Faroese language

Short description: North Germanic language of the Faroe Islands

Faroese

føroyskt
Pronunciation| fo
Native to| Faroe Islands
Ethnicity| Faroe Islanders

Native speakers

| 69,000 (2015)[1]

Language family

Indo-European

* Germanic
* North Germanic
* West Scandinavian
* Insular Scandinavian
* Faroese

Early forms

Old Norse

* Old West Norse
* Old Norwegian[2]
* Old Faroese

Writing system

* Latin (Faroese alphabet)
* Faroese Braille

Official status

Official language in

| Faroe Islands

Recognised minority
language in

Denmark

Regulated by| Faroese Language Board Føroyska málnevndin
Language codes
ISO 639-1| `fo`
ISO 639-1| `fao`
ISO 639-3| `fao`
Glottolog| `faro1244`[3]
Linguasphere| `52-AAA-ab`

Faroese is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Faroese[lower-alpha 1] (/ˌfɛəroʊˈiːz, ˌfær-/ (listen) FAIR-oh-EEZ, FARR-;[4] endonym: føroyskt fo) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of whom 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.

It is one of five languages descended from Old West Norse spoken in the Middle Ages; the others include Norwegian, Icelandic, and the extinct Norn and Greenlandic Norse. Faroese and Icelandic, its closest extant relative, are not easily mutually intelligible in speech, but the written languages resemble each other quite closely, largely owing to Faroese's etymological orthography.[5]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Old Faroese
* 3 Dialects
* 4 Alphabet
* 5 Phonology
* 5.1 Vowels
* 5.2 Consonants
* 6 Grammar
* 7 Example text
* 7.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* 7.2 Lord's Prayer
* 8 See also
* 9 Further reading
* 9.1 To learn Faroese as a language
* 9.2 Dictionaries
* 9.3 Faroese literature and research
* 9.4 Other
* 10 References
* 10.1 Footnotes
* 10.2 Citations
* 11 External links

## History

The Sheep letter (Faroese: Seyðabrævið) is the oldest surviving document of the Faroe Islands. Written in 1298 in Old Norse, it contains some words and expressions believed to be especially Faroese.[6] The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:

Old West Norse dialect

Old East Norse dialect

Old Gutnish

Old English

Crimean Gothic

Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

The Fámjin stone, a Faroese runestone

Template:North Germanic clade

Around 900 AD, the language spoken in the Faroes was Old Norse, which Norse settlers had brought with them during the time of the settlement of Faroe Islands (landnám) that began in 825. However, many of the settlers were not from Scandinavia, but descendants of Norse settlers in the Irish Sea region. In addition, women from Norse-occupied Ireland, the Norse–Gaelic Isles, Orkney, and Shetland often married native Scandinavian men before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland.[7] As a result, the Middle Irish language has had some influence on both Faroese and Icelandic.

There is speculation about Gaelic language place names in the Faroes: for example, the names of Mykines, Stóra Dímun, Lítla Dímun and Argir have been hypothesized to contain Celtic roots.[8] Other examples of early-introduced words of Celtic origin are: blak/blaðak (buttermilk), cf. Middle Irish Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "mga" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data.; drunnur (tail-piece of an animal), cf. Middle Irish dronn; grúkur (head, headhair), cf. Middle Irish Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "mga" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data.; lámur (hand, paw), cf. Middle Irish Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "mga" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data.; tarvur (bull), cf. Middle Irish Lua error in Module:Language at line 197: Name for the language code "mga" could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, so it should be added to Module:Language/data.; and ærgi (pasture in the outfield), cf. Middle Irish áirge.[9]

Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was probably still mutually intelligible with Old West Norse, and remained similar to the Norn language of Orkney and Shetland during Norn's earlier phase.

Faroese ceased to be a written language after the Danish–Norwegian Reformation of the early 16th century, with Danish replacing Faroese as the language of administration and education.[10] The islanders continued to use the language in ballads, folktales, and everyday life. This maintained a rich spoken tradition, but for 300 years the language was not used in written form.

In 1823, the Danish Bible Society published a diglot of the Gospel of Matthew, with Faroese on the left and Danish on the right.

Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb and the Icelandic grammarian and politician Jón Sigurðsson published a written standard for Modern Faroese in 1854, which still exists.[11] They set a standard for the orthography of the language, based on its Old Norse roots and similar to that of Icelandic. The main purpose of this was for the spelling to represent the diverse dialects of Faroese in equal measure. Additionally, it had the advantages of being etymologically clear and keeping the kinship with the Icelandic written language. The actual pronunciation, however, often differs considerably from the written rendering. The letter ð, for example, has no specific phoneme attached to it.

