Kru languages

Short description: Language family of Liberia and Ivory Coast

Kru

Geographic
distribution| Ivory Coast, Liberia, Burkina Faso
Linguistic classification| Niger–Congo

* disputed
* Kru

Proto-language| Proto-Kru
Subdivisions|

* Aïzi (5)
* Eastern Kru (4)
* Kuwaa (2)
* ? Seme (1)
* Western Kru (3)

ISO 639-2 / 5| kro
Glottolog| krua1234 (Kru)[1]
siam1242 (Siamou)[2]

Kru languages, labeled as above

The Kru languages are spoken by the Kru people from the southeast of Liberia to the west of Ivory Coast.

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 Etymology
* 3 History
* 4 Current status
* 5 Subgroups and associated languages
* 6 Grammar
* 7 Comparative vocabulary
* 7.1 Numerals
* 7.2 Body parts (head)
* 7.3 Body parts (lower)
* 7.4 Other nouns
* 7.5 Nature
* 7.6 Verbs (1)
* 7.7 Verbs (2)
* 8 Reconstruction
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Classification

According to Güldemann (2018), Kru lacks sufficient lexical resemblances and noun class resemblances to conclude a relationship with Niger-Congo. Glottolog considers Kru an independent language family.

## Etymology

The term "Kru" is of unknown origin. According to Westermann (1952) it was used by Europeans to denote a number of tribes speaking related dialects. Marchese (1989) notes the fact that many of these peoples were recruited as "crew" by European seafarers; "the homonymy with crew is obvious, and is at least one source of the confusion among Europeans that there was a Kru/crew tribe".[3]

## History

Andrew Dalby noted the historical importance of the Kru languages for their position at the crossroads of African-European interaction. He wrote that "Kru and associated languages were among the first to be encountered by European voyagers on what was then known as the Pepper Coast, a centre of the production and export of Guinea and melegueta pepper; a once staple African seaborne trade".[4] The Kru languages are known for some of the most complex tone systems in Africa, rivaled perhaps only by the Omotic languages.

## Current status

Recent documentation has noted "Kru societies can now be found along the coast of Monrovia, Liberia to Bandama River in Côte d'Ivoire".[5] "Villages maintain their ties based on presumed common descent, reinforced by ceremonial exchanges and gifts".[5] The Kru people and their languages, although now many speak English (in Liberia) or French (in Côte d'Ivoire) as a second language, are said to be "dominant in the southwest region where the forest zone reaches the coastal lagoons".[5] The Kru people rely on the forest for farming, supplemented by hunting for their livelihood.

## Subgroups and associated languages

The Kru languages include many subgroups such as Kuwaa, Grebo, Bassa, Belle, Belleh, Kwaa and many others. According to Breitbonde, categorization of communities based on cultural distinctiveness, historical or ethnic identity, and socio-political autonomy "may have brought about the large number of distinct Kru dialects; "Although the natives were in many respects similar in type and tribe, every village was an independent state; there was also very little intercommunication".[6] Breitbonde notes the Kru people were categorized based on their cultural distinctiveness, separate historical or ethnic identities, and social and political autonomy. This is the possible reason for so many subgroups of the Kru language. As noted by Fisiak, there is very little documentation on the Kru and associated languages.[7]

Marchese's (1989) classification of Kru languages is as follows.[8] Many of these languages are dialect clusters and are sometimes considered more than a single language.

* Kru
* Sɛmɛ (Siamou)
* Template:Tree list/branching
* Aizi
* Kuwaa
* Kru proper
* Eastern Kru
* Bakwe
* Bakwe
* Wane
* Bété
* Kuya
* Godié
* Dida
* Kwadia (Kodia) (Kwadia)
* Western Kru
* Bassa
* Bassa
* Dewoin
* Gbii
* Grebo
* Grebo (Jabo)
* Krumen
* Glio-Oubi
* Klao
* Klao
* Tajuasohn
* Wèè
* Guere
* Daho-Doo
* Glaro-Twabo
* Sapo
* Guere (Wè)
* Krahn
* Nyabwa
* Konobo
* Wobé

Ethnologue adds Neyo, which may be closest to Dida or Godie.

