Father of the Nation

Short description: Honorific title

George Washington, commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, president of the Constitutional Convention, and the first president of the United States, is commonly considered the Father of the Nation in the United States.

The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch is often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the divine right of kings espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law.

In the United States, George Washington, commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, president of the Constitutional Convention, and the first president of the United States, is commonly considered the Father of the Nation. In Spain, the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch faces severe criminal penalties.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko, president of Zaire from 1971 to 1997, was referred to as "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation".[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.[6]

## Contents

* 1 List
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 3.1 Works cited
* 4 See also

## List

The following people are still often called the "Father" or "Mother" of their respective nations.

Name  | Nation  | Title (native)  | Title (translation)  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Ahmad Shah Durrani  |  Afghanistan  | Ahmad Shāh Baba  | Ahmad Shah the Father[7][8][9] | Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire
Mohammad Zahir Shah  | Baba-e-Millat | Father of the Nation  | Last and longest-reigning king of Afghanistan (1933–1973)[10][11]
Skanderbeg  |  Albania  | Heroi Kombëtar
Dragoi i Shqipërisë | National Hero
Dragon of Albania  | Resisted the Ottoman conquest of Albania and delayed Ottoman advances into Western Europe
Ismail Kemal  | Babai Kombit | Father of the Nation  | Led the Albanian national movement against the Ottoman Empire
Ahmed Ben Bella  |  Algeria  | أبو الأمة ('abu al'uma)  | Father of the Nation  | First President of Algeria and first Prime Minister of Algeria
Agostinho Neto  |  Angola  | Pai da Nação | Father of the Nation  | Leader of the MPLA during the Angolan War of Independence and the first President of Angola.
V. C. Bird  |  Antigua and Barbuda  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | First prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda and founder of the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party.[12]
José de San Martín  |  Argentina
Chile
Peru  | Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[13] | Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru  | Primary leader of the Argentine War of Independence and the Spanish American wars of independence in southern South America
María Remedios del Valle  |  Argentina  | Madre de la Patria | Mother of the Homeland  | Important officer in the Argentine Army during the War of Independence, referred to as the "Mother of the Homeland" since her lifetime. In 1829, the Chamber of Representatives of the province of Buenos Aires named her "Mother of the Homeland" and granted her the position of sergeant major.[14][15]
Հայկ (Hayk)  |  Armenia  | Նահապետ (Nahapet)  | Head of the Family
Patriarch  | Legendary founder of the Armenian nation
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG |  Australia  | Father of Federation  | Father of Federation  | Gave the Tenterfield Oration, which is believed to be pivotal in the process of the Federation of Australia.
Mahammad Amin Rasulzade  |