Jakob Jakobsen devised a rival system of orthography, based on his wish for a phonetic spelling, but this system was never taken up by the speakers.[12]

In 1908, Scripture Gift Mission published the Gospel of John in Faroese.

In 1937, Faroese replaced Danish as the official school language, in 1938, as the church language,[13] and in 1948, as the national language by the Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands. The first complete translation of the Bible was completed in 1948.[14]

Up until the 1980s, public radio broadcasts were primarily conducted in Norwegian and Danish. This helps to explain why older generations can speak Norwegian in addition to Danish and Faroese. Faroese broadcasts quickly replaced earlier programs and now all radio content is transmitted in the language, alongside all local newspapers.[15] Today, Danish is considered a foreign language, although around 5% of residents on the Faroes learn it as a first language.[16] Both Danish and English are obligatory at the primary and secondary school levels, with fluency in English becoming increasingly valued particularly among the younger generations. Films and television are frequently shown in English with Danish subtitles.[17]

In 2017, the tourist board Visit Faroe Islands launched a website entitled Faroe Islands Translate. Text can be entered in thirteen languages, including English, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. Instead of an instant machine translation being given, the text goes to a volunteer who will provide a live video translation, or else a recorded one later. The aim of this project was to get Faroese featured on Google Translate.[18]

## Old Faroese

Old Faroese (miðaldarføroyskt, ca. mid-14th to mid-16th centuries) is a form of Old Norse spoken in medieval times in the Faroe Islands. The most crucial aspects of the development of Faroese are diphthongisation and palatalisation.[19]

There is not enough data available to establish an accurate chronology of Faroese, but a rough one may be developed through comparison to the chronologies of Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian. In the 12th/13th centuries, á and ǫ́ merged as /ɔː/; later on at the beginning of the 14th century, delabialization took place: y, øy, au > /i, ɔi, ɛi/; í and ý merged in addition to i and y, but in the case of í and ý, it appears that labialisation took place instead as is documented by later development to /ʊi/. Further, the language underwent a palatalisation of k, g and sk before Old Norse e, i, y, ø, au > /kʲ, ɡʲ, skʲ/ > /cᶜ̧, ɟᶨ, ɕcᶜ̧/ > /tʃʰ, tʃ, ʃ/. Before the palatalisation é and ǽ merged as /ɛː/ and approximately in the same period epenthetic u is inserted into word-final /Cr/ and /CrC/ clusters.

A massive quantity shift also operated in Middle Faroese. In the case of skerping, it took place after delabialization but before loss of post-vocalic ð and g /ɣ/. The shift of hv /hw/ to /kw/, the deletion of /h/ in (remaining) word-initial /h/–sonorant clusters (hr, hl, hn > r, l, n), and the dissolution of þ (þ > t; þ > h in demonstrative pronouns and adverbs)[20] appeared before the end of the 13th century. Another undated change is the merger of ǫ, ø and ǿ into /ø/; pre-nasal ǫ, ǫ́ > o, ó. enk, eng probably became eing, eink in the 14th century; the development of a to /ɛ/ before ng, nk appeared after the palatalisation of k, g, and sk had been completed, such a change is quite a recent development, as well as change Cve > Cvø.

Development of vowels from Old Norse to Modern Faroese[21] 9th century
(Old Norse)  | up to 14th century
(Early Faroese)  | 14th–16th centuries
(Old Faroese)  | 17th century
(Late Old Faroese)  | 20th century
(New Faroese)  |

