Kipchak languages

Short description: Branch of the Turkic language family

Kipchak

Northwestern Turkic
Ethnicity| Kipchaks
Geographic
distribution| Central Asia, Russia , Northern Caucasus, Balkans, Anatolia Ukraine , China
Linguistic classification| Turkic

* Common Turkic
* Kipchak

Subdivisions|

* Kipchak–Bulgar
* Kipchak–Cuman
* Kipchak–Nogai
* Kyrgyz–Kipchak

Glottolog| kipc1239[1]

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China . Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.

## Contents

* 1 Linguistic features
* 1.1 Shared features
* 1.2 Unique features
* 1.2.1 Family-specific
* 1.2.2 Language-specific
* 2 Classification
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 6 Bibliography

## Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

### Shared features

* Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /d͡ʒ/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
* Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example

### Unique features

#### Family-specific

* Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") [citation needed]
* Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
* Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

#### Language-specific

* In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:

Old Turkic  | Tatar
(for example)

|

Mid → high
*e | /e/ | i | /i/
*o | /o/ | u | /u/
*ö | /ø/ | ü | /y/
High → Mid
*i | /i/ | e | /e/
*ı | /ɯ/ | ı | /ɤ/
*u | /u/ | o | /o/
*ü | /y/ | ö | /ø/

## Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic  | Common Turkic | Kipchak  | Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)  |

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* † Old Tatar (Ural-Volga Turki)[2]

|
|
|
|

Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)  |

* Crimean Tatar[nb 1]
* Karachay-Balkar (Mountain Turkic)
* Kumyk
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Urum
* † Cuman
* † Mamluk-Kipchak
* † Armeno-Kipchak

Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)  |

* † Fergana Kipchak
* Kazakh
* Karakalpak
* Nogai
* Siberian Tatar
* Baraba

Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)  | Southern Altai Turkic[4] |

* Southern Altai
* Teleut[5]

Kyrgyz[nb 2] |

* Kyrgyz

## See also

* Kipchaks
* Kipchaks in Georgia
* Cuman people
* Cuman language
* Cumania
* Kalpak

## Notes

1. ↑ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[3] And the Northern dialect (also the Dobrujan variant) is in Kipchak-Nogai branch.
2. ↑ Although Kyrgyz isn't a language family, it is added to this table as such in order to ensure the formatting works correctly.

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kipchak". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kipc1239.
2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
3. ↑ Yazyki mira. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.
4. ↑ Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)
5. ↑ Nevskaya, I.A.. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml.

## Bibliography

* Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
* Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

* v
* t
* e

Turkic languages

Proto-language|

* Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic|

| Arghu|

* Khalaj

|

Karluk|

* Äynu1
* Ili Turki
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Extinct
* Middle Turkic
* Khorezmian
* Chagatai

Kipchak|

| Ponto-Caspian|

* Crimean Tatar
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Urum
* Extinct
* Kipchak
* Cuman

|

Aralo-Caspian|

* Siberian Tatar
* Karakalpak
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Extinct
* Fergana Kipchak

Uralo-Caspian|

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* Extinct
* Old Tatar

Oghuz|

* Azerbaijani
* Gagauz
* Khorasani Turkic
* Qashqai
* Rumelian Turkish
* Salar
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Extinct
* Pecheneg2
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish

Siberian|

* Altai
* Chulym
* Dolgan
* Khakas
* Shor
* Tofa
* Tuvan
* Yakut
* Western Yugur2
* Extinct
* Orkhon Turkic
* Old Turkic
* Old Uyghur
* Fuyu Girgis
* Dukhan

Oghur|

* Chuvash
* Extinct
* Khazar2
* Bulgar

* 1 Mixed language.
* 2 Classification disputed.

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