Azerbaijan

| Millətin Atası | Father of the Nation  | The founder of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, considered by many to be the founding father of the nation.[16]
Heydar Aliyev  | Böyük Lider | Great Leader  | 3rd President of Azerbaijan from 1993 to his death in 2003, considered the founder of the modern Azerbaijani state.[17]
Sir Lynden Pindling  |  The Bahamas  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | Leader at independence in 1973.[18]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman  |  Bangladesh  | বঙ্গবন্ধু (Bangabandhu)  | Founding president / Architecture of Independence  | Founding leader of Bangladesh. Leader during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[19][20][21]
Errol Barrow  |  Barbados  | Father of Independence  | Father of Independence  | The third and final premier of Barbados, serving from 1961 to 1966, who lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the first prime minister and served three terms (1966–76, 1986–87) dying in office of illness during his third.[22]
Konstanty Kalinowski  |  Belarus  | Стваральнік беларускага народу (Stvaralnik bielaruskaha narodu)  | Creator of the Belarusian Nation  | Used among other titles. Military and political leader during the January Uprising.[23][24] Usage opposed by those who view Kalinowski's nationality as Polish, rather than Belarusian.[25]
George Cadle Price  |  Belize  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[26][27]
Simón Bolívar  |  Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Panama
Peru
Venezuela  | El Libertador | The Liberator  | Primary leader of the Spanish American wars of independence in northern South America.
Seretse Khama  |  Botswana  | Rra Boipuso | Father of Independence  | Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
Dom Pedro I, Maria Leopoldina of Austria and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva  |  Brazil  | Pai da Pátria e Patriarca da Independência | Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence  | Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822) during the independence of Brazil. Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of Brazil. Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III  |  Brunei  | Arkitek Brunei Moden
Pembina Negara Moden
Bapa Kemerdekaan | Architect of Modern Brunei. Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence  | 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914–1986).
Vasil Levski  |  Bulgaria  | Апостола на свободата (Apostola na svobodata)  | Apostle of Freedom  | Main revolutionary who fought for the independence of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule
Thomas Sankara |  Burkina Faso  | Père de la nation
Héros du Burkina Faso | Father of The Nation and Hero of Burkina Faso  | First president of Burkina Faso. Renamed the country from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso and writer of the national anthem, Ditanyè.
Louis Rwagasore  |  Burundi  | Père de l'indépendance | Father of Independence  | Burundi independence movement leader, second and youngest Prime Minister of Burundi and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Burundi.
Norodom Sihanouk  |  Cambodia  | សម្តេចឪ (Sâmdéch Âu)  | King Father  | Secured independence from France.
John A. Macdonald and the other Fathers of Confederation  |  Canada  | Fathers of Confederation
Pères de la Confédération | Father of Confederation  | The 36 Canadian politicians who negotiated Canadian Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins  |  Chile  | Padre de la patria | Father of the fatherland  | Principal leader of the Chilean War of Independence
Sun Yat-sen  |  Republic of China  | 國父 (Guófù)  | Father of the Nation  | Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940.[28] Sun is more widely known in the People's Republic of China as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".[29]
José María Castro Madriz  |  Costa Rica  | Fundador de la República | Founder of the Republic  | First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[30]
Ante Starčević  |  Croatia  | Otac domovine | Father of the Homeland  | His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[31]
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes  |  Cuba  | Padre de la Patria | Father of the Fatherland[32] | Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Archbishop Makarios III  |  Cyprus  | Εθνάρχης (Ethnárchis)  | Ethnarch | First and longest President of Cyprus, leader of Greek Cypriot nationalist movement during Cypriot intercommunal violence
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor  |  Czech Republic  | Otec vlasti | Father of the Homeland  | King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[33]
František Palacký  | Otec národa | Father of the Nation  | Politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement.[33] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[34]
Tomáš Masaryk  | Tatíček /
Prezident Osvoboditel | Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator  | First President of Czechoslovakia, helped negotiate establishment of Czechoslovakia with the Allies of World War I.[33][35][clarification needed]
Juan Pablo Duarte  |  Dominican Republic  | Padre de la Patria | Father of the Fatherland  | Foremost of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic and the key leader responsible for shaping the modern revolutionary ideology that opposed all foreign rule.
Pedro Santana  | Libertador de la Patria | Liberator of the Fatherland  | Served as the first President of the Dominican Republic and helped free the country from Haitian rule.
Presbyter, Dr. José Matías Delgado  |  El Salvador  | Padre de la patria | Father of the fatherland  | One of the founding fathers of El Salvador, and principal leader of the First Shout of Independence.[36]
Ilia Chavchavadze  |  Georgia  | უგვირგვინო მეფე (Ugvirgvino Mepe)
ერის მამა (Eris Mama )  | The Crownless King / Father of the Nation  | Promoted Georgian language, literature, culture, and church autocephaly under imperial Russian rule.
Members of the Parlamentarischer Rat  |  Germany  | Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes | Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law  | Drafted the Basic Law, the constitution of (then West) Germany
Kwame Nkrumah  |  Ghana  | Osagyefo | Father of the nation  | First president and prime minister of Ghana during decolonization, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great  |  Greece  | Πατέρας των Ελλήνων (Patéras ton Ellínon)  | Father of the Greeks  | Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Sir Eric Gairy |  Grenada  | Father of Independence  | Father of Independence  | First Prime Minister of Grenada. Secured independence from the United Kingdom
Cheddi Jagan  |  Guyana  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Toussaint Louverture[37][38] |  Haiti  | Père de la patrie | Father of the Fatherland  | Primary leaders of the Haitian Revolution.
Dionisio de Herrera  |  Honduras  | Padre de la Patria | Father of the Fatherland  | First Head of State of Honduras within the Federal Republic of Central America
Árpád  |  Hungary  | Honalapító | Founder of the Homeland  | Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mahatma Gandhi |  India  | राष्ट्रपिता (Rashtrapita)
Bapu (Father)  | Father of the Nation[39][40] | Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj.
Soepomo
Mohammad Yamin
Sukarno
Mohammad Hatta
Sutan Sjahrir  |  Indonesia  | Bapak Bangsa
Sang Proklamator
Dwitunggal | Father(s) of the Nation
The Proclamators
Duumvirate  | Main leaders of the Indonesian National Revolution, wrote and signed the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, as well as served as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia, respectively.
Cyrus the Great  |  Iran (Persia)  | Shahanshah | King of Kings  | The founder of the first Persian Empire
David Ben-Gurion  |  Israel  | Israel's founding father[41] | Father of the Nation  | Formally proclaimed the establishment of Israel and served as its first prime minister
Theodor Herzl  | חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה (Chozeh HaMedinah, lit. Visionary of the State)  | Spiritual Father of the Jewish State[42] | Father of modern political Zionism
Julius Caesar  |  Italy  | Pater Patriae | Father of the Fatherland  | Gave the Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the Italian Peninsula
Augustus  | Pater Patriae | Father of the Fatherland  | Gave administrative unity to the Italian Peninsula, by defining the regions of Roman Italy.

* Camillo Benso
* Giuseppe Garibaldi
* Giuseppe Mazzini
* Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

| Padre della Patria | Father of the Fatherland  | Authors of Italian unification[43][44][45]
Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan  |  Kazakhstan  | Негізін қалаушылар (Negızın qalauşylar)  | Founders  | Founders and first rulers of the Kazakh Khanate, who led the Kazakh War of Independence against the Uzbek Khanate and established the first independent Kazakh state.[46]
Jomo Kenyatta  |  Kenya  | Baba wa Taifa | Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter  | First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova  |  Kosovo  | Ati Themeltar[47]