|
|
|
|
|

|  | North  | South  | North  | South  | North  | South  |
|  | long  | short  | long  | short  | long  | short  | long  | short  |
i and y  | /i/ | /iː/ | /iː/ | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /ɪ/ | [iː] | [ɪ] | [iː] | [ɪ] | i, y
e and æ  | /e/ | /eː/ | /eː/ | /ɛ/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | [eː] | [ɛ] | [eː] | [ɛ] | e
ø  | /ø/ | /øː/ | /ø/ | /øː/ | /œ/ | /øː/ | /œ/ | [øː] | [œ] | [øː] | [ʏ] | ø
ǫ  | /ɔ͔/ | /ɔ͔ː/ | ø
u  | /u/ | /uː/ | /uː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ʊ/ | [uː] | [ʊ] | [uː] | [ʊ] | u
o  | /o/ | /oː/ | /o/ | /oː/ | /ɔ/ | /oː/ | /ɔ/ | [oː] | [ɔ] | [oː] | [ɔ] | o
a  | /a/ | /ɛː/ | /ɛː/ | /æ/ | /ɛː/ | /æ/ | [ɛa] | [a] | [ɛa] | [a] | a
Long vowel -> Diphthong
í and ý  | /yː/ | /ʊi/ | /ʊi/ | /ʊi/ | /ʊi/ | /ʊi/ | [ui] | [ʊi] | [ui] | [ʊi] | í, ý
é and ǽ  | /ɛː/ | /ɛː/ | /eː/ | /ɛəː/ | /ɛə/ | /eː/ | /ɛ/ | [ɛa] | [a] | [eː] | [ɛ] | æ
ǿ  | /œː/ | /œː/ | /øː/ | /œ/ | /øː/ | /œ/ | [øː] | [œ] | [øː] | [ʏ] | ø
ú  | /uː/ | /ʉu/ | /ʉu/ | /ʉʏ/ | /ʉu/ | /ʉʏ/ | [ʉu] | [ʏ] | [ʉu] | ú
ó  | /oː/ | /ɜu/ | /ɔu/ | /ɜu/ | /ɜ/ | /ɔu/ | /ɔ/ | [œu, ɛu] | [œ] | [ɔu] | [ɔ] | ó
á and ǫ́  | /ɔː/ | /ɔː/ | /ɔː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔː/ | /ɔ/ | [ɔa] | [ɔ] | [ɔa] | á
True diphthongs
au  | /ɶu/ | /ɛi/ | [ɛi] | [ɛ] | [ɛi] | [ɛ] | ey
øy  | /œy/ | /ɔi/ | [ɔi] | [ɔ] | [ɔi] | [ɔ] | oy
ei  | /æi/ | /ai/ | [ai] | [ai] | ei

## Dialects

Major dialects and subdialects of Faroese as described by Petersen:[22]

Northwest Dialect

Northern Dialect

Central Dialect

Southern Dialect

Faroese is a highly variable language with many dialects actively used across the islands’ approximately 120 communities. While the dialect of Tórshavn is the most prominent due to the city's outstanding size, there is no official spoken standard variety and little evidence that the Tórshavn dialect has developed prestige status. Faroese speech communities are tightly knit and the use of dialectal speech is widely encouraged.[23]

The study of Faroese dialectology began hundreds of years ago, with the scholar Lucas Debes noting a north–south distinction as early as 1673. In the 18th century linguist Jens Christian Svabo made further distinctions, such as identifying the Tórshavn dialect, though his categorization lacked thorough justification. In 1891 Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb would write a more definitive study of the language's variation, noting distinguishing characteristics of the north–south divide such as the northern aspiration of unvoiced plosives after long vowels and the pronunciation of ⟨ó⟩ as /œ/ in most of the north compared to /ɔ/ in the south.[24]

The most recent and detailed classification by Hjalmar P. Petersen divides the language into four major varieties including North-Western Faroese, Central Faroese, Northern Faroese, and Southern Faroese. Additional sub-dialects of particular islands and villages have also been identified. Most of the analysis by Petersen and earlier authors is based on phonological evidence.[22]

The southern variety of Faroese is very distinct, possibly due to geographic distance exacerbated by the lack of underwater tunnels which have connected most other islands north of Sandur. The dialect of these islands is characterized by a unique form of certain personal pronouns, alongside phonological features such as the intervocalic voicing of non-geminate stops.[25] The fortis consonants /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated following long vowels.

The central dialect area centered around Suðurstreymoy features a merging of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ in unstressed ending syllables. The fortis consonants are neither aspirated nor weakened. The island of Nólsoy is a notable transitional area due to its unique realization of long ⟨ó⟩ as [au:] and short ⟨ó⟩ as [ɔ] compared to the [ɔu:] and [œ] found in Tórshavn and elsewhere.

The northern dialect is characterized by weakened fortis consonants and a monophthongal pronunciation of ⟨á⟩ in ending syllables, i.e., /aː/. The realization of ⟨ei⟩ as [ɔi:] dominates in this region, although small parts of the central and northwestern regions use this pronunciation as well.

The northwestern dialect features aspirated fortis consonants after long vowels. The ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ vowels remain unmerged in unstressed ending syllables. Long ⟨ó⟩ is pronounced [ɔu] and short ⟨ó⟩ is pronounced [œ].[22][24]

## Alphabet

The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin script:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A | Á | B | D | Ð | E | F | G | H | I | Í | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ó | P | R | S | T | U | Ú | V | Y | Ý | Æ | Ø
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a | á | b | d | ð | e | f | g | h | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | y | ý | æ | ø

## Phonology

### Vowels

Faroese monophthongs  | Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

unrounded  | rounded
short  | long  | short  | long  | short  | long  | short  | long
Close  | ɪ | iː | ʏ | yː |  |  | ʊ | uː
Mid  | ɛ | eː | œ | øː |  |  | ɔ | oː
Open  |  |  |  |  | a | aː |  |

As with most other Germanic languages, Faroese has a large number of vowels, with 26 in total. Vowel distribution is similar to other North Germanic languages in that short vowels appear in closed syllables (those ending in consonant clusters or long consonants) and long vowels appear in open syllables.

