Glossary of patent law terms

Patent law

Overviews

* Patents
* History
* Economics
* Societal views

Basic concepts

* Application
* Prosecution
* Opposition
* Licensing
* Infringement
* Valuation
* Patent claims

Patentability

* Novelty
* Inventive step and non-obviousness
* Inventorship
* Industrial applicability
* Patentable subject matter
* Person skilled in the art
* Prior art
* Utility

Additional requirements

* Sufficiency of disclosure
* Unity of invention

By region / country

* Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Europe
* Germany
* Japan
* Netherlands
* United States

By specific subject matter

* Biological
* Business method
* Chemical
* Insurance
* Software
* Tax

See also

* Category
* Glossary

* v
* t
* e

This is a list of legal terms relating to patents. A patent is not a right to practice or use the invention, but a territorial right to exclude others from commercially exploiting the invention, granted to an inventor or his successor in rights in exchange to a public disclosure of the invention.

## Contents

* 1 A
* 1.1 Abandonment
* 1.2 Annuity fee
* 1.3 Application
* 1.4 Assignor estoppel
* 1.5 Auslegeschrift
* 1.6 Author’s certificate
* 2 B
* 2.1 Biogen sufficiency
* 2.2 Bolar exemption
* 2.3 Branching off
* 3 C
* 3.1 Catch and release
* 3.2 Chapter I
* 3.3 Chapter II
* 3.4 Claim
* 3.5 Clearance search and opinion
* 3.6 Common general knowledge
* 3.7 Compulsory license
* 3.8 Continuation-in-part application
* 3.9 Continuing application
* 3.10 Contribution approach
* 3.11 Contributory infringement
* 4 D
* 4.1 Declaration of non-infringement
* 4.2 Defensive patenting
* 4.3 Defensive publication
* 4.4 Defensive termination
* 4.5 Demand letter
* 4.6 Demand under Chapter II
* 4.7 Dependent claim
* 4.8 Design around
* 4.9 Designated office
* 4.10 Disclaimer
* 4.11 Divided infringement
* 4.12 Divisional patent application
* 4.13 Doctrine of equivalents
* 4.14 Double patenting
* 4.15 Druckexemplar
* 5 E
* 5.1 Elected office
* 5.2 Embodiment
* 5.3 Essential patent
* 5.4 Evergreening
* 5.5 Exhaustion of rights
* 5.6 Examination support document
* 6 F
* 6.1 Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory licensing
* 6.2 Field-of-use limitation
* 6.3 File wrapper
* 6.4 Filing date
* 6.5 First sale doctrine
* 6.6 First to file
* 6.7 First to invent
* 6.8 Flash of genius
* 6.9 Foreign filing license
* 6.10 Freedom-to-operate
* 6.11 Further medical use
* 7 G
* 7.1 Gebrauchsmuster
* 8 I
* 8.1 Independent claim
* 8.2 Indirect infringement
* 8.3 Induced infringement
* 8.4 Industrial applicability
* 8.5 Information disclosure statement
* 8.6 Innovation patent
* 8.7 Interference proceeding
* 8.8 Intermediate generalisation
* 8.9 International application
* 8.10 International preliminary examination report (IPER)
* 8.11 Invalidity opinion
* 8.12 Invention disclosure
* 8.13 Invention promotion firm
* 8.14 Inventive step
* 8.15 Inventor
* 8.16 Inventor's certificate
* 9 K
* 9.1 Kokai
* 9.2 Kokoku
* 10 L
* 10.1 Large entity
* 10.2 Letters patent
* 10.3 License
* 11 M
* 11.1 Machine-or-transformation test
* 11.2 Maintenance fee
* 11.3 Markman hearing
* 11.4 McKesson Reference
* 11.5 Marlow Reference
* 11.6 Method
* 11.7 Micro entity status
* 12 N
* 12.1 National phase
* 12.2 Non-obviousness
* 12.3 Non-patent literature
* 12.4 Non-provisional patent application
* 12.5 Novelty
* 12.6 Nullity action
* 13 O
* 13.1 Objective technical problem
* 13.2 Office action
* 13.3 On-sale bar
* 13.4 Opposition proceeding
* 14 P
* 14.1 Patent
* 14.2 Patent ambush
* 14.3 Patent Application Locating and Monitoring System (PALM)
* 14.4 Patent caveat
* 14.5 Patent classification
* 14.6 Patent drawing
* 14.7 Patent family
* 14.8 Patent flooding
* 14.9 Patent infringement
* 14.10 Patent misuse
* 14.11 Patent model
* 14.12 Patent monetization
* 14.13 Patent pending
* 14.14 Patent pool
* 14.15 Patent portfolio
* 14.16 Patent thicket
* 14.17 Patent troll
* 14.18 Patent watch
* 14.19 Patentability
* 14.20 Patentability opinion
* 14.21 Patentable subject matter
* 14.22 Patentee
* 14.23 Pay-for-delay
* 14.24 PCT application
* 14.25 PCT Direct
* 14.26 Person having ordinary skill in the art
* 14.27 Petition to make special
* 14.28 Petty patent
* 14.29 PHOSITA
* 14.30 Piracy
* 14.31 Pre-grant Publication
* 14.32 Prior art
* 14.33 Priority right
* 14.34 Problem-solution approach
* 14.35 Prosecution history estoppel
* 14.36 Provisional application
* 14.37 Provisional (patent) rights or provisional protection
* 15 R
* 15.1 Reading a claim
* 15.2 Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing
* 15.3 Reduction to practice
* 15.4 Reexamination
* 15.5 Regional patent
* 15.6 Regional phase
* 15.7 Registration patent
* 15.8 Rejection
* 15.9 Research exemption
* 15.10 Restitutio in integrum
* 15.11 Revocation action
* 16 S
* 16.1 Sandor Obviousness
* 16.2 Search report
* 16.3 Second medical use
* 16.4 Selection invention
* 16.5 Selection patent
* 16.6 Skilled person (in the art)
* 16.7 Small entity status
* 16.8 Software patent
* 16.9 State of the art
* 16.10 Statutory Invention Registration
* 16.11 Submarine patent
* 16.12 Sufficiency of disclosure
* 16.13 Supplementary protection certificate
* 16.14 Swear back of a reference
* 17 T
* 17.1 Technical character
* 17.2 Term of patent
* 17.3 Transfer
* 17.4 Transitional phrase
* 18 U
* 18.1 Unitary patent
* 18.2 Unity of invention
* 18.3 Utility
* 18.4 Utility model
* 19 V
* 19.1 Validity opinion
* 20 X
* 20.1 X-Patent
* 21 See also
* 22 References
* 23 External links