* * *

Ati i Kombit[48] | Founding Father

* * *

Father of the Nation  | First president of the First Republic of Kosovo. President of Serbian Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metochia under UN administration after the Kosovo War.
Muammar Gaddafi |  Libya  | أبو الأمة ('abu al'uma)  | Father of the Nation  | Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011. He styled himself as the Father of the Nation, in addition to using other titles.[49][50] He was also styled as such by Libyan state media.[51]
Jonas Basanavičius  |  Lithuania  | Tautos patriarchas | Patriarch of the Nation  | Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[52]
Tunku Abdul Rahman  |  Malaysia  |

* Bapa Kemerdekaan
* Bapa Malaysia

* Father of Independence
* Father of Malaysia

| The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British Empire in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Giorgio Borġ Olivier  |  Malta  | Missier Malta Indipendenti | Father of Independent Malta  | First post-independence Prime Minister of Malta between 1950–1955 and 1962–1971.
Dom Mintoff  |

* Missier Malta Repubblika
* Missier Malta Hielsa

* Father of Republican Malta
* Father of Free Malta

| A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the Labour Party, a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the British monarch as head of state. In 1979, the last Royal Navy ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese welfare state and the socialist-style nationalisation and collectivisation of various key industries.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam  |  Mauritius  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation[53] | First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla  |  Mexico  | Padre de la patria mexicana[54] | Father of the Mexican Nation[55] | First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Genghis Khan  |  Mongolia  | Монголчуудын эцэг (Mongolčuudyn eceg)  | Father of the Mongols, Founding Father of Mongolia[56] | After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a conquest of the majority of Eurasia, and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
Mohammed V  |  Morocco  | أَب الْأُمَّة (ʔab al-ʔumma)  | Father of the Nation[57][58] | King of Morocco during its independence in 1956, seen by most Moroccans as Father of the Nation.[59]
Aung San  |  Myanmar  |

* နိုင်ငံ‌တော်၏ဖခင်၊
* လွတ်လပ်ရေးဖခင်၊
* တပ်မတော်၏ဖခင်

| Father of Nation,[60][61]
Father of Independence,
Father of Tatmadaw (Burmese Army)  | He was the founder of Tatmadaw (Burmese Army) and he was the 5th Prime Minister of Burma during the British Era from 1946 to 1947. He was instrumental in Myanmar's struggle for independence from British rule, but he was assassinated just six months before his goal was realized.
Sam Nujoma  |  Namibia  | Founding Father of the Namibian Nation  | Founding Father of the Namibian Nation  | Primary leader of SWAPO during the South African Border War and first President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[62][63]
Prithvi Narayan Shah  |  Nepal  | श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह (śrī 5 baḍāmhārājdhirāj pr̥thvī nārāyaṇ śāha)  | Father of the Nation  | King of Nepal during the Unification of Nepal.
William the Silent  |  Netherlands  | Vader des Vaderlands | Father of the Fatherland  | Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[64]
Diriangén[65] |  Nicaragua  | Padre de la Patria Nicaragüense | Father of the Nicaraguan Fatherland  | Native Nicaraguan tribal leader
José Núñez  | Salvador de la Patria[66] | Savior of the Fatherland  | First president of independent Nicaragua following its secession from the Federal Republic of Central America.
Nnamdi Azikiwe  |  Nigeria  | Father of Nigerian Nationalism  | Father of Nigerian Nationalism  | First president of Nigeria when it became a republic on 1 October 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
Krste Misirkov  |  North Macedonia  | Татко на нацијата (Tatko na nacijata)  | Father of the Nation  | Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Einar Gerhardsen  |  Norway  | Landsfaderen | Father of the Nation  | First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[67]
Kim Il Sung |  North Korea  | 주체조선의 영원한 수령 (juchejoseonui yeong'wonhan suryeong)  | Eternal Leader  | Founder of the North Korean state, progenitor of Juche, and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994.[68]
Qaboos bin Said  |  Oman  | أَبُو الْأُمَّة (ʔabū al-ʔumma)  | Father of the Nation  | Sultan from 1970 to 2020, transitioned the country to independence from Britain and promulgated the Basic Statute of Oman.[69][70][71]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah  |  Pakistan  |

* بابائے قوم (Baba-e-Qaum)[72]
* قائدِ اعظم (Quaid-e-Azam)[73]