Faroese vowel alternations[26] Monophthongs

Long vowel  | Short vowel
/i/ | linur | [ˈliːnʊɹ] | 'soft'  | lint | [lɪn̥t] | 'soft (N.)'
/e/ | frekur | [ˈfɹeː(ʰ)kʊɹ] | 'greedy'  | frekt | [fɹɛʰkt] | 'greedy (N.)'
/y/ | mytisk | [ˈmyːtɪsk] | 'mythological'  | mystisk | [ˈmʏstɪsk] | 'mysterious'
/ø/ | høgur | [ˈhøːʋʊɹ~ˈhøœʋʊɹ] | 'high (M.)'  | høgt | [hœkt] | 'high (N.)'
/u/ | gulur | [ˈkuːlʊɹ] | 'yellow'  | gult | [kʊl̥t] | 'yellow (N.)'
/o/ | tola | [ˈtʰoːla] | 'to endure'  | toldi | [ˈtʰɔltɪ] | 'endured'
/a/ | Kanada | [ˈkʰaːnata] | 'Canada'  | land | [lant] | 'land'
Diphthongs
Long vowel  | Short vowel
/ʊi/ | hvítur | [ˈkvʊiːtʊɹ] | 'white (M.)'  | hvítt | [kvʊiʰtː] | 'white (N.)'
/ɛi/ | deyður | [ˈteiːjʊɹ] | 'dead (M.)'  | deytt | [tɛʰtː] | 'dead (N.)'
/ai/ | feitur | [ˈfaiːtʊɹ] | 'fat (M.)'  | feitt | [faiʰtː~fɔiʰtː] | 'fat (N.)'
/ɔi/ | gloyma | [ˈklɔiːma] | 'to forget'  | gloymdi | [ˈklɔimtɪ] | 'forgot'
/ɛa/ | spakur | [ˈspɛaː(ʰ)kʊɹ] | 'calm (M.)'  | spakt | [spakt] | 'calm (N.)'
/ɔa/ | vátur | [ˈvɔaːtʊɹ] | 'wet (M.)'  | vátt | [vɔʰtː] | 'wet (N.)'
/ʉu/ | fúlur | [ˈfʉuːlʊɹ] | 'foul (M.)'  | fúlt | [fʏl̥t] | 'foul (N.)'
/ɔu/ | tómur | [ˈtʰɔuːmʊɹ~ˈtʰœuːmʊɹ] | 'empty (M.)'  | tómt | [tʰœm̥t~tʰɔm̥t] | 'empty (N.)'

Faroese shares with Icelandic and Danish the feature of maintaining a contrast between stops based exclusively on aspiration, not voicing. Geminated stops may be pre-aspirated in intervocalic and word-final position. Intervocalically the aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated unless followed by a closed vowel. In clusters, the preaspiration merges with a preceding nasal or apical approximant, rendering them voiceless.

### Consonants

| Labial  | Coronal  | Dorsal  | Glottal

|
|
|
|

Dental /
Alveolar  | Retro-
flex  | Palatal  | Velar
Plosive /
Affricate  | Fortis | pʰ | tʰ | (ʈʰ)  | tʃʰ | kʰ | (ʔ)
Lenis | p | t | (ʈ)  | tʃ | k
Continuant | Fortis | f | s | (ʂ)  | ʃ |  | h
Lenis | v |  | ɹ (ɻ̊)  | j | (w)
Sonorant
Nasal | m (m̥)  | n (n̥)  | (ɳ)  | ɲ (ɲ̊)  | ŋ (ŋ̊)  |
Lateral |  | l (ɬ)  | (ɭ)  | (ʎ ʎ̥)  |  |

(Non-phonemic phones are between parentheses)

There are several phonological processes involved in Faroese, including:

* Nasals generally assume the place of articulation and laryngeal settings of following consonants.
* Velar stops palatalize to postalveolar affricates before /j/ /eː/ /ɛ/ /iː/ /ɪ/ and /ɛi/
* /v/ becomes [f] before voiceless consonants
* /sk/ becomes [ʃ] after /ɛi, ai, ɔi/ and before /j/
* /ɹ/ becomes retroflex before consonants in consonant clusters, yielding the allophones [ʂ ɭ ʈ ɳ] while /ɹ/ itself becomes [ɻ], example: /rt/ is realized as [ɻ̊ʈ].
* Pre-occlusion of original /ll/ to [tl] and /nn/ to [tn].
* Pre-aspiration of original voiceless stops [ʰp ʰt ʰk ʰtʃ] after non-high long vowels and diphthongs /ɛaː/ /ɔaː/ /eː/ /oː/ /øː/ or when a voiceless stop is followed by /n, l, r/. All long voiceless stops are pre-aspirated when doubled or in clusters [ʰpː ʰtː ʰkː ʰtʃː].