## A

### Abandonment

The reply of an applicant to an office action must be made within a prescribed time limit. If no reply is received within the time period, the application may be considered, depending on the jurisdiction, as abandoned or deemed to be withdrawn, and, therefore, no longer pending.

### Annuity fee

A fee to be paid to maintain a patent or a patent application in force. Also called "maintenance fee" or "renewal fee".

### Application

An application for a patent, or patent application, is a request by a person or company to the competent authority (usually a patent office) to grant him a patent. By extension, a patent application also refers to the content of the document which that person or company filed to initiate the application process. This document usually contains a description of the invention and at least one claim used to define the sought scope of protection.

### Assignor estoppel

In United States patent law, an equitable estoppel barring a patent's seller (assignor) from attacking the patent's validity if he/she is found to have infringed that patent later.

### Auslegeschrift

In outdated German patent law, the second reading, or publication, of a patent application.

### Author’s certificate

A form of inventor's recognition formerly available in the Soviet Union[1] and a number of Socialist countries.[2] Also called "inventor's certificate".[2]

## B

### Biogen sufficiency

U.K. law concept according to which, if "the extent of the monopoly claimed [in a patent] exceeds the technical contribution to the art made by the invention as described in the specification", the patent may be revoked on the ground of insufficiency of disclosure. The concept stems from the decision Biogen v. Medeva, issued by the House of Lords on 31 October 1996.[3]

### Bolar exemption

See research exemption.

### Branching off

Under German patent law, a procedure consisting in deriving a utility model (German: Gebrauchsmuster) from a pending patent application. Also called "derivation".[4][5]

## C

### Catch and release

The practice of a patent holding company buying a patent, offering a license to its members and then selling or donating the patent after a certain period of time.[6]

### Chapter I

In the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), "Chapter I" refers to the prosecution procedure when no demand under Article 31 PCT is made. The states selected under Chapter I by the applicant are called "designated States".[7]

### Chapter II

In the PCT, "Chapter II" refers to the prosecution procedure when a demand under Article 31 PCT is made. An international preliminary examination is conducted in this case. The demand indicates the Contracting State or States in which the applicant intends to use the results of the international preliminary examination ("elected States").[8]

### Claim

A noun phrase defining the extent of the protection conferred by a patent, or the extent of protection sought in a patent application.

### Clearance search and opinion

A search done on issued patents or on pending patent applications to determine if a product or process infringes any of the claims of the issued patents or pending patent applications. These searches and opinions are also called freedom-to-operate searches and opinions. See Patent infringement.

### Common general knowledge

A legal concept used notably when assessing whether an invention involves an inventive step and whether the disclosure of the invention is sufficiently clear and complete for a skilled person in the art to be able to carry out the invention. The common general knowledge "is the common knowledge in the field to which the invention relates." The information "must be generally known and generally regarded as a good basis for further action by the bulk of those engaged in that art before it becomes part of their common stock of knowledge relating to the art, and so part of the common general knowledge."[9]

Regarding the inventive step assessment, "[if] information is part of the common general knowledge then it forms part of the stock of knowledge which will inform and guide the skilled person's approach to the problem from the outset. It may, for example, affect the steps it will be obvious for him to take, including the nature and extent of any literature search."[10]

Under European practice, "the common general knowledge of the person skilled in the art is, as a general rule, established on the basis of encyclopaedias, textbooks and the like".[11] Exceptionally however, common general knowledge may also be established on the basis of the content of patent specifications "and in particular when a series of patent specifications provides a consistent picture that a particular technical procedure was generally known and belonged to the common general knowledge in the art at the relevant date".[12]

### Compulsory license

Using compulsory licenses, a government may force a patent proprietor to grant use to the state or others. Usually, the holder does receive some royalties, either set by law or determined through some form of arbitration.

### Continuation-in-part application

Under United States law, a type of continuing application in which the applicant adds subject-matter not disclosed in the parent application, but repeats substantial portion of the parent's specification, and shares at least one inventor with the parent application. See continuing patent application.

### Continuing application

In United States law, an active patent application, prior to final action, may give rise to additional applications for additional claims carrying the priority date of the original application. With the move to published applications, this has become a common way of producing submarine patents.[13]

### Contribution approach

Under European patent practice, a legal approach, now abandoned by the European Patent Office (EPO), for assessing whether an invention was patentable. The approach consisted in establishing whether the "contribution to the art" made by the invention was only in a field excluded from patentability by Article 52(2) and (3) EPC and, if so, the application could be refused.[14] The EPO now applies the sometimes named "any hardware" or "any technical means" approach, notably formulated in EPO Board of Appeal decisions T 258/03 (Auction Method/Hitachi) and T 424/03 (Microsoft).[15]

### Contributory infringement

A form of indirect infringement.