| Father of the Nation

Great Leader

| Led the Pakistan Movement and served as the first governor-general of Pakistan.
Yasser Arafat |  Palestine  | أبو فلسطين ('abu filastin)  | The Father of Palestine[74] | Led the Palestinian liberation movement and served as president of the State of Palestine from 1994 to 2004.
Sir Michael Somare  |  Papua New Guinea  | Papa Blo Kantri[75] | Father of the Nation  | Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[76]
Emilio Aguinaldo  |  Philippines  | Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas | First President of the Philippines  | Military Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the First President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. His birthday, 22 March 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
Andrés Bonifacio  | Amá ng Himagsikan | Father of the Revolution  | Political Leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, 30 November 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal  | Pambansáng Bayani | National Hero  | Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his 30 December 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[77]
Ignacy Daszyński, Roman Dmowski, Wojciech Korfanty, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Józef Piłsudski, Wincenty Witos  |  Poland  | Ojcowie Niepodległości, Ojcowie Polski Odrodzonej | Fathers of Independence, Fathers of Reborn Poland  | After World War I six fathers of independence jointly took advantage of the favorable conditions and led to the birth of the Second Polish Republic.[78]
Mieszko I  | Twórca państwa polskiego | Founder of the Polish state  | Mieszko I united slavic tribes of Poland, baptized the country and became the first historical ruler of Poland.
Dom Afonso I of Portugal  |  Portugal  | Fundador da Nacionalidade | Founder of Nationhood
a.k.a. The Conqueror | Founder and first King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia  |  Russia  | Отец Отечества (Otec Otečestva)  | Father of the Fatherland  | Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[79]
Sir John Compton  |  Saint Lucia  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[80]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia  |  Saudi Arabia  | وَالِد الْأُمَّة (Wālid al-ʔumma)/الْمُؤَسِّس (Al-Muʔassis)  | Father of the Nation/The Founder  | Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble House of Saud, the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Donald Dewar  |  Scotland  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | The inaugural holder of the office of First Minister of Scotland following the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.[81] He is known as the Father of the Nation for his role in overseeing the introduction of Scottish devolution.[82]
Saint Sava |  Serbia  | Отац отаџбине (Otac otadžbine)[83] | Father of the Fatherland  | Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Karađorđe and Miloš the Great  | Отац нације (Otac nacije)[84][85] | Father of the Nation  | Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising during the Serbian Revolution.
Dobrica Ćosić  | Отац нације (Otac nacije)[86][87] | Father of the Nation  | Yugoslav and Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
Lee Kuan Yew  |  Singapore  | 国父 (Guófù)  | Father of Singapore  | First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Ľudovít Štúr  |  Slovakia  | Otec národa | Father of the Nation[88] | Led the Slovak national revival in the 19th century, codified the modern Slovak literary language, and spearheaded the counter-revolutionary Slovak Uprising against the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
Primož Trubar and Janez Bleiweis  |  Slovenia  | Oče naroda | Father of the Nation  | A consolidator of Slovene and the author of the first Slovene printed book (Trubar) and a politician, national awakener and promotor of the United Slovenia political program (Bleiweis).
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan  |  Somalia  | Aabaha aabaha | Father of the fatherland  | The emir of Dervish and Diiriye Guure.[89]
Nelson Mandela |  South Africa  | Tata wethu | Our Father  | Primary leader of internal resistance to apartheid as chairman of the African National Congress, and first President of post-apartheid South Africa.[90]
Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella)  |  Spain  | Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón | Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon  | The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake  |  Sri Lanka  | ජාතියේ පියා (Jātiyē Piyā)  | Father of the Nation  | First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[91]
Johan Ferrier  |  Suriname  | Vader des Vaderlands | Father of the Nation  | First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden  |  Sweden  | Landsfader | Father of the Nation  | Led Sweden out of the Kalmar Union.
Per Albin Hansson[92] | Landsfader | Father of the Nation  | Prime Minister 1932–1946 and founder of The People's Home.
Julius Nyerere  |  Tanzania  | Baba wa Taifa | Father of the Nation  | First President of Tanzania.[93]
Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, Tubal Uriah Butler, Rudranath Capildeo, Simbhoonath Capildeo, Arthur Andrew Cipriani, Albert Gomes, Solomon Hochoy, A. P. T. James, Audrey Jeffers, Ranjit Kumar, Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, Chanka Maharaj, Bhadase Sagan Maraj, Quintin O'Connor, Michael Pocock, Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine), Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, Ashford Sinanan, Mitra Sinanan, Sarran Teelucksingh, Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, Eric Williams, Hugh Wooding[94] |  Trinidad and Tobago  | Moulders of the Nation  | Moulders of the Nation[94] | They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.[94]
Eric Williams  | Father of the Nation  | Father of the Nation  | First and three-term Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the People's National Movement (PNM) and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country independence and republicanism from British rule.[95][96]
Habib Bourguiba  |  Tunisia  | الْمُجَاهِد الْأَكْبَر (al-Mujāhid Al-ʔakbar)  | The Supreme Warrior  | Father of the independence of Tunisia and first President of Tunisia. He led the Tunisian national movement against the French colonial empire. After Tunisian independence, he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |  Turkey  | Atatürk | Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper)  | Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[97]
Saparmurat Niyazov  |  Turkmenistan  | Türkmenbaşy | Father of the Turkmen  | Inaugural president as well as president for life of Turkmenistan, he ruled the country with an iron fist from 1991 to 2006.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky  |  Ukraine  | Батько нації (Batʹko natsiyi)  | Father of the Nation  | Leader of the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and founder of the Cossack Hetmanate, the first independent Ukrainian state.
Taras Shevchenko  | Батько нації (Batʹko natsiyi)  | Father of the Nation[98] | Preserver of Ukrainian language and literature from Russification during Tsarist rule.
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan  |  United Arab Emirates  | وَالِد الْأُمَّة (Wālid al-ʔumma)  | Father of the Nation  | President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[99][100]
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers  |  United States  | Founding Fathers  | Founding Fathers[101][102] | The Signers signed the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington  | Father of His Country  | Father of His Country[103][104] | George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[103][104] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas  |  Uruguay  | Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales[105] | Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people[106] | Fought against the Spanish Royalists for independence in the Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh |  Vietnam  | Cha già dân tộc | Father of the people  | Leader of the Viet Minh, who fought for independence from France in the First Indochina War and decisively defeated them at the bloody Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in the establishment of an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north of the country in 1954. Vietnam would eventually be united under Communist Party of Vietnam rule after his death with the Fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.
Rhodri Morgan  |  Wales  | Tad y Genedl[107] | Father of the Nation  | First Minister of Wales from 2000 to 2009. He is credited with stabilising Welsh devolution after the short and unstable premiership of his predecessor, the first First Minister Alun Michael.[108][109][110]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed  |  Western Sahara  | أبو الأمة ('abu al'uma)  | Father of the Nation  | Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan and Mauritanian armies in the Western Sahara conflict.
Kenneth Kaunda  |  Zambia  | Tata | Father of the nation  | First president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He founded the Zambian African National Congress (ANC), later becoming the head of the United National Independence Party (UNIP) which led to attaining independence.

