European Civil Service

Short description: Staff serving the institutions and agencies of the European Union

European Union

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the European Union

Member States (27)

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Candidate countries for EU Accession

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Turkey

* * *

* Special member state territories
* France–Germany relations
* EU 3
* Withdrawal from the European Union

European Union since 31 January 2020

The Treaties

* Treaty of Paris (1951)
* Treaty of Rome (1957)
* Euratom Treaty (1957)
* Merger Treaty (1965)
* Single European Act (1986)
* Maastricht Treaty (1992)
* Amsterdam Treaty (1997)
* Treaty of Nice (2001)
* Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
* Article 7
* Article 50

* * *

* Opt-outs

* * *

Treaties of Accession

* 1972, 1979, 1985, 1994, 2003, 2005, 2011

* * *

Treaties of Succession

* 1984, 2020

* * *

Other Treaties

* Schengen Agreement (1985)
* EEA Agreement (1992)

* * *

Abandoned treaties and agreements

* European Constitution (2004)
* UK renegotiation of EU membership (2015-16)

Executive

European Council

* President: Michel (ALDE)
* Parties
* List of meetings

* * *

European Commission

* Von der Leyen Commission
* President: Von der Leyen (EPP)
* Vice Presidents
* College of Commissioners
* Civil Service
* Secretary-General: Juhansone

Legislature

* Legislative procedure

* * *

Council of the EU

Presidency

Croatia

(January - June 2020)

* Configurations
* General
* Foreign
* Economic
* Eurogroup
* Justice and Home
* Voting
* Secretariat
* Secretary-General: Uwe Corsepius
* Directorates-general
* COREPER

* * *

European Parliament
(Members)

* President: Sassoli (S&D)
* Largest groups
* EPP (Manfred Weber)
* S&D (Iratxe García)
* Member of the European Parliament
* 9th session (2019–24)
* Bureau
* Vice Presidents
* Quaestor
* Conference

* * *

National parliaments

Judiciary

Court of Justice of the EU

* Court of Justice
* Members
* Rulings
* General Court

Euro

Eurozone Members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Cyprus
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain

* * *

Eurogroup

* President
* Mário Centeno

* * *

European Central Bank

* President Lagarde
* ESCB
* EMU
* Banking Union
* CMU
* Euro banknotes
* Euro coins

Eurozone since 2015

Schengen Area

Schengen Area Member States

* Austria
* Belgium
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland (non-EU state)
* Italy
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein (non-EU state)
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Norway (non-EU state)
* Poland
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland (non-EU state)

* * *

* Prüm Convention
* Schengen Information System
* Visa Information System
* Visa policy of the Schengen Area

Schengen Area since 2015

European Economic Area

EEA Members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland (non-EU state)
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein (non-EU state)
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Norway (non-EU state)
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom (non-EU state)
* Gibraltar

* * *

* EEA Joint Committee
* EEA National Identity cards
* Microstates and the European Union

European Economic Area

Court of Auditors

* Budget
* OLAF

Other Bodies

* European Atomic Energy Community
* Agencies
* Investment Bank
* CoR
* EESC
* Ombudsman

Former European Bodies

* European Communities (1958-1993)
* European Coal and Steel Community
* European Economic Community

Elections

* 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994
1999, 2004, 2009, 2014
* 2019 (last election)
* European political parties
* Constituencies

* * *

Elections in EU Member States

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

* Referendums relating to the EU

Law

* Acquis
* Primacy
* Subsidiarity
* Regulation
* Directive
* Decision
* Fundamental Rights

Policies and Issues

* Budget
* Customs Union
* Free Trade Agreements
* European Single Market
* Area of FS&J
* Policies
* Agricultural
* Energy
* Fisheries
* Regional
* Citizenship
* Passports of the European Union
* Identity
* Pro-Europeanism
* Euroscepticism
* Integration
* Supranationalism
* Federalism
* United States of Europe
* Enhanced co-op

Other

Other currencies in use

* Bulgarian lev
* Croatian kuna
* Czech koruna
* Danish krone
* Hungarian forint
* Polish złoty
* Romanian leu
* Swedish krona

* * *

* ERM II
* Enlargement of the Eurozone
* Bulgaria and the euro
* Croatia and the euro
* Czech Republic and the euro
* Denmark and the euro
* Hungary and the euro
* Poland and the euro
* Sweden and the euro
* Romania and the euro