## D

### Declaration of non-infringement

A declaration obtained from a court that one's actions do not infringe a particular patent. An action for a declaration of non-infringement may be brought before a court as a preventive measure prior to being sued by a patent proprietor, for example if an infringement suit is believed to be imminent.

### Defensive patenting

A practice consisting in "obtaining patents to stake [one's] claim to an area of technology in hopes of preventing other companies from suing them."[16] See also defensive patent aggregation.

### Defensive publication

A publication intended to prevent the grant of a patent to a competitor by placing information in the public domain.

### Defensive termination

An implicit cross license where the licensor can terminate a patent license if the licensee turns around and sues the licensor for infringing a patent.

### Demand letter

A letter sent to a company "seeking royalties and threatening legal action for patent infringement."[17] Also called a "threat letter".

### Demand under Chapter II

A request to subject an international application to an international preliminary examination under Chapter II of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).[18]

### Dependent claim

A claim comprising all the features of another claim.[19]

### Design around

The act of developing an alternative apparatus or method (which may in itself also be a patentable invention), that does not infringe upon an issued patent. Also used as a noun.

### Designated office

Under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), a national patent office of or acting for a State designated by the applicant under Chapter I of the PCT.[20] See also "Chapter I" above.

### Disclaimer

In a claim, words identifying subject-matter that is not claimed[21] or, by extension, an amendment consisting in limiting a claim by introducing therein a negative technical feature.[22]

### Divided infringement

In U.S. patent law, a form of patent infringement liability that occurs when multiple actors are involved in carrying out the claimed infringement of a method patent and no single accused infringer has performed all of the steps of the method.

### Divisional patent application

A type of patent application which contains matter from a previously-filed application. Also referred to simply as "divisional application".

### Doctrine of equivalents

A legal rule that allows a court to hold a party liable for patent infringement even though the infringing device or process does not fall within the literal scope of a patent claim, but nevertheless is equivalent to the claimed invention.

### Double patenting

The protection of one single invention by two patents usually owned by the same proprietor.

### Druckexemplar

At the European Patent Office, the application documents serving as the basis for the publication of the granted patent.

## E

### Elected office

Under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), a national patent office of or acting for a State elected by the applicant under Chapter II of the PCT.[23] See also "Chapter II" above.

### Embodiment

In a patent or patent application, "a specific combination of features or a specific mode of carrying out the invention, by contrast to a more abstract definition of features which can be carried out in more than one way."[24]

### Essential patent

A patent claiming an invention that is required to implement a given industry standard.

### Evergreening

Main article: Social:Evergreening

Various legal, business and technological strategies by which patentees extend or attempt to extend the patent protection for their products.

### Exhaustion of rights

A legal concept according to which intellectual property (IP) rights, such as patent rights, in a product are exhausted by its sale. The concept of national exhaustion (exhaustion by sale in the domestic market), which is recognized in most countries around the world, is distinguished from the concept of regional or international exhaustion (exhaustion by sale in the domestic market), which is recognized in some countries but not in others.[25]

### Examination support document

According to USPTO patent rules, the examination support document (ESD) is a document submitted by an applicant that lists prior art and identifies how the prior art applies to the claims in a pending patent application.

## F

### Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory licensing

A type of licensing typically used during standardisation processes. Also abbreviated "FRAND".

### Field-of-use limitation

A provision in a patent license that limits the scope of what the patent owner authorizes a manufacturing licensee (that is, a licensee that manufactures a patented product or performs a patented process) to do in relation to the patent, by specifying a defined field of permissible operation or specifying fields from which the licensee is excluded.

### File wrapper

The special folder type holding a U.S. patent application. The "file wrapper" was a large three section binder that interlineated to close into one large "wrapper." These paper File wrappers were fully digitized as of June 3, 2003 and are now called Image File Wrappers (IFW).

### Filing date

The filing date of a patent application is the date the patent application was filed in one or more patent offices, i.e. the date on which that application is legally accepted at the patent office. That date is typically the date on which the documents are deposited at the office, but may be later if there are defects in the documents. See also Priority right.

In the United States, if a patent application is mailed to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) by Express Mail, Post Office to Addressee, then the date the application was deposited in the post office is the filing date.[26]

### First sale doctrine

See Exhaustion of rights.

### First to file

A legal concept in which the right to a patent for an invention is determined by the first person to file for a patent to protect that invention, cf. First to invent.

### First to invent

A legal concept in which the right to a patent for an invention is determined by the first person to make that invention, cf. First to file.

### Flash of genius

A test for patentability formerly used by the United States Federal Courts.

### Foreign filing license

An authorization granted by a governmental authority to an applicant to apply for a patent in a country outside its own country. See also Patent application.

### Freedom-to-operate

A freedom-to-operate search is a search aimed at establishing whether a product or process is covered by patent rights, including patent and patent applications. If it does, commercially exploiting the product or process may lead to patent infringement. Freedom-to-operate analyses and opinions are aimed at determining the risk of patent infringement in that respect. These searches and opinions are also called clearance searches and opinions.

### Further medical use

See Second medical use.

## G

### Gebrauchsmuster

A utility model in German and Austrian laws.

## I

### Independent claim

A claim that does not comprise the features of any other claim.

### Indirect infringement

When a patent is infringed by some party other than the one actually directly engaged in the infringement of the invention, but the original party is the cause of the infringement. For instance, when a third party supplies a product which is intended to be used, or can only be reasonably used or worked upon to make the device claimed in a patent. In some jurisdictions, forms of indirect infringements include "contributory infringement" and "induced infringement".