## See also

* List of national founders

## References

1. ↑ Triulzi, Alessandro (1996). "African cities, historical memory, and street buzz". in Iain Chambers & Lidia Curti. The Post-colonial Question. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0-415-10857-8. https://archive.org/details/postcolonialques00cham.
2. ↑ Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. Algora Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 0-87586-417-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo6pXz2vxf4C.
3. ↑ Schatzberg, Michael G. (2001). Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see index; and esp. p. 8 & p. 213. ISBN 0-253-33992-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=MtJnDhRnE5gC.
4. ↑ Paczkowski, Andrzej (2003). The Spring Will be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. translated by Jane Cave. Penn State Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-271-02308-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKQWem2yl4C&q="Father+of+Nations"+stalin&pg=RA2-PA210.
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6. ↑ Balogová, Beata (2007-12-17). "2007 was turbulent for the ruling coalition". The Slovak Spectator. http://www.spectator.sk/articles/view/30240/14/2007_was_turbulent_for_the_ruling_coalition.html.
7. ↑ Ganḍā, Singh (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Pub. House. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-4021-7278-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=F_A8AAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
8. ↑ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010).
9. ↑ "Aḥmad Shah Durrānī". Aḥmad Shah Durrānī. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Version. 2010. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
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11. ↑ MacIntyre, Ben (24 June 2016). "Lawless Libya can unite behind a new king". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.thetimes.com/article/lawless-libya-can-unite-behind-a-new-king-d6tv67lbg.
12. ↑ George, Elesha (10 December 2020). "A&B celebrates the Father of the Nation". Antigua and Barbuda Observer. https://antiguaobserver.com/ab-celebrates-the-father-of-the-nation/.
13. ↑ "Argentina - José de San Martín". http://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2390-jose-de-san-martin.php.
14. ↑ "María Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria"" (in es). Buenos Aires: Museo Nacional del Cabildo de Buenos Aires y de la Revolución de Mayo. Ministerio de Cultura. 13 May 2019. https://cabildonacional.cultura.gob.ar/noticia/maria-remedios-del-valle-la-madre-de-la-patria/. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
15. ↑ Pignatelli, Adrián (8 November 2022). "Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria" que luchó junto a Belgrano y terminó como mendiga" (in es). Buenos Aires: Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2022/11/08/remedios-del-valle-la-madre-de-la-patria-que-lucho-junto-a-belgrano-y-termino-como-mendiga/. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
16. ↑ https://eurasianet.org/cancellation-of-azerbaijani-historical-biopic-sparks-controversy
17. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3170536.stm [bare URL]
18. ↑ "The death of Jeffrey Thompson". Freeport News (The Nassau Guardian (1844) Ltd). 20 March 2008. http://freeport.nassauguardian.net/editorial/308121337236779.php. "it has been well documented that Sir Lynden Pindling was the leader of the political movement that led to the attainment of majority rule on January 10, 1967, and that he is recognized as the ৭ of the Nation — the man who was the country's leader when The Bahamas obtained its independence from the United Kingdom on July 10, 1973."
19. ↑ "Ode to the father: Bangladesh's political personality cult" (in en). France 24. 4 January 2024. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult.
20. ↑ "'Father' of Bangladesh". The New York Times. 1975-01-27. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/27/archives/father-of-bangladesh-mujibur-rahman.html.
21. ↑ Shahabuddin, Mohammed (15 August 2023). "Immortal Bangabandhu". Daily Sun. https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/706268/Immortal-Bangabandhu.
22. ↑ BGIS (2024-01-21). "Celebrating The Life Of Errol Walton Barrow" (in en-US). https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/celebrating-the-life-of-errol-barrow/.
23. ↑ "Каліноўскі быў беларусам. Даказаць адваротнае немагчыма" (in be). Novy Chas. 22 March 2021. https://novychas.online/poviaz/kalinouski-byu-belarusam-dakazac-advarotnae-nemah.
24. ↑ "Каліноўскі і мы" (in be). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 January 2013. https://www.svaboda.org/a/24880625.html.
25. ↑ "Кім быў Кастусь Каліноўскі?" (in be). Polskie Radio. 3 April 2009. http://www2.polskieradio.pl/eo/print.aspx?iid=105649.
26. ↑ "Rt. Hon. George Price". CARICOM.com (CARICOM). 20 March 2008. http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/rt_hon_george.jsp?menu=projects. "Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize"
27. ↑ "The Father of the Nation Turns 90". 7 News Belize. 16 January 2009. http://news.mybelize.net/index.php?action=view&id=1875&module=newsmodule&src=@random4865ef792ff2d. "Even Prime Minister Dean Barrow calls George Price the father of the nation"
28. ↑ Yin, Xiong (2015). 至樂齋詩抄 第二部. 新華出版社. p. 181. ISBN 978-7-5166-1604-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=LYOXDwAAQBAJ&q=孙中山+中华民国授予国父&pg=PT191.
29. ↑ Xie, Xuanjun (2017). 少数民族入主中国史略. Lulu.com. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-387-25535-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=jhE6DwAAQBAJ&q=孙中山+革命先行者+中国大陆&pg=PA403.