* * *

Non-Schengen Area States

* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Ireland
* Romania

* * *

* Common Travel Area (Ireland)
* Multi-speed Europe

Foreign Relations

High Representative

* Josep Borrell

* * *

* Ext. Action Service
* Foreign Policy
* Defence Policy

* * *

Foreign relations of EU Member States

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

* Norway–European Union relations
* Switzerland–European Union relations
* United States-European Union relations

* * *

* European Union–United Kingdom relations (History)
* Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union)
* Brexit

* * *

* Microstates and the European Union
* European Union and the United Nations
* European Union Association Agreement

* * *

* G7
* G20

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The European Civil Service is a generic term applied to all staff serving the institutions and agencies of the European Union (EU). Although recruitment is sometimes done jointly, each institution is responsible for its own internal structures and hierarchies.

## Contents

* 1 Principles of public service
* 2 Staff
* 2.1 Popular terminology
* 2.2 Nationality
* 2.3 Qualifications
* 2.4 Grades
* 2.5 Salary and allowances
* 2.6 Pensions
* 2.7 Recruitment
* 3 Organisational culture
* 3.1 Criticisms
* 4 Organisational structure
* 4.1 List of Directorates-General
* 4.2 List of Services
* 4.3 List of Executive Agencies
* 4.4 Staff trade unions
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Principles of public service

The rules, principles, standards and working conditions of the European civil service are set out in the Staff Regulations.[1]

In 2012, the European Ombudsman summarised the following five principles of public service which should apply to all staff of the EU institutions:[2]

1\. Commitment to the European Union and its citizens
2\. Integrity
3\. Objectivity
4\. Respect for others
5\. Transparency

## Staff

The European Commission's civil service is headed by a Secretary General, currently Ilze Juhansone holding the position.[3] According to figures published by the commission, 24,428 persons were employed by the commission as officials and temporary agents in their 2016 budget.[4] In addition to these, 9,066 additional staff were employed; these are largely people employed on time-limited contracts (called "contractual agents" in the jargon), staff seconded from national administrations (called "Detached National Experts"), or trainees (called "stagiaires"). The single largest DG is the Directorate-General for Translation, with 2261 staff.[5]

### Popular terminology

European civil servants are sometimes referred to in the anglophone press as "Eurocrats" (a term coined by Richard Mayne, a journalist and personal assistant to the first Commission president, Walter Hallstein).[6] High-ranking officials are sometimes referred to as "European Mandarins".[7]

These terms are sometimes erroneously used by the anglophone press, usually as a derogatory slur, to describe Members of the European Parliament, or European Commissioners. MEPs are directly elected representatives, whilst the European Commissioners, despite often being confused as civil servants, are politicians holding public office and accountable to the European Parliament. Much like government ministers at the national level, they instruct the policy direction of the civil service.

### Nationality

As of 1 January 2018 there are staff from all member states, with the largest group being Belgian (15.7% – 5,060 out of 32,196). From the larger member states, 12.1% were Italian, 9.9% French, 7.5% Spanish, 6.7% German, 4.4% Polish and 2.8% British.[5]

Most administration is based in the Belgian capital,[5] Often, those states under-represented in the service tend to have more of their nationals in the higher ranks.[8]

### Qualifications

The qualifications needed to enter the European civil service depend on whether the job is a specialist one and the grade.[9] One of the entry qualifications for the European civil service is that the candidate speak at least two of the official European languages, one of which must be English, French or German. Candidates whose mother tongue is English, French or German must pass the competition for entry in one of the other two official languages.

Prior to their first promotion, officials must demonstrate competence in a third EU official language.

A candidate also needs to have a first degree in any discipline with a diploma issued by a University from any member state of the EU, or, if issued by a University from a non-EU member state it must be homologated by at least one of them in order to be eligible. The services have traditionally hired candidates with degrees in law, Economics, or Audit; competition is tougher for graduates of all other disciplines, although the procedure for the open competitions, known as "Concours", is now under review.

### Grades

Staff are divided into a set of grades: from AD 5, the most junior administrator grade, to AD 16, which is a director-general (AD = administrator). Alongside the AD category is AST (assistant). It is now possible for civil servants to be promoted from AST to AD grade, not previously possible (see below); however in practice the grades remain entrenched.[10] While promotion is in theory according to merit, many management posts are now taken by officials 'parachuted in' from member states. Moreover, staff reforms introduced in 2004 have severely reduced the possibilities for career progression and have created divisions within the service, with pre-2004 entrants enjoying greater pay and privileges. According to the commission's own internal statistics, even though new officials possess an average of eight years work experience, it would take an average of over 40 years to climb from AD 5 to AD 16.