### Induced infringement

A form of indirect infringement.

### Industrial applicability

A requirement of many patent systems, requiring that an invention be capable of industrial applicability in order for a patent to be granted for that invention.

### Information disclosure statement

In United States patent law, a submission of relevant background art or information to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) by an applicant for a patent during patent prosecution.

### Innovation patent

A type of patent in some countries used for inventions that have a short commercial life or that offers a comparatively small advance over existing technology. It often has a shorter term of protection, for example 8 years instead of 20 in Australia. See also utility model and petty patent.

### Interference proceeding

Under U.S. patent law, proceedings to decide who is entitled to the grant of a patent for an invention.

### Intermediate generalisation

Under European practice, an amendment to a claim resulting in "an undisclosed combination of selected features lying somewhere between an originally broad disclosure and a more limited specific disclosure".[27][28]

### International application

A patent application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).[29] Also called "PCT application".

### International preliminary examination report (IPER)

An examination report prepared under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

### Invalidity opinion

An invalidity opinion, also called "validity opinion", is a legal opinion provided by an attorney on how a court might rule on the validity of an issued patent. Invalidity opinions are often sought prior to patent litigation. See Patent infringement.

### Invention disclosure

A confidential document written by a scientist or engineer for use by a company's patent department, or by an external patent attorney, to determine whether patent protection should be sought for the described invention.

### Invention promotion firm

A firm providing services to inventors to help them develop or market their inventions.

### Inventive step

A patentability requirement according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive, i.e. non-obvious, in order to be patented.

### Inventor

The actual devisor of an invention that is the subject of a patent. The inventor's employer is not the inventor. More than one inventor can be named on a patent.

### Inventor's certificate

See author’s certificate.

## K

### Kokai

A published, unexamined Japanese patent application.

### Kokoku

An examined and approved Japanese patent application.

## L

Licensing of patents

Overviews

* Licensing
* Royalties

Types

* Compulsory licensing
* Cross-licensing
* Defensive Patent License
* Defensive termination
* Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND, RAND)
* Shop right

Strategies

* Catch and release
* Defensive patent aggregation
* Patentleft
* Patent monetization
* Patent pool
* Stick licensing
* Patent trolling

Clauses in patent licenses

* Field-of-use limitation

* * *

Higher category: Patents, Patent law

* v
* t
* e

### Large entity

In United States patent law, one of the available applicant's status, along with the "small entity" status and the "micro entity" status.

### Letters patent

An old term for a patent, sometimes used in reference to a bound formal copy of a patent provided by the USPTO to the inventor upon a patent's issue.

### License

A contract wherein a party (the "licensor") grants to another party (the "licensee") the authorization to use an invention which is subject to a patent, generally in exchange of a financial compensation, the royalties.

## M

### Machine-or-transformation test

A criterion in United States patent law, according to which a claimed process is patent-eligible (under § 101) if: (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing. See also: in re Bilski.

### Maintenance fee

A fee to be paid to maintain a patent or a patent application in force. Also called "annuity fee" or "renewal fee".

### Markman hearing

A pre-trial hearing in the United States court system during which a judge hears testimony from both parties on the appropriate meanings of the relevant key words used in the claims of a patent, the infringement of which is alleged by the plaintiff.

### McKesson Reference

In United States patent law, an Information Disclosure Statement (IDS) reference to a communication with a patenting authority (e.g. office action response, or notice of allowance) in a related patent application. Based on the McKesson v. Bridge Medical[30] decision where inequitable conduct was found where the applicant failed to notify the USPTO of such references. See also Inequitable conduct.

### Marlow Reference

In United States patent law, an IDS reference to a court document (e.g. memorandum opinion, or a court order) pertaining to a litigation involving an application or a related patent/application. Based on the Marlow Industries, Inc. v. Igloo Products Corp.[31] decision where the court found that the applicant had a duty to notify the USPTO of such references. See also Inequitable conduct.

### Method

In United States patent law, a patent may notably claim a process or method. The claim gives right to exclude performance of the process or method, regardless of the equipment or technology used to do so.

### Micro entity status

See "Small entity status" below.

## N

### National phase

The prosecution phase wherein an international application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) becomes subject to examination at a national level. In the United States, the term national stage is used instead—see 35 U.S.C. § 371.

### Non-obviousness

A patentability requirement according to which an invention should not be obvious to a "person having ordinary skill in the art", in order to be patented.

### Non-patent literature

Any technical document that is neither a patent nor a patent application and that is submitted by a party—such as an applicant, an opponent, or a third party—or cited by an examiner during patent prosecution. The non-patent literature includes especially scientific papers used as prior art to show that an invention claimed in a patent or patent application was known or obvious before the filing of the application. Also abbreviated "NPL".

### Non-provisional patent application

A United States patent application that is not a provisional application. The term arose in 1995 to distinguish what were at the time "normal" patent applications from the newly established provisional applications. A complete non-provisional application differs from a provisional in that a non-provisional must contain at least one claim and is to be examined. A non-provisional application may also claim priority to a prior filed application, which is not permitted with provisional applications.

### Novelty

A patentability requirement according to which an invention is not patentable if it was already known before the date of filing.

### Nullity action

Lawsuit initiated by a party requesting a patent to be declared invalid, i.e. to be revoked. Also called "revocation action".

