Final form

Short description: Character used to represent a letter at the end of a word

In certain languages, the final form or terminal form is a special character used to represent a letter only when it occurs at the end of a word. Some languages that use final form characters are: Arabic, Hebrew, Manchu and one letter in Greek (ς).[1][2]

The lowercase Latin letter "s" had separate medial (ſ) and final (s) in the orthographies of many European languages from the medieval period to the early 19th century; it survived in the German Fraktur script until the 1940s.

## Hebrew

In the Hebrew alphabet the final form is called sofit (Hebrew: סופית, meaning "final" or "ending").

Hebrew letters that have a final form  Letter name | Non-final | Final (sofit)

|
|

Mem | מ | ם
Nun | נ | ן
Tsadi | צ | ץ
Pe | פ | ף
Kaf | כ | ך

This set of letters is known acronymically as אותיות מנצפ"ך (מ, נ, צ, פ, ך letters).

The now final forms ן ץ ף ך predate their non-final counterparts; They were the default forms used in any position within a word. Their descender eventually bent forwards when preceding another letter to facilitate writing.[citation needed] A final form of these letters is also called pshuta (פשוטה, meaning extended or plain).

The letter Mem also had a descender 𐡌, however, its current final form ם was a variant of מ used interchangeably in all positions. The standardization is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud (Megillah 2b-3a and Shabbas 104a). One instance of a medial ם is preserved in Isaiah 9:6 of the Hebrew Bible, while Nehemiah 2:13 and arguably[clarification needed] Genesis 49:19–20 have a final מ.

Modern Hebrew uses the forms פ כ finally, when transcribing a plosive pronunciation, for example מיקרוסקופ (microscope), מובארכ (Mubarak, مبارك), while their final forms ף ך, are transcribing a fricative pronunciation, for example כך (Kach), שף (Chef).

## References

1. ↑ Sarkis, Kristyan. "Arabic Calligraphy and Type Design". Typotheque. https://www.typotheque.com/articles/arabic-calligraphy-and-type-design.
2. ↑ Leonidas, Gerry. "A primer on Greek type design". Gerry Leonidas/University of Reading. http://leonidas.org/text-archive/.

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