Khorasani Turkic

Short description: Oghuz Turkic language spoken in Iran

Khorasani Turkic

خراسان توٚركیسی Xorasan Türkîsi

Khorasani Turkic written in the Persian script.

Native to| Iran
Region| North Khorasan[1]
Ethnicity| Khorasani Turks

Native speakers

| 400,000–900,000 (2015–2019)[2][1]

Language family

Turkic

* Common Turkic
* Oghuz
* Eastern
* Khorasani Turkic

Writing system

| Persian alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3| `kmz`
Glottolog| `khor1269`[3]

Map of Khorasani Turkic distribution per Ethnologue

Khorasani Turkic is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Khorasani Turkic or Khorasani is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in the North Khorasan Province and the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Geographic distribution
* 2 Dialects
* 3 Classification and related languages
* 4 Phonology
* 4.1 Consonants
* 4.2 Vowels
* 5 Writing system
* 6 Morphology
* 6.1 Nouns
* 6.1.1 Pluralization
* 6.1.2 Case
* 6.1.3 Possession
* 6.2 Pronouns
* 6.3 Verbs
* 7 Sample text
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Additional resources
* 11 External links

## Geographic distribution

class=notpageimage|

Blue: NW, Red: SW, Yellow: SE, Brown: N, Cyan: NE

The distribution is as following, according to Gerhard Doerfer.[4]

* Northwest dialect: Sheykh Teymur, Bojnord and Asadli in North Khorasan province
* Southwest dialect: Joghatai, Hokmabad, Soltanabad, Qarah Bagh, Pir Komaj
* Southeast dialect: Kharv, Abdollahabad, Caram-Sarjäm, Kalat
* North dialect: Ziarat, Shirvan, Zavarom, Quchan, Shurok, Lotfabad, Dargaz, Dughayi
* Northeast dialect: Mareshk, Jonk, Gujgi, Langar

## Dialects

Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad, near Sabzevar; the western, around Bojnord.

## Classification and related languages

Khorasani Turkic belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz, Qashqai, Turkmen and Salar.

Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Iranian Azerbaijani linguist Javad Heyat in the book Tārikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects).[5] According to some linguists, it should be considered intermediate linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, although it is sufficiently distinct not to be considered a dialect of either.[5] It is considered by Turkic scholars to be most closely related to the other Oghuz varieties spoken in Iran, and a close relationship with Turkmen has been disputed on the basis of the comparisons of the core set of agglutinating morphemes.[6]

Doerfer and Hesche classify Khorasani Turkic into different branches within the Oghuz languages.[7]

Oghuz  |  | Central Oghuz  |

Southeastern Khorasani Turkish

|

Southern Oghuz  |  |  |

Northwestern Khorasani Turkish

|

Southwestern Khorasani Turkish

Eastern Oghuz  |  |  |

Northern Khorasani Turkish

|

Northeastern Khorasani Turkish

According to Robert Lindsay, Khorasani Turkic has four branches:[8]

Khorasani Turkic  |  |  |

Northwest Khorasani Turkic (Bojnurd (ru))

|

North-Northeast-Langar Khorasani Turkic

Southern Khorasani Turkic

Afshar

Glottolog lists seven distinct dialects:[9]

Khorasan Turkic  |  |  |

Langar

|

Northeast Khorasan Turkic

North Khorasan Turkic

Northwest Khorasan Turkic

Southeast Khorasan Turkic

South Khorasan Turkic

West Quchani

## Phonology

### Consonants

| Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Uvular  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |  |
Plosive/
Affricate  | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | q |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ |  |
Fricative  | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x |  | h
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ |  |
Flap  |  | ɾ |  |  |  |
Approximant  |  | l | j |  |  |

### Vowels

Vowels  | Front  | Back

|
|

unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded
Close  | i | y | ɯ | u
Mid  | e | ø |  | o
Open  | æ |  | ɑ |