30. ↑ "Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla". 27 June 2013. http://www.guiascostarica.com/presi/presi08.htm.
31. ↑ "Povijest Oca domovine" (in hr). Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević. http://www.hsp-ante-starcevic.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=57. His works are considered to have laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism and he is often referred to as "Father of the Homeland" by Croats.
32. ↑ Hautrive, Iliana (2004-10-10). "Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence". Trabajadores. http://edicionesanteriores.trabajadores.cu/2004/octubre/10_ingles/textos_y_fotos/cuba-conmemora.htm. "Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation."
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: A Dictionary of Czech Popular Culture. Central European University Press. p. 102. ISBN 963-7326-26-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=BWg8CdosOpMC.
34. ↑ Sayer, Derek; Alena Sayer (2000). The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-691-05052-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=_yrxrO0lC0YC.
35. ↑ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pages 36 – 39, 41 – 42, 106 – 107, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
36. ↑ Carlos Meléndez Chaverri (2000) (in es). Presbítero y Dr. José Matías Delgado, Prócer Centroamericano. National Council for Culture and Art (CONCULTURA). pp. 139–141. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9992300574. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
37. ↑ Lamrani, Salim (2021-04-30). "Toussaint Louverture, In the Name of Dignity. A Look at the Trajectory of the Precursor of Independence of Haiti" (in en). Études caribéennes (48). doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.22675. ISSN 1779-0980. https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/22675#tocto1n2.
38. ↑ Mocombe, Paul C. (2018). Identity and Ideology in Haiti: The Children of Sans Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion. Routledge. pp. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326109707. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
39. ↑ "Gandhi Jayanti 2021: Inspirational quotes by 'Father of the Nation' Mahatma Gandhi" (in en). Firstpost. 2 October 2021. https://www.firstpost.com/india/gandhi-jayanti-2021-inspirational-quotes-by-father-of-the-nation-mahatma-gandhi-10016461.html.
40. ↑ Jaiswal, Anuja (20 January 2020). "Mahatma Gandhi was never declared 'Father of Nation', reveals RTI reply" (in en). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mahatma-gandhi-was-never-declared-father-of-nation-reveals-rti-reply/articleshow/73446044.cms.
41. ↑ "1973: Israel's founding father dies". BBC. 1 December 1973. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1/newsid_2492000/2492775.stm.
42. ↑ "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". May 14, 1948. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration of establishment of state of israel.aspx.
43. ↑ Sarti, Roland (2003). "Giuseppe Mazzini e la tradizione repubblicana" (in it). Almanacco della Repubblica: storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane. Pearson. ISBN 978-88-424-9499-7.
44. ↑ Ugolini, Romano (in it). Cento anni del Vittoriano 1911-2011. Gangemi.
45. ↑ Perfetti, Francesco (2011). "I padri della Patria". Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. p. 2.
46. ↑ "On the Foundation of the Kazakh Khanate" (in en). 2018-10-13. https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7650.
47. ↑ "Presidentja Osmani: Sot është Dita e Presidentit, e vendosur si e tillë nga Presidenti ynë historik Dr.Ibrahim Rugova, ati themeltar i Republikës sonë" (in Albanian). President of Kosovo. 24 May 2025. https://president-ksgov.net/presidentja-osmani-sot-eshte-dita-e-presidentit-e-vendosur-si-e-tille-nga-presidenti-yne-historik-dr-ibrahim-rugova-ati-themeltar-i-republikes-sone/.
48. ↑ Plus, Kult (2023-01-21). "Poezi nga Ibrahim Rugova të botuara në 'Rilindje' kur ai ishte vetëm 18 vjeç" (in sq). https://www.kultplus.com/poezi/poezi-nga-ibrahim-rugova-te-botuara-ne-rilindje-kur-ai-ishte-vetem-18-vjec-5/.
49. ↑ Walker, Shaun (16 April 2011). "Kazakh leader puts own name in lights with film of his childhood". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kazakh-leader-puts-own-name-in-lights-with-film-of-his-childhood-2268638.html.
50. ↑ Danahar, Paul (1 September 2011). "Photo journal: Key moments in Libya's six-month revolt". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14728563.
51. ↑ Mekay, Emad (23 February 2011). "One Libyan Battle Is Fought in Social and News Media". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/24/world/middleeast/24iht-m24libya.html.
52. ↑ O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The history of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-32355-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&pg=PA59.
53. ↑ "Centenary of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.". Mauritius Post Museum. Mauritius Post. 2004. http://www.mauritiuspost.mu/museum/fdc/other.php?id=51. "Known as the "Father of the Nation", Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam has throughout his political career from 1940 to 1982 been closely associated with the significant emancipation of the people of Mauritius and has led the struggle for Independence."
54. ↑ "El Grito, una tradición popular mexicana sin dueño" (in es). El Periodico de Mexico. 2007-09-15. http://www.elperiodicodemexico.com/nota.php?sec=Nacional-Politica&id=137050. "Miguel Hidalgo, considerado el "padre de la patria" mexicana"