## Grammar

Faroese grammar is related and very similar to that of modern Icelandic and Old Norse. Faroese is an inflected language with three grammatical genders and four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.

Faroese Words and Phrases in comparison to other Germanic languages  Faroese  | Icelandic | Norwegian (nynorsk) | Norwegian (bokmål) | Danish | Swedish | German | Dutch | West Frisian | English

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Vælkomin | Velkomin | Velkomen | Velkommen | Velkommen | Välkommen | Willkommen | Welkom | Wolkom | Welcome
Farvæl | Far vel; Farðu heill | Farvel, Far vel | Farvel | Farvel | Farväl | Lebwohl | Vaarwel | Farwol | Farewell
Hvussu eitur tú? | Hvað heitir þú? | Kva (kvat) heiter du? | Hva heter du? | Hvad hedder du? | Vad heter du? | Wie heißt du? | Hoe heet je? | Hoe hjitsto? | What is your name?
Hvussu gongur? | Hvernig gengur? | Korleis gjeng / går det? | Hvordan går det? | Hvordan går det? | Hur går det? | Wie geht's? | Hoe gaat het? | Hoe giet it? | How is it going? (How goes it?)
Hvussu gamal (m) / gomul (f) ert tú? | Hversu gamall (m) / gömul (f) ert þú? | Kor gamal er du? | Hvor gammel er du? | Hvor gammel er du? | Hur gammal är du? | Wie alt bist du? | Hoe oud ben je? | Hoe âld bisto? | How old are you?
Reyður / reyð / reytt | Rauður / rauð / rautt | Raud(t) | Rød(t) | Rød(t) | Rött / Röd | Rot | Rood / Rode | Read(e) | Red
Bláur / blá / blátt | Blár / blá / blátt | Blå(tt) | Blå(tt) | Blå(t) | Blå(tt) | Blau | Blauw(e) | Blau(e) | Blue
Hvítur / hvít / hvítt | Hvítur / hvít / hvítt | Kvit(t) | Hvit(t) | Hvid(t) | Vit(t) | Weiß | Wit(te) | Wyt / wite | White

## Example text

<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

SUB:Subjunctive mood IMP:Imperative mood PRS:Present tense PST:Past tense 2PS:second person, singular 3PS:third person, singular DF:Definite IDF:Indefinite N:Nominative case A:Accusative case D:Dative case G:Genitive case MA:Masculine gender FE:Feminine gender NT:Neuter gender CMPA:Comparative SPER:Superlative

<section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

### Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The following is a sample text of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The first line is the orthographic version;[27] the second is the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription; the third is the gloss. A recording is available on the UDHR audio project's website.[28]

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

### Lord's Prayer

The following is a sample text of the Lord's Prayer in Faroese. The first line is the orthographic version;[29] the second is the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription; the third is the gloss. A recording posted under the @teknmal767 channel is available on YouTube, it contains two performances of the prayer spoken and signed.[30]

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

## See also

* Faroese language conflict
* Goidelic languages
* Gøtudanskt accent
* Old Norwegian

## Further reading

### To learn Faroese as a language

* Adams, Jonathan & Hjalmar P. Petersen. Faroese: A Language Course for beginners Grammar & Textbook. Tórshavn, 2009: Stiðin (704 p.) ISBN 978-99918-42-54-7
* W. B. Lockwood: An Introduction to Modern Faroese. Tórshavn, 1977. (no ISBN, 244 pages, 4th printing 2002)
* Michael Barnes: Faroese Language Studies Studia Nordica 5, Supplementum 30. Tórshavn, 2002. (239 pages) ISBN 99918-41-30-X
* Höskuldur Thráinsson (Þráinsson), Hjalmar P. Petersen, Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen, Zakaris Svabo Hansen: Faroese. An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn, 2004. (500 pages) ISBN 99918-41-85-7
* Richard Kölbl: Färöisch Wort für Wort. Bielefeld 2004 (in German)
* Faroeseonline.com