Prior to this new system, introduced in the 2000s (decade), civil servants were traditionally divided into four categories. "A" was policy making (what is now AD), "B' was implementing, "C" was secretarial and "D" was drivers and messengers (B, C and D are now all part of the AST category). There were various grades in each category. The major ranks used to be in the form of A8 (new appointment without prior work experience) to A1 (director-general).[10]

### Salary and allowances

They receive a minimum of 24 days of leave a year (maximum of 30), {{Citation needed span|date=January 2016|text=with additional leave entitlements on grounds of age, grade but no longer distance from home cou

The lowest grades receive between €1,618.83 gross (FG 1 step 1)[11] each month, while the highest grades (AD 15–16 – i.e. Directors General at the end of their career) receives between €14,822.86 and €16,094.79 a month. This salary is taxed by the EU, rather than at the national level. Taxation varies between 8% and 45% depending on individual circumstances. This is paid into the Community budget.[12]

Earnings are augmented by allowances, such as allowances for those living outside their own country, those who are the principal earner in their household, those with children in full-time education, and those who are moving home in order to take up a position or leaving the service. Earnings are also lowered by various additional taxes (i.e. "Special Levy" alias 'crisis levy' introduced in 1973 and increasing regularly every year)[13] and indexes (for EU staff working out-side Brussels).

For a contribution of 2% basic salary, employees are provided with health insurance which covers a maximum of 85% of expenses (100% for serious injury).[12] Employees have the right to a parental leave of six months per person and child during which they obtain an allowance and have (as of January 2014) the possibility of an extension by further 6 months with a smaller allowance.[14]

Salaries were considerably reduced for new entrants from 1 May 2004 onwards as a result of a significant number of reforms effected by Commissioner Neil Kinnock. Staff undertaking the same work may receive very different salaries, depending on their date of recruitment. Careers are also sharply affected, with new staff tending to constitute a 'second division' of workers with limited managerial prospects. As a consequence of these changes, the institutions recruit with difficulty staff from certain countries like UK, Luxembourg, Denmark as wages are the same or lower than in the home country. For example, a Director General's salary is below what a senior executive with similar responsibilities could expect to be earning at the end of their career in the UK and in some countries (like Luxembourg) the lowest wages (FG I – FG II) are even under the legal minimum salary in the respective country, which raise the question about legality of such terms of employment.[citation needed]

In January 2010, The European Commission took the EU member states to court over the Member States' refusal to honour a long-standing formula under which wages for the staff of the European institutions are indexed to the salaries of national civil servants.[15] The formula led to a salary adjustment of 3.7% but the council, representing the member states, was only willing to grant a pay rise of 1.85%.[16] In November 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that there was no legal basis for the council to set the pay rise to 1.85%.[17] It has been noted that the ECJ judges who would decide in this case would be themselves to benefit from any salary increase agreed.[18] To be noted that the index is published and applied one year and half later, and this delay cause the quarrels like in the 2010 (full crisis) where should be applied the adaptation related to the increases of wages of the national civil servants from 2007 to 2008; while in 2011 the index was already negative (as the national wages has been lowered).

### Pensions

Employees contribute about 11.3% of their basic salary to a pension scheme.[19] This scheme does not constitute a separate, ring-fenced pension fund; rather, pension payments are made from the general administrative budget of the commission.

Pensions are paid as a percentage of the final basic salary, with the percentage increasing by an annual accrual rate (a fixed percentage per year of service) up to a ceiling of 70%. Early retirement is possible as of 58 years, albeit with the pension being reduced by a fixed pension reduction coefficient per year before the pensionable age. For staff who entered service 2014 or later, the annual accrual rate is 1.8%, the pensionable age is 66 years, early retirement is possible as of 58 years with a pension reduction coefficient of 3.5%.[14][20]

Different conditions apply to those hired before 2014: Those who entered service between 1 May 2004 and 31 December 2013 have an annual accrual rate of 1.9%, a pensionable age between 63 and 65 years, the same early retirement age limit of 58 years and a lower pension reduction coefficient of 1.75% for years above the age of 60. Those in place before 1 May 2004 have an annual accrual rate of 2.0%, a pensionable age between 60 and 65 years, the same early retirement age limit of 58 years and a lower pension reduction coefficient of 1.75% for years above the age of 60.[14]