55. ↑ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325–1997. Westport, CT, US: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmexi0000vazq.
56. ↑ "Genghis Khan". North Georgia College and State University. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
57. ↑ "ذكرى وفاة جلالة المغفور له محمد الخامس.. مناسبة لاستحضار التضحيات الجسام التي بذلها محرر الأمة من أجل الحرية والاستقلال". 2025-03-10. https://www.mapnews.ma/ar/actualites/مجتمع/ذكرى-وفاة-جلالة-المغفور-له-محمد-الخامس-مناسبة-لاستحضار-التضحيات-الجسام-التي-بذلها-3. "تحل يوم غد الثلاثاء (عاشر رمضان) الذكرى الـ 66 لوفاة أب الأمة جلالة المغفور له محمد الخامس، قدس الله روحه، [...]"
58. ↑ "63rd Anniversary of Death of HM Mohammed V, Tribute to Memory of Father of the Nation and Symbol of Anti-colonial Struggle". 2022-04-11. https://www.mapnews.ma/en/activites-royales/63rd-anniversary-death-hm-mohammed-v-tribute-memory-father-nation-and-symbol-anti. "It is in piety and meditation that the Moroccan people commemorate this Tuesday, Ramadan 10, the 63rd anniversary of the death of His Majesty King Mohammed V, Father of the Nation, craftsman of independence and symbol of the struggle of peoples for freedom and emancipation."
59. ↑ Stora, Benjamin; Ellyas, Akram (1999-01-01). Les 100 portes du Maghreb. Points d'appui. Éditions de l'Atelier (programme ReLIRE). doi:10.3917/ateli.stora.1999.01. ISBN 978-2-7082-3434-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ateli.stora.1999.01.
60. ↑ "Myanmar and Aung San: The resurrection of an icon" (in en). www.lowyinstitute.org. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/myanmar-aung-san-resurrection-icon.
61. ↑ Cloutman, Violet (22 September 2016). "Profile in power: Aung San - InsideBurma Tours blog". InsideAsia Blog. https://www.insideasiatours.com/blog/profile-power-aung-san.
62. ↑ "Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005". Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. 29 December 2005. https://www.saflii.org/na/other/NAGovGaz/2005/205.txt.
63. ↑ "Promulgation of Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 (Act No. 16 of 2005), of the Parliament". Government Gazette (Windhoek: Republic of Namibia) (3567). 29 December 2005. http://www.parliament.gov.na/parlidocs/ACT594.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
64. ↑ "The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft". http://www.essentialvermeer.com/delft/delft_today/oude_and_nieuwe.html.
65. ↑ Ortiz Nuñez, Ramiro (1953) (in es). Dirianghen: padre de la patria nicaragüense. Managua: Tipografía Brenes.
66. ↑ Andrés Vega Bolaños (1944). «Gobernantes de Nicaragua» p. 73, 74
67. ↑ Bjørn Talen (1987-05-09). "Gratulerer, kjære landsmann!" (in no). Aftenposten. http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/tusenarsskiftet/article561221.ece.
68. ↑ "Kim Jong-un and North Korea's Power Structure" (in en). https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-koreas-power-structure.
69. ↑ "التاريخ" (in ar). Foreign Ministry of Oman. https://www.fm.gov.om/about-oman-ar/state-ar/history-ar/?lang=ar.
70. ↑ "History" (in en-US). Foreign Ministry of Oman. https://www.fm.gov.om/about-oman/state/history/. "During his 50-year reign Sultan Qaboos became an immensely popular figure, widely admired as the Father of the Nation."
71. ↑ "Oman's new sultan faces mammoth challenges" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-01-21. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51112191.
72. ↑ "Quaid's 60th death anniversary being marked today". The News International. 11 September 2008. http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=54870. "Today the nation marks the 60th Death anniversary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, meaning "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum meaning Father of the Nation."
73. ↑ "Father of the Nation : Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah". Government of Pakistan. http://quaid.gov.pk/index.htm.
74. ↑ Shelburne, Elizabeth (10 August 2005). "The Father of Palestine". https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/the-father-of-palestine/304226/.
75. ↑ Kuku, Rebecca; Doherty, Ben (2021-02-26). "Sir Michael Somare, Papua New Guinea's 'Father of the Nation', dies aged 84" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/26/sir-michael-somare-papua-new-guineas-father-of-the-nation-dies-aged-84.
76. ↑ East, Roger; Richard Thomas (2003). "Papua New Guinea". Profiles of People in Power. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 1-85743-126-X. https://archive.org/details/profilesofpeople0001east/page/408.
77. ↑ "Jose Rizal". http://www.joserizal.com/.
78. ↑ "Różnymi ścieżkami ku Niepodległej szli. Ojcowie Polski Odrodzonej". Niepodległa - świętujmy razem!. https://niepodlegla.gov.pl/o-niepodleglej/roznymi-sciezkami-ku-niepodleglej-szli-ojcowie-polski-odrodzonej/.
79. ↑ Anisimov, Evgeniy Viktorovich (1993). The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia. translator John T. Alexander. M.E. Sharpe. p. 143. ISBN 1-56324-047-5.
80. ↑ "Obituary: Sir John Compton". The Daily Telegraph. 10 September 2007. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1562638/Sir-John-Compton.html.
81. ↑ "Remembering Donad Dewar: the Glasgow politician who became 'Father of the Nation'". Glasgow Times. 12 October 2020. https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18781330.remembering-donald-dewar-glasgow-politician-became-father-nation/.
82. ↑ (in en) Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated. 2001. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-85229-782-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5lIicTg8QMC. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