### Dictionaries

* Johan Hendrik W. Poulsen: Føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1998. (1483 pages) ISBN 99918-41-52-0 (in Faroese)
* Annfinnur í Skála / Jonhard Mikkelsen: Føroyskt / enskt – enskt / føroyskt, Vestmanna: Sprotin 2008. (Faroese–English / English–Faroese dictionary, 2 volumes)
* Annfinnur í Skála: Donsk-føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn 1998. (1369 pages) ISBN 99918-42-22-5 (Danish–Faroese dictionary)
* M.A. Jacobsen, Chr. Matras: Føroysk–donsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1961. (no ISBN, 521 pages, Faroese–Danish dictionary)
* Hjalmar Petersen, Marius Staksberg: Donsk–Føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1995. (879 p.) ISBN 99918-41-51-2 (Danish–Faroese dictionary)
* Eigil Lehmann: Føroysk–norsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1987 (no ISBN, 388 p.) (Faroese–Norwegian dictionary)
* Jón Hilmar Magnússon: Íslensk-færeysk orðabók. Reykjavík, 2005. (877 p.) ISBN 9979-66-179-8 (Icelandic–Faroese dictionary)
* Gianfranco Contri: Dizionario faroese-italiano = Føroysk-italsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 2004. (627 p.) ISBN 99918-41-58-X (Faroese–Italian dictionary)

### Faroese literature and research

* V.U. Hammershaimb: Færøsk Anthologi. Copenhagen 1891 (no ISBN, 2 volumes, 4th printing, Tórshavn 1991) (editorial comments in Danish)
* Tórður Jóansson: English loanwords in Faroese. Tórshavn, 1997. (243 pages) ISBN 99918-49-14-9
* Petersen, Hjalmar P. 2009. Gender Assignment in Modern Faroese. Hamborg. Kovac
* Petersen, Hjalmar P. 2010. The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact. Heidelberg. Winter
* Faroese/German anthology "From Djurhuus to Poulsen – Faroese Poetry during 100 Years", academic advice: Turið Sigurðardóttir, linear translation: Inga Meincke (2007), ed. by Paul Alfred Kleinert

### Other

* Barnes, Michael P.; Weyhe, Eivind (2013), "7 Faroese", in van der Auwera, Johan, The Germanic Languages, Routledge, pp. 190–218, ISBN 978-0-415-05768-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=DVBdAgAAQBAJ

## References

### Footnotes

1. ↑ While the spelling Faeroese is also seen, Faroese is the spelling used in grammars, textbooks, scientific articles and dictionaries between Faroese and English.