Before 1 January 2014, other conditions had applied: For those who entered service on 1 May 2004 or later, the pensionable age had been 63 years, and for those who entered service before 1 May 2004 it had been between 60 and 63 years. Early retirement had been possible as of 55 years for all staff, with a pension reduction coefficient of 3.5% per year before the pensionable age, except that a small percentage of officials could retire early without that pension reduction if it was in the interest of the service.[21] To mitigate the changes implemented as of 2014, transitional pension rules were put in place for staff in place on 1 January 2014, which included setting the pensionable age for staff between 55 and 60 years of age on 1 January 2014 to lie between 60 and 61 years. Transition measures applied also to early retirement: Staff already aged 54 years or older on 1 January 2014 could still retire, albeit with application of the pension reduction coefficient, in 2014 or 2015 at the age of 56 years or in 2016 at the age of 57 years.[14][22]

Before 1 May 2004, the pensionable age had been 60 years. When this age was raised in 2004, this was accompanied by transition measures so that it remained unchangedly at 60 for officials aged 50 or more as well as for officials who had already completed 20 years of service or more on 1 May 2004, and it varied from 60 years and 2 months to 62 years and 8 months for officials who were aged 30 to 49 on 1 May 2004.[21]

### Recruitment

Recruitment is on the basis of competitions organised centrally by EPSO (European Personnel Selection Office) on the basis of qualifications and of the need for staff.

## Organisational culture

During the 1980s, the commission was primarily dominated by French, German and Italian cultural influences, including a strictly hierarchical organisation. Commissioners and Directors-General were referred to by their title (in French) with greater prestige for those of higher ranks. As one former servant, Derk Jan Eppink has put it, even after new staff had passed the tough entrance exams: "Those at the top counted for everything. Those at the bottom counted for nothing."[23] One example of this was the chef de cabinet of President Jacques Delors, Pascal Lamy, who was particularly notable for his immense influence over other civil servants. He became known as the Beast of the Berlaymont, the Gendarme and the Exocet due to his habit of ordering civil servants, even Directors-General (head of departments) "precisely what to do – or else." He was seen as ruling Delors's office with a "rod of iron", with no-one able to bypass or manipulate him and those who tried being "banished to one of the less pleasant European postings".[24]

However, since the enlargement of the EU, and therefore the arrival of staff from the many newer Member States, there has been a change in the culture of the civil service. New civil servants from northern and eastern states brought in new influences while the commission's focus has shifted more to "participation" and "consultation". A more egalitarian culture took over, with Commissioners no longer having a "status equivalent to a sun God" and, with this new populism, the first women were appointed to the Commission in the 1990s and the service gained its first female secretary general in 2006 (Catherine Day). In stark contrast to the 1980s, it is not uncommon to see men without ties and children playing football in the corridors.[25]

### Criticisms

It has been alleged that, for want of a common administrative culture, European Civil Servants are held together by a "common mission" which gives DGs a particularly enthusiastic attitude to the production of draft legislation regardless of the intentions of the Commissioner.[26] They are also notably bound by their common procedures, in the absence of a common administrative culture, which are best known by the Secretariat-General, thus considered a prestigious office, just below the President's cabinet.[27]

There has been some criticism that the highly fragmented DG structure wastes a considerable amount of time in turf wars as the different departments and Commissioners compete with each other, as is the case in national administrations. Furthermore, the DGs can exercise considerable control over a Commissioner unless the Commissioner learns to assert control over his/her staff.[28][29] The DGs work closely with the Commissioner's cabinet. While the DG has responsibility for preparation of work and documents, the cabinet has responsibility for giving the Commissioner political guidance. However, in practice both seek a share of each other's work.[30] It has been alleged that some DGs try to influence decision making by providing Commissioners with briefing documents as late and large as possible, ensuring that the Commissioner has no time to do anything but accept the version of facts presented by the DG. In doing this the DG is competing with the cabinet, which acts as a "bodyguard" for the Commissioner.[31]

## Organisational structure

The commission is divided into departments known as Directorates-General (DGs or the services), each headed by a director-general, and various other services. Each covers a specific policy area or service such as External Relations or Translation and is under the responsibility of a European Commissioner. DGs prepare proposals for their Commissioners which can then be put forward for voting in the college of Commissioners.[32]

Whilst the commission's DGs cover similar policy areas to the ministries in national governments, European Civil Servants have not necessarily been trained, or worked, in a national civil service before employment in the EU. On entry, they do not therefore share a common administrative culture.