## O

### Objective technical problem

In the so-called "problem-solution approach" applied by the European Patent Office (EPO) to assess whether a claimed invention involves an inventive step (Article 56 EPC), the problem that the notional skilled person is tasked with solving. If the skilled person, starting from the closest prior art and faced with the objective technical problem, would have arrived, without exercising any inventive skill, at the claimed invention, then the claimed invention is regarded as being obvious, i.e. the claimed invention does not involve an inventive step.

### Office action

A formal report from a Patent Office examiner to an inventor or attorney detailing which claims in a patent application were allowed for later issue (publication) in a patent and which claims were rejected. The examiner gives reasons for allowance or rejection.

### On-sale bar

A concept of U.S. law in which the grant of a patent is prevented if the invention that is the subject of the patent application was on sale more than one year prior to the priority date.

### Opposition proceeding

Proceedings in which a third party opposes the grant of a patent in an attempt to prevent that grant, or have the patent revoked. Opposition proceedings may be pre- or post-grant.

## P

### Patent

A territorial right to prevent others from commercially exploiting an invention, granted to an inventor or his successor in rights in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. A patent is regarded as a specific type of intellectual property right, and is granted for a limited period of time, the term of the patent.

### Patent ambush

A patent ambush occurs when a member of a standard-setting organization withholds information, during participation in development and setting a standard, about a patent that the member or the member's company owns, has pending, or intends to file, which is relevant to the standard, and subsequently the company asserts that a patent is infringed by use of the standard as adopted.[32][33]

### Patent Application Locating and Monitoring System (PALM)

The Patent Application Locating and Monitoring System (PALM) is used to support the Reexamination process inside the USPTO. Reexamination is the examination of a granted patent, which can result in the revocation of that patent. The PALM system is used with both Image File Wrappers and paper File Wrappers. See Manual of Patent Examination and Procedure, Section 2235.

### Patent caveat

Formerly, in United States patent law, a legal document filed with the United States Patent Office.[34] Caveats were discontinued in 1909. A caveat was like a patent application with a description of an invention and drawings, but without claims. It was an official notice of intention to file a patent application at a later date.

### Patent classification

Classification of patents in technological areas for convenient retrieval during prior art searches.

### Patent drawing

Technical drawing in a patent application, that illustrates the invention. It may be required by law to be in a particular form.

### Patent family

A group of patents related by a common priority claim.

### Patent flooding

Patenting every possible way of doing something.

### Patent infringement

Commercially exploiting an invention claimed in a patent without permission of the patentee.

### Patent misuse

In United States patent law, an affirmative defense used in patent litigation after the defendant has been found to have infringed a patent.

### Patent model

A miniature model that shows how an invention works.

### Patent monetization

The generation of revenue or the attempt to generate revenue by a person or company by selling or licensing the patents it owns.

### Patent pending

The plate of the Martin ejector seat of the military aircraft, stating "Patents pending in other dominions and foreign countries". Dübendorf Museum of Military Aviation.

A warning that a patent application has been filed for an invention integrated in a product. The warning indicates that the applicant(s) may be entitled to some rights even if a patent has not been granted yet, or that the applicant(s) will be entitled to some rights once a patent is granted.

### Patent pool

A consortium of at least two companies agreeing to cross-license patents and other IP rights relating to a particular technology.

### Patent portfolio

A collection of patents owned by a single entity, such as an individual or corporation.

### Patent thicket

A dense web of overlapping intellectual property rights that a company must navigate through in order to commercialize new technology.[35]

### Patent troll

A person or company who enforces patent rights against accused infringers in an attempt to collect licensing fees, but does not manufacture products or supply services based upon the patents in question. Also called a patent assertion entity (PAE) or non practicing entity (NPE).

### Patent watch

A process for monitoring newly issued patents on a periodic basis to see if any of these patents might be of interest.

### Patentability

A set of substantive requirements for a patent to be granted. An invention satisfying these requirements is said to be patentable.

### Patentability opinion

An opinion as to whether an invention might be patentable. Such an opinion may be established by a patent attorney to assist an inventor or company into deciding whether to file a patent application.[36]

### Patentable subject matter

Patent systems exclude certain areas from the grant of patents. Material not so excluded is known as patentable subject matter.

### Patentee

One to whom a patent was granted. Also called "patent holder" or "patent proprietor".

### Pay-for-delay

A deal under which a company holding a patent on a drug pays a generic manufacturer to delay its launch of a cheap copy of the drug.[37]

### PCT application

A patent application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). Also called "international application".

### PCT Direct

A procedural scheme launched in 2014 by the European Patent Office (EPO). The scheme consists in allowing an applicant filing a PCT application claiming priority from an earlier application already searched by the EPO to reply –at the time of filing the PCT application– to any objections raised in the search opinion drawn up for the priority application.[38]

### Person having ordinary skill in the art

A notional person having typical knowledge of a particular field or art, used such as to assess whether an invention is nonobvious or whether the specification of the patent enables one to practice what is claimed.

### Petition to make special

A United States patent law procedure that requests the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to accelerate a patent's prosecution, based on a showing that certain conditions are met. For example, if the inventor is old or sick, or the field of invention is a favored area of science that significantly enriches people's lives, The U.S. PTO may allow such a petition.

### Petty patent

Phrase sometimes used to refer to utility models and Gebrauchsmuster, which are specific forms of patents for inventions usually granted for a shorter term, i.e. mostly 6 or 10 years instead of 20 years. In some jurisdictions, the patentability criteria applicable to petty patents are less stringent than those applicable to 20-year patents. See also innovation patent.

### PHOSITA

In the United States, an abbreviation for "person having ordinary skill in the art".

### Piracy

Pejorative term. Generally refers to the willful infringement of a patent. May also be applied to the vigorous enforcement of a patent.