### Citations

1. ↑ Faroese at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
2. ↑ Sandøy, H., Frå tre dialektar til tre språk. In: Gunnstein Akselberg og Edit Bugge (red.), Vestnordisk språkkontakt gjennom 1200 år. Tórshavn, Fróðskapur, 2011, pp. 19-38. [1]
3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Faroese". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/faro1244.
4. ↑ Faroese (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Faroese, retrieved 8 May 2019 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
5. ↑ Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie (2000). Language and Nationalism in Europe. OUP Oxford. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-158407-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=1ixmu8Iga7gC&pg=PA106.
6. ↑ "History and Diachronic Variations - Medieval sources". wanthalf.saga.cz (part of a book). http://wanthalf.saga.cz/dokumenty/faerstina/zdroje/nejstarsi_pisemnosti/GR_medieval_sources.pdf.
7. ↑ "Letter from the Faroes - Lost History of the Sheep Islands - Archaeology Magazine - March/April 2023" (in en-US). https://archaeology.org/issues/march-april-2023/letters-from/faroe-islands-settlement/.
8. ↑ "Faroese Language - Learn about the Faroe Islands language" (in en). https://www.faroeislands.fo/arts-culture/language/.
9. ↑ Chr. Matras. Greinaval – málfrøðigreinir. FØROYA FRÓÐSKAPARFELAG 2000
10. ↑ "The Faroese Language". University of Valencia. http://www.uv.es/capelo/thefaroeselanguage.html.
11. ↑ "Faroese language". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Faroese-language. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
12. ↑ "Jakob Jakobsen (1864-1918)". http://snar.fo/tema-og-tvoergreinalig-evni/skaldskapur-og-midlar/rithoevundar/j/jakobsen-jakob/.
13. ↑ Jensen, Jan (2022-12-01). "Reconfiguring Hell: Urgency and Salvation in the Faroe Islands" (in en). Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 30 (4): 54–69. doi:10.3167/saas.2022.300405. ISSN 0964-0282. https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/saas/30/4/saas300405.xml.
14. ↑ Mitchinson, John (2012). Danish in the Faroe Islands: a post-colonial perspective (PhD thesis). University College London. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
15. ↑ Leonard, Stephen Pax (March 2016). "A "High-Intimacy" Language in the Atlantic: Radio and Purism in the Faroe Islands" (in en). Journal of Anthropological Research 72 (1): 58–76. doi:10.1086/686174. ISSN 0091-7710. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/686174.
16. ↑ "Learn Faroese - History". https://www.101languages.net/faroese/history.html.
17. ↑ Linn, Andrew Robert, ed (2015). Attitudes towards English in Europe. Volume 1: English in Europe. Language and social life. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-1-61451-735-1.
18. ↑ "Faroe Islands launch live translation service". 2017-10-06. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-41524790.
19. ↑ Bandle, Oskar; Braunmuller, Kurt; Hakon Jahr, Ernst et al., eds (2005). The Nordic languages: An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 1091. ISBN 3110197065. OCLC 567851019. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z17C7s3r_nwC&pg=PA1091.
20. ↑ Petersen, Hjalmar P., The Change of þ to h in Faroese, https://setur.fo/uploads/tx_tcpublications/Petersen_HP_The_Change_of_þ_to_h.pdf
21. ↑ According to Hjalmar Petersen in: Tórður Jóansson: English loanwords in Faroese. Tórshavn: Fannir 1997, S. 45 (in red: later corrections, 21. July 2008). In green: corrections of German Wikipedia article :de:Färöische Sprache
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Petersen, Hjalmar Páll (2022). "Evidence for the modification of dialect classification of modern Faroese". European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 52 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1515/ejss-2021-2060. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ejss-2021-2060/html.
23. ↑ Bugge, Edit (June 2018). "Attitudes to variation in spoken Faroese" (in en). Journal of Sociolinguistics 22 (3): 312–330. doi:10.1111/josl.12283. ISSN 1360-6441. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josl.12283.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jacobsen, Jógvan í Lon (2023). "Faroese Dialect Classifications" (in en). Dialectologia (2023.2023). doi:10.1344/Dialectologia2023.2023.4. http://www.publicacions.ub.edu/revistes/dialectologiaSP2023/documentos/1939.pdf.
25. ↑ Knooihuizen, Remco (May 2014). "Variation in Faroese and the development of a spoken standard: In search of corpus evidence" (in en). Nordic Journal of Linguistics 37 (1): 87–105. doi:10.1017/S0332586514000079. ISSN 0332-5865. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nordic-journal-of-linguistics/article/variation-in-faroese-and-the-development-of-a-spoken-standard-in-search-of-corpus-evidence/4C4BD0A03B4360181E59D4CB66CDB619.
26. ↑ Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 68
27. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Faroese". 1.grein. https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/faroese.
28. ↑ Mortensen, Per. "udhr faroese". https://udhr.audio/UDHR_Video.asp?lng=fao&p=1.
29. ↑ (in fo) Faðir vár
30. ↑ Biskopstø, E.; Hansen, M.; Simonsen, A. (19 December 2021). "Faðir vár". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBFd5gOqZ60.

## External links

|  føroyskt edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

|

| Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Faroese.

|

* Multiple dictionaries, including a Faroese-English, an English-Faroese and an explanatory Faroese dictionary
* Faroese-English dictionary
* Faroese online syntactic analyser and morphological analyser/generator
* Faroese Language Council
* Useful Faroese Words & Phrases for Travelers
* How to count in Faroese
* Faroe Island Translate

Template:Faroe Islands topics

* v
* t
* e

Germanic languages

According to contemporary philology

West Germanic

| Anglo-Frisian|

| Anglic|

* English*
* dialects
* Yola
* Fingallian
* Old English
* Middle English
* Scots
* Early Scots
* Middle Scots

|

Frisian|

* East Frisian
* Ems
* Saterland Frisian
* Weser
* Wangerooge Frisian
* Wursten Frisian
* North Frisian
* Insular
* Eiderstedt
* Föhr–Amrum
* Föhr
* Amrum
* Heligolandic
* Sylt
* Mainland
* Bökingharde
* Mooring
* Halligen
* Goesharde
* Northern
* Central
* Southern
* Karrharde
* Strand
* Wiedingharde
* West Frisian
* Hindeloopen
* Schiermonnikoog
* Westlauwers–Terschellings
* Mainland West Frisian
* Clay Frisian
* Wood Frisian
* Westereendersk
* Terschelling
* Old Frisian
* Middle Frisian

Low German|

| Historical forms|

* Old Saxon
* Middle Low German

|

West Low German|

* Dutch Low Saxon
* Stellingwarfs
* Tweants
* Gronings
* Drèents
* Gelders-Overijssels
* Achterhooks
* Sallaans
* Urkers
* Veluws
* Northern Low Saxon
* East Frisian Low Saxon
* Schleswigsch
* Holsteinisch
* Hamburgisch
* Ollnborger
* North Hanoveranian
* Dithmarsch
* Emsländisch
* Westphalian
* Eastphalian