### List of Directorates-General

The Directorates-General are divided into four groups: Policy DGs, External relations DGs, General Service DGs and Internal Service DGs. Internally, the DGs are referred to by their abbreviations; provided below.

Departments (DGs)[33]

DG  | Abbreviation  | Relevant Commissioner
Agriculture and Rural Development  | AGRI  | European Commissioner for Agriculture
Budget  | BUDG  | European Commissioner for Budget and Administration
Climate Action  | CLIMA  | European Commissioner for Climate Action
Communications Networks, Content and Technology  | CONNECT  | European Commissioner for Digital Agenda
Communication  | COMM  | President of the European Commission
Competition  | COMP  | European Commissioner for Competition
Defence Industry and Space  | DEFIS  | European Commissioner for Internal Market
Economic and Financial Affairs  | ECFIN  | European Commissioner for Economy
Education and Culture  | EAC  | European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion  | EMPL  | European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights
Energy  | ENER  | European Commissioner for Energy
European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations  | NEAR  | European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement
Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs  | GROW  | European Commissioner for Internal Market
Environment  | ENV  | European Commissioner for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries
International Partnerships  | INTPA  | European Commissioner for International Partnerships
Eurostat  | ESTAT  | European Commissioner for Economy
Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union  | FISMA  | European Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union
Health and Food Safety  | SANTE  | European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety
Migration and Home Affairs  | HOME  | European Commissioner for Home Affairs
Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid  | ECHO  | European Commissioner for Crisis Management
Human Resources and Security  | HR  | European Commissioner for Budget and Administration
Digital Services  | DIGIT  | European Commissioner for Budget and Administration
Interpretation  | SCIC  | European Commissioner for Budget and Administration
Joint Research Centre  | JRC  | European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
Justice and Consumers  | JUST  | European Commissioner for Justice
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries  | MARE  | European Commissioner for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries
Mobility and Transport  | MOVE  | European Commissioner for Transport
Regional and Urban Policy  | REGIO  | European Commissioner for Cohesion and Reforms
Research and Innovation  | RTD  | European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
Secretariat General  | SG  | President of the European Commission
Structural Reform Support  | REFORM  | European Commissioner for Cohesion and Reforms
Taxation and Customs Union  | TAXUD  | European Commissioner for Economy
Trade  | TRADE  | European Commissioner for Trade
Translation  | DGT  | European Commissioner for Budget and Administration

### List of Services

Services

Service  | Abbreviation
European Commission Library | EC Library
Inspire, Debate, Engage and Accelerate Action  | IDEA
European Anti-Fraud Office  | OLAF
European Commission Data Protection Officer  | DPO
Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority  | HERA
Historical Archives of the European Union  | HAEU
Infrastructures and Logistics – Brussels  | OIB
Infrastructures and Logistics – Luxembourg  | OIL
Internal Audit Service  | IAS
Legal Service  | SJ
Office for Administration and Payment of Individual Entitlements  | PMO
Publications Office  | OP
Recovery and Resilience Task Force  | RECOVER
European Personnel Selection Office  | EPSO
European School of Administration  | EUSA
Service for Foreign Policy Instruments  | FPI

### List of Executive Agencies

Executive Agencies

Executive Agency  | Abbreviation
European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency  | CINEA
European Education and Culture Executive Agency  | EACEA
European Health and Digital Executive Agency  | HADEA
European Innovation Council and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Executive Agency  | EISMEA
European Research Council Executive Agency  | ERCEA
European Research Executive Agency  | REA

### Staff trade unions

The European Civil servants working for the European Civil Service can vote for representatives amongst several trade unions which then sit in representatives instances of the institution, for example:

* Union Syndicale
* European Civil Service Federation (FFPE)
* Union 4 Unity
* Renouveau et Démocratie

## See also

* College of Europe
* European Union Civil Service Tribunal
* EU Concours

## References

* Eppink, Derk-Jan (2007). Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission. Translated by Ian Connerty (1st ed.). Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo. ISBN 978-90-209-7022-7. https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi.