83. ↑ Branko Pešić (1988). Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895–1988. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. https://books.google.com/books?id=6T7kAAAAMAAJ. "Отац Отаџбине Св. Сава је надахнуо Немањи- ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави. Држа- ва је Отечество – земља мојих ота- ца. Држава не сме да буде импери- ја, јер где ..."
84. ↑ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921. p. 56. https://books.google.com/books?id=77QMAAAAIAAJ. "ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ"
85. ↑ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IwAQAAMAAJ. "да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,"
86. ↑ Zorica Vulić (11 May 2000). "Ko je ovaj čovek?: Dobrica Ćosić" (in sr). Glas javnosti. http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/05/11/srpski/P00051027.shtm.
87. ↑ Lukić, Svetlana Lukić & Svetlana Vuković (16 March 2007). "Injekcija za Srbe". B92: Peščanik. http://www.b92.net/info/emisije/pescanik.php?yyyy=2007&mm=03&nav_id=237772.
88. ↑ The Guy Who Put ‘Slovakia’ in Czechoslovakia
89. ↑ Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. "This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta"
90. ↑ "Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy". United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/events/mandeladay/2010/observance2010.shtml.
91. ↑ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia (revised ed.). SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 0-7619-9439-4.
92. ↑ Ryytty, Carsten (2014). "Per Albin Hansson dör" (in sv). https://www.so-rummet.se/aret-runt/albin-hansson-dor. "Under krigsåren 1939-1945 kom Hansson att framstå som en landsfader och en garanti för fullföljande av den svenska neutralitetspolitiken."
93. ↑ Duval Smith, Alex (20 October 1999). "Tanzania weeps for father of the nation". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tanzania-weeps-for-father-of-the-nation-739027.html.
94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 "50th Anniversary of Independence of Trinidad and Tobago". Issuu. 26 May 2013. https://issuu.com/pariapublishing/docs/50th_independence_besson.
95. ↑ "Trinidad and Tobago Parliament". http://ttparliament.org/members.php?mid=26&pid=23&id=EWI01.
96. ↑ "Dr. Eric Williams: The Father of the Nation" (in en-US). 2018-02-07. https://www.caribbeanlifenews.com/dr-eric-williams-the-father-of-the-nation/.
97. ↑ Parla, Taha; Andrew Davison (2004). Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress Or Order?. Syracuse University Press. pp. 37–8. ISBN 0-8156-3054-9.
98. ↑ "Why is Taras Shevchenko a phenomenon for the Ukrainian people? :: Svidomi". https://svidomi.in.ua/en/page/why-is-taras-shevchenko-a-phenomenon-for-the-ukrainian-people.
99. ↑ "Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance" (Press release). 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-17. "His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation."
100. ↑ Wheeler, Julia (2 November 2004). "Obituary: Sheikh Zayed". BBC News (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3975849.stm. "He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation."
101. ↑ "America's Founding Fathers". National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers.html.
102. ↑ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 (Grizzard 2002)
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Rupert Cornwell, "George Washington: The father of the nation" (17 January 2009).
105. ↑ "Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19" (in es). Ministry of Education, Argentina. 2009. http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/index.html?mes=6&dia=19. "1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850."
106. ↑ Edelmann, Alexander Taylor (1965). Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society. Dorsey Press. p. 309. https://archive.org/details/latinamericangov0000edel. "José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence."
107. ↑ Phillips, Ioan (20 July 2021). "Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), gwleidydd" (in Welsh). Y Bywngraffiadur [Dictionary of Welsh Biography]. https://bywgraffiadur.cymru/article/c12-MORG-RHO-1939. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
108. ↑ Bory, Stéphanie (1 January 2018). "From Rhodri Morgan to Carwyn Jones, two different styles of leadership" (in en). Observatoire de la société britannique (20): 117–132. doi:10.4000/osb.2003. ISSN 1775-4135. https://journals.openedition.org/osb/2003. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
109. ↑ Hurst, Greg (2010). "The old era: Welsh coalition complications". The Times Guide to the House of Commons, 2010. Times Newspapers Limited. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-007-35158-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=RLphWa7ViogC. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
110. ↑ Phillips, Ioan (20 July 2021). "Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), politician". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. https://biography.wales/article/s12-MORG-RHO-1939. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

### Works cited

* Grizzard, Frank E. Jr. (2002). George Washington: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-082-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=RioTGCygpT8C.

## See also

* Family as a model for the state
* Fathers of Confederation
* Founding fathers of the European Union
* Founding Fathers of the United States
* List of national founders
* Pater Patriae
* Victory title

Template:Lists of people considered founders by specific groups

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*[lit.]: literal translation