### Pre-grant Publication

Pre-grant Publication (PGpub) is the procedure under 35 U.S.C. Section 122(b) requiring the publication of most United States patent applications 18 months after their filing dates.[39] This procedure was first enacted in the 1999 American Inventors Protection Act.

### Prior art

Material publicly available prior to the priority date of an application which may anticipate the subject of and prevent the grant of a patent.

### Priority right

The priority right is a right to claim priority from an earlier application. Claiming priority gives the later filed application a priority date of the filing date of the earlier application.

### Problem-solution approach

Under the case law and practice of the European Patent Office (EPO), a systematic approach to assess whether an invention involves an inventive step. See Inventive step under the European Patent Convention (EPC).

### Prosecution history estoppel

In certain states, most notably the United States, actions during prosecution can estop a party from certain later actions or assertions.

### Provisional application

In United States patent law, a legal document filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) that establishes an early filing date, but which does not mature into an issued patent unless the applicant files a regular patent application within one year. See also Non-provisional patent application.

### Provisional (patent) rights or provisional protection

The rights conferred to a published patent application, i.e. the rights conferred before the patent is granted. See also U.S. patent law, 35 USC 154(d). Under the European Patent Convention,

"for the period of provisional protection, between the moment of publication of the patent application and the moment of the publication of the patent grant, Article 67 EPC requires Member States to ensure that the applicant can claim compensation reasonable in the circumstances from any person who has used the invention in their territory. Following publication of the mention of the patent grant, full compensation of any losses suffered may be claimed, depending also on whether the infringer knew or should have known that he or she was infringing."[40]

## R

### Reading a claim

The process of establishing patent infringement involves "reading" a claim onto the technology of interest. If all of the claim's elements are found in the technology, the claim is said to "read on" the technology; if a single element from the claim is missing from the technology, the claim does not literally read on the technology and the technology does not infringe the patent with respect to that claim. Also, the process of contesting or invalidating a patent can involve showing that the claim reads on prior art, i.e., the claim's elements are found in the prior art.

### Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing

A type of licensing typically used during standardisation processes. Also abbreviated "RAND".

### Reduction to practice

In United States patent law, making or performing an invention (actual reduction to practice) or filing a patent application describing how to make and use an invention (constructive reduction to practice). Important for determining which party is "first to invent".

### Reexamination

The examination of a granted patent, which can result in the revocation of that patent.

### Regional patent

A single patent covering a set of countries. As of 2012, the only true regional patent covering more than two countries appears to be the OAPI patent.[41] The European patent, the Eurasian patent, and the ARIPO patent each effectively lead, once granted, to a bundle of national patents for which there might be separate translation requirements (for example in the European Patent Convention), maintenance fees,[42][citation needed] durations of protection (for example with ARIPO)[43] and separate jurisdiction exist (a patent invalidated in one country might still be valid in others). The unitary patent for Switzerland and Liechtenstein can also be regarded as a regional patent with a truly unitary effect. See also unitary patent.

### Regional phase

The prosecution phase wherein an international application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) becomes subject to examination at a regional level. There are four regional patent treaties: the European Patent Convention, the Eurasian Patent Convention, the Bangui Agreement (see African Intellectual Property Organization or OAPI), and the Harare Protocol (see African Regional Intellectual Property Organization or ARIPO). See also National phase.

### Registration patent

A type of patent that takes effect, even if the substantial requirements (e.g. regarding novelty) have not been fulfilled. The Belgian, Dutch and French patents are examples of registration patents.

### Rejection

In the United States, to have patent claims "rejected" in a patent application means that the subject matter as claimed is considered by the patent examiner to be unpatentable.[44] A final Office action based on rejection of claims is subject to review by the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI). cf Objections, supra.

### Research exemption

In some legislations, an exemption to the rights conferred by patents, pursuant to which performing research and tests for preparing regulatory approval does not constitute infringement for a limited term before the end of patent term.

### Restitutio in integrum

In the European Patent Convention, a means of redress following a loss of right due to the non-observance of a time limit in spite of all due care.

### Revocation action

Lawsuit initiated by a party requesting a patent to be declared invalid, i.e. to be revoked. Also called "nullity action".

## S

### Sandor Obviousness

In United States patent law, an obviousness rejection based on a single reference. Generally a case for an obviousness rejection requires the examiner to rely on 2 or more references. Sandor Obviousness stems from Ex Parte Sandor Nagy[45] where the examiner relied on only a single reference to reject the claims at issue. Ultimately the case was remanded on appeal back to the examiner.

### Search report

A report established by a patent office, which mentions documents which may be taken into consideration in deciding whether the invention to which a patent application relates is patentable.

### Second medical use

The patenting of a particular medical use of a molecule (or more generally product or composition), wherein a first particular use of a molecule is already known and, therefore, wherein the novel and inventive aspect lies solely in the second use of the molecule. Also known as further medical use.

### Selection invention

An invention consisting in the selection of individual elements, sub-sets, or sub-ranges, within a larger, known set or range.[46] A selection patent is a patent granted on a selection invention.[47]

### Selection patent

See selection invention.

### Skilled person (in the art)

See person having ordinary skill in the art.

### Small entity status

In United States patent law, a status allowing small businesses, independent inventors, and nonprofit organizations to file a patent application and maintain an issued patent for a reduced fee. An entity that does not qualify for small entity status is charged double the fees charged small entities.[48][49]

Changes to US patent law in December 2012 created a sub-category of Small Entity Status called "Micro Entity Status"[50] for inventors who qualify for Small Entity Status, but also have a gross income less than a certain amount, and have assigned their patent(s) to their employer which is an institution of higher education.[51]

### Software patent

A patent in the field of computer software. Some types of inventions in the field of software are legally considered non-patentable subject-matter, depending on the jurisdiction. See also software patents under the European Patent Convention, under TRIPs Agreement, under United Kingdom patent law, under United States patent law, computer programs and the Patent Cooperation Treaty, software patent debate.