1. ↑ Consolidated text (1 January 2023): Regulation No 31 (EEC), 11 (EAEC), laying down the Staff Regulations of Officials and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community
2. ↑ Ombudsman, European (19 June 2012). "Public service principles for the EU civil service". http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/document/en/11650.
3. ↑ "Secretary-General Ize Juhansone". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/persons/secretary-general-ilze-juhansone_en.
4. ↑ Huggins, Christopher (3 June 2016). "How many people work for the EU?". Keele University. http://www.keele.ac.uk/pressreleases/2016/howmanypeopleworkfortheeu.html.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Civil Service: Staff figures". Europa (web portal). http://ec.europa.eu/civil_service/about/figures/index_en.htm.
6. ↑ Tindall, Gillian (22 December 2009). "Richard Mayne obituary". The Guardian (London): p. 30. https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/dec/21/richard-mayne-obituary.
7. ↑ Eppink, Derk-Jan (2007). Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission. Lannoo. ISBN 978-9020970227. https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi.
8. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.35
9. ↑ "Entry requirements". UK Government Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. 2016. https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/europeanunionofficial.aspx.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Eppink, 2007, p.37
11. ↑ Chapter 7, page II-30, Staff Regulation,
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC, EURATOM) No 723/2004, Annex I, Amendment 60
13. ↑ "Special Levy". https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/thinktank/index.php/Special_levy.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Summary document on changes relating to Staff Regulations review. Measures included in the compromise text agreed by COREPER on 28 June 2013 and voted in plenary session of the European Parliament on 2 July 2013. Ref. Ares(2013)2583641 – 05/07/2013". European Commission. http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/swd/2013/swd-2013-0452-en.pdf.
15. ↑ "Glossary of terms – ANZ". http://www.anz.com/edna/dictionary.asp?action=content&content=wage_indexation.
16. ↑ "EU civil servant pay row goes to court". 12 January 2010. https://www.euractiv.com/en/pa/eu-civil-servant-pay-row-goes-court/article-188646.
17. ↑ "EU officials win pay rise battle with member states". EuroActiv. 26 November 2010. http://www.euractiv.com/pa/eu-officials-win-pay-rise-battle-news-499987.
18. ↑ Waterfield, Bruno (6 January 2010). "EU mounts challenge to MEP pay rise cuts". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/6942443/EU-mounts-challenge-to-MEP-pay-rise-cuts.html.
19. ↑ "COUNCIL REGULATION (EU, EURATOM) No 1295/2009 of 22 December 2009 adjusting with effect from 1 July 2009 the rate of contribution to the pension scheme of officials and other servants of the European Union". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:348:0009:0009:EN:PDF.
20. ↑ "Permanent officials". European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/civil_service/job/official/index_en.htm.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Retirement pension and early retirement: Frequently asked questions". European Commission. 6 January 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/human-resources/pensions_en.htm.
22. ↑ Irene Souka (July 2013). "Review of the Staff Regulations" (PDF). p. 12. http://www.u4unity.eu/document2/SR_HR20130712.pdf#page=12.
23. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.32
24. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.22–3
25. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.34–5
26. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.111
27. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.218
28. ↑ Amies, Nick (21 September 2007). "Former EU Mandarin Spills the Beans on Commission Intrigue". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2790009,00.html.
29. ↑ Mahony, Honor (17 October 2007). "EU carefully manages PR through 1000s of press releases". EU Observer. http://euobserver.com/9/24971.
30. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.109
31. ↑ Eppink, 2007, p.107-8
32. ↑ "Institutions of the EU: The European Commission". Europa (web portal). http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm.
33. ↑ "European Commission: Departments (Directorates-General) and services". https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments_en.

## Further reading

* Eppink, Derk-Jan (2007). Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission (1st ed.). Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo. ISBN 978-90-209-7022-7. https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi.

## External links

* European Commission Civil Service, Europa (web portal)
* Opportunities in Europe UK Cabinet Office: Careers
* "Regulation No 31 (EEC), 11 (EAEC), laying down the Staff Regulations of Officials and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community". https://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?or0=DN=01962R0031*,DN-old=01962R0031*&qid=1549272035601&DTS_DOM=EU_LAW&type=advanced&lang=en&SUBDOM_INIT=CONSLEG&DTS_SUBDOM=CONSLEG. , Consolidated text d.d. 2023-01-01

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