Kipchak languages

Short description: Sub-branch of the Turkic language family

For the extinct Turkic language, see Social:Kipchak language.

Kipchak

Northwestern Turkic
Ethnicity| Kipchaks
Geographic
distribution| Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Balkans, Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine, China
Linguistic classification| Turkic

* Common Turkic
* Kipchak

Subdivisions|

* Kipchak–Bulgar
* Kipchak–Cuman
* Kipchak–Nogai
* Kipchak–Kyrgyz

Glottolog| kipc1239[1]

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Romania to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.

## Contents

* 1 Linguistic features
* 1.1 Shared features
* 1.2 Unique features
* 1.2.1 Family-specific
* 1.2.2 Language-specific
* 2 Classification
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 6 Bibliography

## Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

### Shared features

* Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
* Loss of initial *h, see above example

### Unique features

#### Family-specific

* Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
* Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

#### Language-specific

* In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:

Old Turkic  | Tatar
(for example)

|

Mid → high
*e | /e/ | i | /i/
*o | /o/ | u | /u/
*ö | /ø/ | ü | /y/
High → Mid
*i | /i/ | e | /ɪ/
*ı | /ɯ/ | î | /ɤ/
*u | /u/ | o | /ʊ/
*ü | /y/ | ö | /ø/

## Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic  | Common Turkic | Kipchak  | Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)  |

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* † Old Tatar (Volga-Ural Turki, literary language)[2]

|
|
|
|

Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)  |

* Crimean Tatar[nb 1]
* Tatar (Mishar Dialects)[4]
* Karachay-Balkar (Mountain Turkic)
* Kumyk
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Urum
* † Cuman
* † Mamluk-Kipchak
* † Armeno-Kipchak

Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)  |

* Dobrujan Tatar
* Steppe dialect of Crimean Tatar
* Kazakh
* Karakalpak
* Nogai
* Western Siberian Tatar
* Tobol-Irtysh
* Uzbek Kipchak (ru: Кыпчакские диалекты узбекского языка)

Kipchak–Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz)  |

* Southern Altai[5]
* Teleut[6]
* Telengit
* Kyrgyz
* Eastern Siberian Tatar
* Baraba
* Tom
* † Fergana Kipchak

## See also

* Kipchaks
* Kipchaks in Georgia
* Cuman people
* Cuman language
* Cumania
* Kalpak

## Notes

1. ↑ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[3]

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kipchak". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kipc1239.
2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
3. ↑ Yazyki mira. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.
4. ↑ Махмутова Л. Т. Опыт исследования тюркских диалектов: мишарский диалект татарского языка. — М.: Наука, 1978
5. ↑ "Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)". http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html.
6. ↑ Nevskaya, I. A.. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml.

## Bibliography

* Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
* Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

* v
* t
* e

Turkic languages

Proto-language|

* Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic|

| Arghu|

* Khalaj

|

Karluk|

* Äynu1
* Ili Turki
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Extinct
* Middle Turkic
* Khorezmian
* Chagatai

Kipchak|

| Ponto-Caspian|

* Crimean Tatar
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Urum
* Extinct
* Kipchak
* Cuman

|

Aralo-Caspian|

* Siberian Tatar
* Karakalpak
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Extinct
* Fergana Kipchak

Uralo-Caspian|

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* Extinct
* Old Tatar

Oghuz|

* Azerbaijani
* Gagauz
* Khorasani Turkic
* Qashqai
* Rumelian Turkish
* Salar
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Extinct
* Pecheneg2
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish

Siberian|

* Altai
* Chulym
* Dolgan
* Khakas
* Shor
* Tofa
* Tuvan
* Yakut
* Western Yugur2
* Extinct
* Orkhon Turkic
* Old Turkic
* Old Uyghur
* Fuyu Girgis
* Dukhan

Oghur|

* Chuvash
* Extinct
* Khazar2
* Bulgar

* 1 Mixed language.
* 2 Classification disputed.

* v
* t
* e

Turkic topics

Languages|

* Afshar
* Altai
* Northern
* Southern
* Äynu
* Azerbaijani
* Bashkir
* Bulgar
* Chagatai
* Chulym
* Chuvash
* Crimean Tatar
* Cuman
* Dolgan
* Fuyü Gïrgïs
* Gagauz
* Ili Turki
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Karakalpak
* Karamanli Turkish
* Kazakh
* Khakas
* Khalaj
* Khazar
* Khorasani Turkic
* Kipchak
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Kipchak languages
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Old Turkic
* Ottoman Turkish
* Pecheneg
* Qashqai
* Sakha/Yakut
* Salar
* Shor
* Siberian Tatar
* Tatar
* Tofa
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Tuvan
* Urum
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Western Yugur

| Alphabets|

* Old Turkic
* Common Turkic
* Cyrillic
* Old Uyghur
* Perso-Arabic script

|

Peoples|

* Afshars
* Altaians
* Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, Tubalar
* Azerbaijanis
* in Iran, Armenia, Georgia1
* Balkars
* Bashkirs
* Chulyms
* Chuvash
* Crimean Karaites
* Crimean Tatars
* Dolgans
* Gagauz
* Karachays
* Karakalpaks
* Kazakhs
* in China1
* Khakas
* Khalaj
* Khorasani Turks
* Krymchaks
* Kyrgyz
* in China1
* Kumyks
* Naimans
* Nogais
* Qashqai
* Salar
* Shors
* Siberian Tatars
* Baraba Tatars
* Tatars
* Astrakhan Tatars, Chinese Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Kryashens, Mishars, Nağaybäk, Volga Tatars
* Tofalar
* Turkmens
* in Afghanistan, Iran1
* Turkish
* in Abkhazia, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Crete, Cyprus (North and South), Dodecanese, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Meskhetia (Ahiska), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Western Thrace, Yemen1
* Tuvans
* Uyghurs
* Uzbeks
* in Afghanistan1
* Yakuts (Sakha)
* Yugurs

| Extinct Turkic groups|

* Bulaqs
* Bulgars
* Cumans
* Dughlats
* Karluks
* Khazars
* Kimek
* Kipchaks
* Oghuz Turks
* Shatuo
* Turgesh
* Uzes

|

Politics|

* Grey Wolves
* Kemalism
* Burkhanism
* Jadid
* Pan-Turkism
* Turkesism
* Turanism (Hungarian)

Origins|

* Turkestan
* History
* Timeline of the Göktürks
* Timeline 500–1300
* migration
* Nomadic empire
* Tian Shan / Altai Mountains
* Otuken

Locations|

| Sovereign states (Comparison)|

* Azerbaijan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus2
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

Autonomous areas|

* Altai Republic
* Bashkortostan
* Chuvashia
* Gagauzia
* Kabardino-Balkaria
* Karachay-Cherkessia
* Karakalpakstan
* Khakassia
* Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
* Sakha Republic
* Tatarstan
* Tuva
* Xinjiang

Studies|

* Old Turkic alphabet
* Proto-Turkic language
* Turkology

Religions|

* Turkic mythology
* Tengrism
* Shamanism
* Islam
* Alevism
* Batiniyya
* Bayramiye
* Bektashi Order
* Burkhanism
* Christianity
* Hurufism
* Khalwati order
* Malamatiyya
* Qadiri
* Qalandariyya
* Rifa'i*
* Safaviyya
* Zahediyeh
* Vattisen Yaly

Traditional sports|

* Kyz kuu
* Jereed
* Kokpar
* Dzhigit
* Chovgan

Organizations|

* Turkic Council
* International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
* Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
* Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
* World Turks Qurultai

1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
2State with limited international recognition.

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