### State of the art

A synonym for prior art.

### Statutory Invention Registration

A procedure governed by MPEP Sections 1100 et al. in which a patent applicant could request a public filing of their application. Usually, this was used when the applicant felt a patent was no longer possible during the application period. It may now be obsolete due to the 1999 America Inventors Protection Act which required publication of U.S. applications in 18 months unless an exception applied.

### Submarine patent

A patent first published and granted long after the original application was filed.

### Sufficiency of disclosure

An important requirement to be met by a patent in order to be validly granted. According to this requirement, an invention must be described in the application or patent in a sufficiently clear and complete manner to enable the person skilled in the art to carry out the invention.

### Supplementary protection certificate

A sui generis right notably available for medicinal and plant protection products. The right comes into force after the corresponding patent expires and, for medicinal and plant protection products, has a maximum term (i.e., lifetime) of 5 years.

### Swear back of a reference

A procedure under U.S. patent law whereby an inventor can get a patent even if the invention has become public before the patent application was filed. Also "Swear behind a reference" or "Antedate" a reference. See 35 USC Section 102.

## T

### Technical character

A condition for an invention to be considered patentable under the case law and practice of the European Patent Office (EPO). Namely, an invention must notably have a technical character to be patentable. See for example Software patents under the European Patent Convention.

### Term of patent

The maximum period during which it can be maintained in force.

### Transfer

An operation by which ownership of a patent or patent application changes (for instance as a result of a financial transaction).

### Transitional phrase

In United States patent law, a phrase that links the preamble of a patent claim to the specific elements set forth in the claim which define what the invention itself actually is. The transitional phrase acts as a limitation on the claim, indicating whether a similar device, method, or composition infringes the patent if it contains more or fewer elements than the claim in the patent.

## U

### Unitary patent

A patent having a unitary effect throughout the territories of more than one country. The proposed unitary patent in the European Union, also called "European patent with unitary effect", is the most well-known unitary patent. Other unitary patents are the unitary patent in Switzerland and Liechtenstein and the OAPI patent. See also regional patent.

### Unity of invention

A requirement that a patent application can relate only to one invention (or to a group of inventions so linked as to form a single general inventive concept, see for instance Unity of invention under the European Patent Convention).

### Utility

A patentability requirement mainly used to prevent the patenting of inoperative devices such as perpetual motion machines.

### Utility model

An intellectual property right which is very similar to the patent, but usually has a shorter term (often 6 or 10 years) and may have less stringent patentability requirements. See also petty patent and innovation patent.

## V

### Validity opinion

A validity opinion, also called "invalidity opinion", is a legal opinion provided by an attorney on how a court might rule on the validity of an issued patent. Validity opinions are often sought prior to patent litigation. See Patent infringement.

## X

### X-Patent

Patent issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office between July 1790 (when the first U.S. patent was issued) and July 1836.

