
‘fire’ | ita | repona
‘tree’ | ita | are
‘leaf’ | yoko | yo
‘root’ | pingi | pitaa
‘house’ | ada | ada
‘breast’ | adu | adu
‘tooth’ | nege | agaa
‘bone’ | kori | kuli
‘ear’ | kare | kale
‘hair’ | iti | iri
‘leg’ | kape | aa
‘blood’ | kupapu | kupaa
‘hand’ | ruma | ki
‘egg’ | kapa | yaa apaa
‘sun’ | nita | nare
‘axe’ | patama | rai
‘netbag’ | nuu | nu
‘eat’ | ne- | na-
‘die’ | kumi- | koma-
‘say’ | re- | la-
‘give’ | mai-/gi- | gi-
‘big’ | adake | adaa

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Enga–Kewa–Huli". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enga1254.
2. ↑ Karl J. Franklin and C. L. Voorhoeve. 1973. Languages near the intersection of the Gulf, Southern Highlands and Western Districts. In Karl J. Franklin (ed.), The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea, 149-186. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "New Guinea World, Enga--Southern Highlands". https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/enga-southern-highlands.
4. ↑ New Guinea World, Trans-Enga
5. ↑ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". in Palmer, Bill. The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
6. ↑ Foley, William A. (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN:0-521-28621-2.

*   * Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". in Andrew Pawley. Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15-66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

## Further reading

* Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Engan. TransNewGuinea.org.

## External links

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Enga – Southern Highlands
* (ibid.) Trans-Enga

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
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* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
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* Laal?
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|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
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* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
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* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
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* Madang
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* North Bougainville
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* Teberan
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* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
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* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
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* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
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* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
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* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
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* Tucanoan
* Tupian
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* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

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