All vowels have phonemic length distinction. The vowel /ɑ/ is rounded to [ɒ] when following the vowels /u/ and /i/ (short and long) as well as long /oː/ (Muxabbat [muxɒbbɑt] "love", İnsan [insɒn] "human"). On the other hand, short /o/ and all other vowels do not cause this rounding of /ɑ/. (Yoldaşlık [joldɑʃlɯk] "friendship"). /ɑ/ is always pronounced [ɑ] in plurals (& for some speakers, it is pronounced as such unconditionally)

## Writing system

Khorasani Turkic is not often written, but it may be with the Persian alphabet in the Perso-Arabic script. Khorasani Turkic orthography is identical to the Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet.[10]

As Khorasani Turkic has more vowel sounds than either Arabic or Persian, and as the base Arabic letters are inadequate to distinguish between the divergent vowel sounds (wherein mispronunciation can at times change the meaning of words), same as in Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, diacritics on top of existing letters are used. However, in everyday usage, these diacritics are often dropped and pronunciation is derived from context and from vowel/consonant harmony rules. In the table below, these vowels are shown with a beige background.

Letter | Romanization | IPA

|
|

ا | a | /ɑ/, /æ/, /Ø/
ب | b | /b/
پ | p | /p/
ت | t | /t/
ث | (s) | /s/
ج | c | /d͡ʒ/
چ | ç | /t͡ʃ/
ح | (h) | /h/
خ | x | /x/
د | d | /d/
ذ | (z) | /z/
ر | r | /r/
ز | z | /z/
ژ | j | /ʒ/
س | s | /s/
ش | ş | /ʃ/
ص | (s) | /s/
ض | (d) | /d/
ط | (t) | /t/
ظ | (z) | /z/
ع | ’ | /æ/, /Ø/
غ | ǧ | /ɣ/
ف | f | /f/
ق | q | /q/
ک | k | /k/
گ | g | /ɡ/
ل | l | /l/
م | m | /m/
ن | n | /n~ŋ/
و | v, o, u, ü | /v~w/, /o/, /u/, /y/
وْ | o | /o/
وُ | u | /u/
وٚ | ü | /y/
ؤ | ö | /ø/
ه | h, ə | /h/, /æ/
ی | y, ı, i | /j/, /ɯ/, /i/
یٛ | ı | /ɯ/
ئ | e | /e/
ء | ʿ | /ʔ/
نگ | ng | /ŋ(g)/

## Morphology

### Nouns

#### Pluralization

Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix /-lar/, which has the two forms -lar and -lər, depending on vowel harmony. As mentioned in the phonology section, plural /ɑ/ is never rounded to [ɒ], even when it follows /u/, /oː/ or /i/.

#### Case

Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:

Case  | After Vowels | After Consonants

|
|

Nominative  | No Ending
Genitive  | nıñ/nin | iŋ/in
Dative  | ya yə | a/æ
Accusative  | ni/nı | i/ɯ
Locative  | da/də
Ablative  | dan/dən
Instrumental  | nan/nən

#### Possession

Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.

| Singular  | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | (I)m | (I)mIz
2nd Person  | (I)ŋ | (I)ŋIz
3rd Person  | (s)I | lArI

### Pronouns

Khorasani Turkic has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.

| Singular  | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | mən | bız
2nd Person  | sən | siz
3rd Person  | o | olar

### Verbs

Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.

## Sample text

Excerpt from Tulu (1989) p. 90
Translation  | IPA | Romanization  | Arabic script (Iran)