East Low German|

* Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian
* Mecklenburgish
* West Pomeranian
* Brandenburgisch
* East Pomeranian–West Prussian
* Western East Pomeranian
* Eastern East Pomeranian
* Bublitzisch
* Pommerellisch
* Central Pomeranian
* West Central Pomeranian
* Low Prussian
* Mennonite Low German

Low Franconian|

| Standard variants|

* Dutch*
* Frankish
* Old Dutch
* Middle Dutch
* Afrikaans*

|

West Low Franconian|

* Hollandic
* West Flemish
* French Flemish
* Zeelandic
* East Flemish
* Brabantian
* Surinamese Dutch
* Jersey Dutch
* Mohawk Dutch
* Stadsfries
* Bildts
* Yiddish Dutch

East Low Franconian|

* Meuse-Rhenish
* Limburgish
* Southeast Limburgish
* South Guelderish

Transitional|

* Low Dietsch

High German|

| Standard variants|

* German*
* Namibian German
* Namibian Black German
* Brazilian German
* Unserdeutsch
* Barossa German
* Belgranodeutsch
* Parana Volga German
* Kiautschou Pidgin German
* Old High German
* Middle High German
* Early New High German
* Yiddish
* Eastern
* Western
* Litvish
* Poylish
* Ukrainish
* Galitzish
* Scots Yiddish
* Alsatian Yiddish
* Klezmer-loshn
* Ganovim
* Balagole
* Katsoves
* Lachoudisch
* Yenish
* Rotwelsch
* Lotegorisch

|

Central German|

| West Central German|

* Central Franconian
* Ripuarian
* Colognian
* Moselle Franconian
* Luxembourgish
* Transylvanian Saxon
* Hunsrückisch
* Hunsrik
* Rhine Franconian
* Lorraine Franconian
* Palatine
* Volga German
* Pennsylvania German
* Hessian
* Amana

|

East Central German|

* Thuringian
* Upper Saxon
* Ore Mountainian
* Lusatian-Neumarkish
* Berlinerisch
* Silesian German
* High Prussian
* Wymysorys
* Halcnovian
* Prague German

High Franconian|

* South Franconian
* East Franconian
* Main Franconian
* Vogtlandian

Upper German|

* Alemannic
* Low Alemannic
* Alsatian
* Coloniero
* High Alemannic
* Swiss German
* Highest Alemannic
* Walser German
* Swabian
* Bavarian
* Northern Bavarian
* Central Bavarian
* Viennese German
* Southern Bavarian
* South Tyrolean
* Cimbrian
* Mòcheno
* Hutterite German
* Langobardic

Standard German|

* German Standard German
* Austrian Standard German
* Swiss Standard German

North Germanic and East Germanic

| North Germanic|

| Historical forms|

* Proto-Norse
* Old Norse
* Old West Norse
* Old East Norse
* Old Gutnish

|

West Scandinavian|

* Norwegian*
* Spoken
* Bergensk
* Kebabnorsk
* Sognamål
* Trøndersk
* Valdris
* Vestlandsk
* Vikværsk
* Written
* Bokmål
* Nynorsk
* Old Norwegian
* Middle Norwegian
* Insular Scandinavian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Old Icelandic
* Middle Icelandic
* Gronlandsk
* Norn

East Scandinavian|

* Swedish*
* Åland
* Estonian
* Finlandic
* Gotlandic/Gutnish
* Jämtlandic
* Kalix
* Kiruna
* Luleå
* Norrland
* Ostrobothnian
* Småländska
* South Swedish
* Scanian
* Stockholm
* Rinkeby
* Uppländska
* Västgötska
* Westrobothnian
* Old Swedish
* Danish*
* Bornholmsk
* Gøtudanskt
* Insular Danish
* Jutlandic
* South Jutlandic
* Perkerdansk
* Old Danish
* Middle Danish
* Dalecarlian
* Elfdalian

East Germanic|

* Gothic
* Crimean Gothic
* Burgundian
* Vandalic

Philology

| Language subgroups|

* North
* East
* West
* Elbe (Irminonic)
* Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
* North Sea (Ingvaeonic)

* Northwest
* Gotho-Nordic
* South

|

Reconstructed|

* Proto-Germanic
* Proto-Germanic grammar
* Germanic parent language
* Ancient Belgian language

Diachronic features|

* Grimm's law
* Verner's law
* Holtzmann's law
* Sievers's law
* Kluge's law
* Germanic substrate hypothesis
* West Germanic gemination
* High German consonant shift
* Germanic a-mutation
* Germanic umlaut
* Germanic spirant law
* Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
* Great Vowel Shift

Synchronic features|

* Germanic verb
* Germanic strong verb
* Germanic weak verb
* Preterite-present verb
* Grammatischer Wechsel
* Indo-European ablaut

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* * (asterisks) indicates languages with more than 3 million speakers
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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