## See also

* List of patent case law
* List of people associated with patent law

## References

1. ↑ International Enclopedia of Comparative Law. BRILL. 1976. p. U-42. "A particular feature of the legal protection of inventions in the USSR is that legislation establishes two means of protection: the author's certificate and the patent. The author of an invention may by his own choice require either only the recognition of his authorship or the recognition of his authorship and the grant to him of the exclusive right to the invention."
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ladas, Stephen Pericles (1975). Patents, trademarks, and related rights: national and international protection, Volume 1. Harvard University Press. p. 380. ISBN 0-674-65775-6. "In the Soviet Union and in a number of Socialist countries, there is another kind of grant for an invention called Author's or Inventor's Certificate"
3. ↑ EPO Board of Appeal decision T 1727/12 of 1 February 2016, point 1.2.
4. ↑ Bucknell, Duncan (2011). Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology and Chemical Inventions: World Protection and Exploitation. Oxford University Press. p. 274. ISBN 9780199289011.
5. ↑ Section 5(1) of the German Utility Model Act
6. ↑ "Sun, EBay, Rock & Republic, Troyer: Intellectual Property". https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=1149L:US&sid=aI70xRS4IR9w. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
7. ↑ Article 4(1)(ii) PCT and Article 2(xiii) PCT.
8. ↑ Article 31(4)(a) PCT and Article 2(xiv) PCT.
9. ↑ Generics (UK) Ltd v Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd & Anor [2008] EWHC 2413 (Pat) (October 15, 2008), items 36–37.
10. ↑ Generics (UK) Ltd v Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd & Anor [2008] EWHC 2413 (Pat) (October 15, 2008), item 40.
11. ↑ EPO Board of Appeal decision T 0412/09 of 9 May 2012, point 2.1.3, referring to decision T 890/02, OJ EPO 2005, 497, point 2 of the reasons.
12. ↑ Decision T 0412/09 of 9 May 2012, point 2.1.3, referring to "T 890/02, point 2, and "Case Law of the Boards of Appeal" EPO, 6th edition, 2010, chapter I, section C.1.5 and last paragraph of section C.3.2.6" and "decisions T 151/05, points 3.4.1, 4.1 and 4.3 of the reasons, and T 452/05, point 2.4.1, paragraph (b)(ii)".
13. ↑ Mark A. Lemley, Kimberly A. Moore, Ending Abuse of Patent Continuations, Boalt Working Papers in Public Law (University of California, Berkeley), Year 2003, Paper 20
14. ↑ European Patent Office Enlarged Board of Appeal opinion G 3/08 of May 12, 2010, Reasons 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7.
15. ↑ Opinion G 3/08 (May 12, 2010), Reasons 10.6.
16. ↑ Lemley, Mark A., Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office (February 2001). Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2001. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=261400 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.261400
17. ↑ Ruth Simon; Angus Loten (May 21, 2014). "States Revise Laws to Curb 'Patent Trolls'". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304422704579574293500331028. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
18. ↑ Article 31 PCT
19. ↑ See for example Rule 43(4) EPC
20. ↑ Article 2(xiii) PCT
21. ↑ Decision G 2/10 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, August 30, 2011, Reasons for the decision, point 2.1.
22. ↑ "... the term "disclaimer" is used in the decision as meaning an amendment to a claim resulting in the incorporation therein of a "negative" technical feature, typically excluding from a general feature specific embodiments or areas" in Decision G 2/10, August 30, 2011, Reasons for the decision, point 2.2.
23. ↑ Article 2(xiv) PCT
24. ↑ Decision G 2/10 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, August 30, 2011, Reasons for the decision, point 2.3.
25. ↑ "International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation". WIPO. http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/export/international_exhaustion.htm. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
26. ↑ USPTO § 1.10 Filing of correspondence by "Express Mail." – Appendix R Patent Rules
27. ↑ EPO Board of Appeal decision T 1408/04 of 17 November 2006, reasons 1, third paragraph.
28. ↑ See also Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section h-v, 3.2.1 : "Intermediate generalisations", and Template:EPO Case law book: "Intermediate generalisation - undisclosed combination of selected features"
29. ↑ Article 2(vii) PCT
30. ↑ McKesson v. Bridge Medical
31. ↑ Marlow Industries, Inc. v. Igloo Products Corp., 2002 WL 485698 (N.D. Tex. 2002)
32. ↑ "Telecom standards face patent ambush threat". ZDNet. 2005-06-15. http://news.zdnet.co.uk/itmanagement/0,1000000308,39203931,00.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
33. ↑ "Antitrust: Commission confirms sending a Statement of Objections to Rambus". European Commission. 2007-08-23. http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/330. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
34. ↑ Patent Act of 1836
35. ↑ Carl Shapiro, Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting, 2001, Innovation Policy and the Economy (Vol. I) (Jaffe, E. et al., eds), pp. 119–150, MIT Press.
36. ↑ Mark J. Thronson, Joel M. Grossman, Gabrielle S. Roth, Jon D. Grossman, Intellectual Property Legal Opinions (Loose Leaf), Aspen Publishers, 2008 Supplement, page 1-12. ISBN 978-0-7355-6194-6.
37. ↑ Something rotten, The Economist, August 6, 2009. Consulted on August 7, 2009.
38. ↑ "Notice from the European Patent Office dated 8 March 2017 concerning the processing by the EPO as International Searching Authority of informal comments on earlier search results ("PCT Direct")". Official Journal of the European Patent Office (European Patent Office) (March 2017). March 31, 2017. http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/official-journal/2017/03/a21.html. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
39. ↑ "1120-". http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/1100_1120.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
40. ↑ European Commission, Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, Preliminary Report (DG Competition Staff Working Paper), November 28, 2008, page 98, footnote 116 (pdf, 1.95 MB). (See copyright notice in page 1: "Reproduction of parts of this report that are based on the Commission's own research is authorised, provided that the source is acknowledged. For material quoted in this report that is derived from other sources, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder.")
41. ↑ James, Peter (November 3–6, 1999). "Regional Patent Systems in Africa". Open Forum Monte Carlo 1999. Monte Carlo: FICPI. http://www.ficpi.org/library/montecarlo99/patentsafrica.html. Retrieved March 3, 2012. "An apparently unique feature of OAPI is that the OAPI patent is a single patent which extends to each member country."
42. ↑ "History of the Eurasian patent organization". Eurasian Patent Organization. http://www.eapo.org/eng/ea/patsys/history.html. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
43. ↑ Peter James. "Regional patent systems in Africa". http://www.ficpi.org/library/montecarlo99/patentsafrica.html.
44. ↑ "706-". http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/0700_706_01.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
45. ↑ "Ex Parte NAGY et al - Page 1". http://law.onecle.com/board-of-patent-appeals/2003/fd012095001.html. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
46. ↑ Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section g-vi, 8 : "Selection inventions" (Novelty), Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section g-vii, 12 : "Selection inventions" (Inventive step).
47. ↑ Jochen E. Bühling, Dariusz Szleper, Thierry Calame, Nicolai Lindgreen, Nicola Dagg, Shoichi Okuyama,Working Guidelines, Question Q209, Selection Inventions – the Inventive Step Requirement, other Patentability Criteria and Scope of Protection[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}], AIPPI. Consulted on March 29, 2009. "A selection patent is a patent granted for making an inventive selection from a field that is already known. Selection inventions may involve the selection of individual elements, sub-sets, or sub-ranges, which have not been explicitly disclosed previously, within a larger known set or range."
48. ↑ 35 U.S.C. 41 (h)(1), 37 C.F.R. 1.27
49. ↑ "509-". http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s509.html#d0e30961. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
50. ↑ Federal Register, page 75033-75034, 37 CFR 1.29
51. ↑ December 19, 2012, Federal Register page 75034, left column

## External links

* Glossary at the Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA), (German Patent and Trade Mark Office)
* Glossary at the European Patent Office (EPO)
* Glossary of patent terms at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
* PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Glossary at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
* Article 2 PCT "Definitions"
* Glossary of patent related terms at the Trilateral Co-operation web site

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