|
|
|

Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad.  | ɑl ɣæssa bir zijæːd pæːdiʃæːhiː bæːɾɨdɨ | Al ğəssə bir Ziyəd pədişəhi bərıdı | .ال غسا بیر زياد پدیشهی بـهریدی
Almighty God had given him no son.  | xodɒːʷændi æːlæm ona hit͡ʃ ɔɣul ataː elæmɑmiʃdi |  | .خوداوندی آلم اونا هیچ اوغول اتا ایلهمامیشدی
Then, he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?"  | bæːdæn vaziːɾæ dədi, ej vaziːɾ, mændæ ki ɔɣul joxdɨ, mæn næ t͡ʃaːɾæ ejlem | Bədən vazirə dedi: "Ey vazir, məndə ki oğul yoxdı. Mən nə çarə eylem? | بدن وازیره دهدی: «ای وازیر, منده کی اوغول یوخدی. من نه چاره ایولیم»؟
The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?"  | vaziːɾ dedi, pɒːdiʃaː-i ɢɨblæ-ji ɒːlæm, sæn bu mɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨ næjlijæsæn | Vazir dedi: "Padişa'i qıbləyi aləm, sən bu malıəmvalı nəyləyəsən?"  | وازیر دهدی: «پادیشای قیبلنهیی آلم, سن بو مالیموالی نیلیسن»؟

## See also

* Bayat (tribe)

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Khorasani Turkic at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. ↑ The Turkic Languages, By Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson, page 13, Routledge, 2015
3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Khorasan Turkic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khor1269.
4. ↑ Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. p. 24. https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/DOERFER/Doerfer-Hesche Chorasanturkisch.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 , Wikidata Q122840179
6. ↑ , Wikidata Q122750094
7. ↑ Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.
8. ↑ Lindsay, Robert. Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages. https://www.academia.edu/4068771. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
9. ↑ "Glottolog 4.8 - Khorasan Turkic". https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khor1269.
10. ↑ "Khorasani Turkic alphabet, pronunciation and language". https://omniglot.com/writing/khorasaniturkic.htm.

Bibliography

* Tulu, Sultan (1989) (in de). Chorasantürkische Materialien aus Kalāt bei Esfarāyen. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. ISBN 3-922968-88-0. https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/iud/content/structure/1330355.
* Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.

## Additional resources

* (Persian) Qolizadeh Marzaji, Jalal (جلال قلی زاده مرزجی) (2011). Getting acquainted with the Khorasani Turkish language (آشنایی با زبان ترکی خراسانی). Mashhad, Iran: Damineh. ISBN 978-964-5805-91-1. (Downloadable from: https://turuz.com/storage/Language/2015/0861-_Dil_Ashnayi_Ba_Zabane_Turki_Xorasani_Celal_Qulizade_Merzeci.pdf / Archive)

## External links

| Khorasani Turkic test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

|

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Iran

Official languages|

* Persian

Regional languages|

* Azerbaijani
* Kurdish
* Luri
* Gilaki
* Mazanderani
* Arabic
* Balochi
* Talysh
* Tati
* Qashqai
* Turkmen
* Semnani

Minority languages|

* Armenian
* Assyrian
* Circassian
* Georgian
* Hebrew
* Domari

Sign languages|

* Persian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Turkic languages

Proto-language|

* Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic|

| Arghu|

* Khalaj

|

Karluk|

* Äynu1
* Ili Turki
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Extinct
* Middle Turkic
* Khorezmian
* Chagatai

Kipchak|

| Ponto-Caspian|

* Crimean Tatar
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Urum
* Extinct
* Kipchak
* Cuman

|

Aralo-Caspian|

* Siberian Tatar
* Karakalpak
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Extinct
* Fergana Kipchak

Uralo-Caspian|

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* Extinct
* Old Tatar

Oghuz|

* Azerbaijani
* Gagauz
* Khorasani Turkic
* Qashqai
* Rumelian Turkish
* Salar
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Extinct
* Pecheneg2
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish

Siberian|

* Altai
* Chulym
* Dolgan
* Khakas
* Shor
* Tofa
* Tuvan
* Yakut
* Western Yugur2
* Extinct
* Orkhon Turkic
* Old Turkic
* Old Uyghur
* Fuyu Girgis
* Dukhan

Oghur|

* Chuvash
* Extinct
* Khazar2
* Bulgar

* 1 Mixed language.
* 2 Classification disputed.

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