## Grammar

Kru word order is primarily subject-verb-object (SVO), but can also often be subject-object-verb (SOV).[8]

## Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary of 12 Kru languages from Marchese (1983):[9]

Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name

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Tepo | jíê | nω̂â | mɪ̂jã́ | ɲɛ́ | mɛ̂ | wũ̂t | dâblώ | klá | tûgbɛ̀ | nîjẽ́ | dî | dώ
Jrwe | ɟró | nω̃̂ã̂ | mɪ̃̂ã̂ | ɲɛ̃́ | mɛ̃̂ | wṹ | klώω̂ | klá | túwɛ̀ | nĩ́ẽ́ | dîdɛ̂ | ɲɔ̃́
Guere | ɟrííē | dōṹ | mlâ | ɲnɪ̃̂ɛ̄̃ | mē̃õ̀ | ŋɔ̄̃ | ɲmɔ̄̃ | kpâ | tū | ní | dîɛ̄ | ɲnɪ̃̂
Wobé | ɟríɛ́ | dōṹ | mlã̂ | ɲnə̃̂ | mɛ̄̃õ̀ | ŋʷɔ̄̃ | nmɔ̄ | kpâ | tū | nĩ́ | dī | ɲnẽ̂
Niaboua | ɟîrî | lòkû | máná | ɲéɲé | méɛ̃̀ | ŋʷɔ̄̃ | ɲēmō | kpá | tū | nî | dī | ɲéɲé
Bété (Daloa) | ɟi | jûkûlî | mlə̂ | gléí | mɪ́ɔ́ | ŋō | drú | kwâ | sū | ɲû | lí | ŋʉ̂nɪ̂
Bété (Guibéroua) | jiri | júkwɨ́lí | mə́ɲə́ | gʌ̂lʌ̂ | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nûə̂ | dûrû | kwá | sû | ɲú | dī | ŋʉ́ɲɪ́
Néyo | jɪ́ | ɲúkwlí | mlé | glè | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | né | dòlū | féē | sūú | ɲú | lī | jlɪ́
Godié | jɨdí | ɲūkúlú | mə́ɲə́ | gə̄lè | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nə̄ | drù | féè | sū | ɲú | ɗɨ̄ | ŋʉ́nʉ́
Koyo | jɪjē | ɲúkiwí | — | glà | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nə́ | dòlú | féjē | sūú | ɲú | lɨ̄ | ŋɨ́nɨ́
Dida | cí | ɲúkwlí | mné | glā | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nɪ̄ | dólū | kwíjè | sū | ɲú | lî | ŋlɪ́
Aïzi | zre | lωkɔ | mωvɔ | ɲɪ | mrɔ | mu | ɲre | kra | ke | nrɪ | li | —

An additional sample basic vocabulary of 21 Kru languages from Marchese (1983):[9]

Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | water | eat | name

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Aïzi | zre | lωkɔ | mωvɔ | ɲɪ | mrɔ | mu | ɲre | kra | nrɪ | li |
Vata | jé | ɲêflú | mênê | glà | meɔ̄ | nɪ̄ | dūlū | fâ | ɲú | lî |
Dida | cí | ɲúkwlí | mné | glā | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nɪ̄ | dòlū | kwíjè | ɲú | lî | ŋlɪ́
Koyo | jíjē | ɲúkwlí | ŋʉ́nʉ́ | glà | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nə́ | dòlú | féjē | ɲú | lɨ̄ | ŋɨ́nɨ́
Godié |  | ɲūkúlú | mə́ňə́ | gə̀lè | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nə̄ | dřù | féè | ɲú | ɗɨ̄ | ŋʉ́nʉ́
Néyo | jɪ́ | ɲúkwlí | mlé | glè | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | né | dòlū | féē | ɲú | lī | jlɪ́
Bété (Guibéroua) | jiři | júkwɨ́lí | mə́ňə́ | gʌ̂lâ | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nûə̂ | dûřû | kwá | ɲú | lī | nʉ́nɪ́
Bété (Daloa) | ɟi | jûkûlî | mlə̂ | gléí | mɪ́ɔ́ | ŋō | dřú | kwâ | ɲú | lí | nʉ̀nɪ̂
Niaboua |  | lòkû | mə́ná | ɲéné | méɛ̃̀ | ŋwɔ̃̄ | ɲēmō | kpá | nî | dī | ɲéné
Wobé | ɟríɛ́ | dōṹ | mlã̂ | ɲnẽ̂ | mɛ̄ɔ̃̀ | ŋwɔ̃̄ | nmɔ̄ | kpâ | nĩ́ | dī | ɲnẽ̂
Guéré | ɟrííē | dōṹ | mlâ | ɲnɪ̃̂ẽ̄ | mẽ̄õ̀ | ŋɔ̃̄ | ɲmɔ̃̄ | kpâ | ní | dìɛ̄ | ɲnɪ̃̂
Konobo | jidɔ | nao | mlã |  | mɛ |  | daluo | kla | ɲɛ | di | ɲi
Oubi | jīrō | nōā | mēã̄ |  |  | ŋu | dòùlā | kala | ɲɛ́ | dīdɛ̄ | ɲírṍ
Bakwe | ɲʉ́ | ɲákúlú | mňṍ | glɛ̀ | mɛ̄ | mʌ́ | tùřú | kɔ̄ō | nē | ɟɨ | nrɪ
Tépo | jíê | nω̂â | mɪ̂jã́ | ɲɛ́ | mɛ́ |  | dâblώ | klá | nîjẽ́ | dî | dώ
Grebo | jê | nóá | méá |  | mɛ̄ | ŋwúnɔ̄ | ɲénɔ́ | klã́ | nĩ́ | dí | ɲéné
Klao | ɟí | nɔ̄kũ̀ | mnã́ |  | mɛ̄ | wɔ̃̄ | ɲnɔ̄ | kpã́ | nĩ́ | dī | ɲnɛ̃́
Bassa | ɟélé |  | máná |  | miɔ | wɔ̃̄ | nyɔmɔɔ | kpá | ní | ɗi | ŋɛ́nɛ́
Dewoin | gire |  | málã́ |  | mīlã̀ | wɔ̃̄ĩ́ | ɲimo | gba | ní | zī | ŋɛ́lɛ́
Kuwaa | sĩ̌ | nɔi | ɲũ |  | mɛ̀wũ | wɔ̃̀ | tòyò | kwa | nímí | ɟì | ɲɛlɛ̃
Sɛmɛ | ɲa | tasjẽ | mar | ɲen | dɛ | kõ | tõ | kpar | nũ | di | jĩ

### Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[10]

Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10

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Kuwaa | Kuwaa (Belleh) | dee | sɔ̃r | tãã̀ | ɲìjɛ̀hɛ | wàyɔ̀ɔ | wɔ̀rfɔlɛ̀ (5 + 1) | kɔrlɔrɔ̃r (5 + 2) | kwatãã̀ (5 + 3) | kɔ̃yĩ̀yɛ̀hɛ (5 + 4) | kowaa
Seme | Seme (Siamou) (1) | byẽ́ẽ | nĩ́ĩ̄ | tyáār | yūr | kwɛ̃̄l | kpã̄â | kĩ̄î | kprɛ̄n̂ | kɛ̄l | fú
Seme | Seme (Siamou) (2) | dyuɔ̃15 | nĩ15 | tyɛr15 | yur3 | kwɛ̃l3 | k͡pa4a34 | kyi4ĩ34 | k͡prɛ4ɛ̃34 | kal3 | fu1
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé | ɗôː | sɔ̂ː | tʌ̄ː | mɾɔ̄ː | ɡ͡bə̀ə̄ | ŋǔːɗō (5 + 1) | ŋǔːsɔ̄ (5 + 2) | ŋǔːtʌ̄ (5 + 3) | ŋǔːmɾɔ̄ (5 + 4) | pʊ̀
Eastern, Bakwe | Wané | do³ / ɗo³ | sɔ² | ta³ | ⁱhɪɛ̃⁴ | ŋʷũ⁴² | ŋʷũ⁴² kloː²⁴(5 + 1) | ŋʷũ⁴² sɔ² (5 + 2) | ŋʷũ⁴² ta³ (5 + 3) | ŋʷũ⁴² ⁱhɪɛ̃⁴ (5 + 4) | ŋʷũ⁴² bu⁴ or bu⁴
Eastern, Bete | Daloa Bété | ɓlʊ̄ | sɔ̋ | tá | mʊ̄wana | ŋ́ɡ͡bɨ́ | ŋ́ɡ͡bʊplʊ (5 + 1) | ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ́ (5 + 2) | ɡ͡bʊ̀wata (5 + 3) | ŋ́ɡ͡bimʊwana (5 + 4) | kʊ́ɡ͡ba
Eastern, Bete | Guiberoua Bété | ɓlʊ̄ | sɔ̋ | tá | mʊ̄wana | ŋ́ɡ͡bɨ́ | ŋ́ɡ͡bʊplʊ (5 + 1) | ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ́ (5 + 2) | ɡ͡bʊ̀wata (5 + 3) | ŋ́ɡ͡bimʊwana (5 + 4) | kʊ́ɡ͡ba
Eastern, Bete | Godié | ɓlōō | sɔ́ɔ́ | tāā | ŋ̀mɔ̀ɔ̀nā | ŋ̀ɡ͡bɨ́ | ŋ̀ɡ͡bóplóo (5 + 1) | ŋ̀ɡ͡bɔ̀ɔ́sɔ́ (5 + 2) | ŋ̀ɡ͡bàátā (5 + 3) | ŋ̀vɔ̀ɔ̀nā | kʊ́ɡ͡bá
Eastern, Bete, Eastern | Gagnoa Bété | ɓɵ̯̀ɺō | sɔ̋ | tɑ̄ | mɔ̀ɔ̀nɔ̄ | ŋ͡m̩̄.ɡ͡bú | ɡ͡bé.pó̯ɺó (5 + 1) | ɡ͡bɔ́ɔ́.sɔ̋ (5 + 2) | ɡ͡bɔ̋ɔ́.tā (5 + 3) | fɛ̀ɛ̀.nɔ̄ | kō.ɡ͡bɔ́
Eastern, Bete, Eastern | Guébie Bété | ɡ͡bɔlɔ².³ | so⁴ | ta³¹ | mɔna¹.³¹ | mŋɡ͡be² | mŋɡ͡beɡ͡bɔlɔ².².³ (5 + 1) | mŋɡ͡boso³.⁴ (5 + 2) | mŋɡ͡bata³.³¹ (5 + 3) | mŋɡ͡bɔfɛna³.¹.³¹ (5 + 4) | kɔɡ͡ba².³
Eastern, Bete, Eastern | Kouya | ɓlò | sɔ́ | tā | mnʊ̀à | ɡ͡bu | ɡ͡beliɓlò (5 + 1) | ɡ͡besɔ́ (5 + 2) | ɡ͡betā (5 + 3) | ɡ͡bomnʊ̀à (5 + 4) | kuɡ͡bua
Eastern, Dida | Yocoboué Dida | bóló | mwɔsɔ́ | mwɔtá | mwɔná | ɛŋɡ͡bɪ́ | ɛŋɡ͡bʊ́frɔ (5 + 1) | ɛmɓɔ́sɔ́ (5 + 2) | ɛmɓáta (5 + 3) | ɛmvwaná | kóɡ͡ba
Eastern, Dida | Neyo | ɓɔ̄ló | sɔ́ | tāā | mɔ̀nā | ɡ͡bɪ́ | ɡ͡bɪ́flɔ́ (5 + 1) | ɡ͡básɔ́ (5 + 2) | ɡ͡bátā (5 + 3) | fɛ̄nā (5 + 4) | kʊ́ɡ͡bá
Eastern, Kwadia | Kodia | ɡ͡bɤlɤ³² / ɓɤlɤ³² | sɔː² | taː² | mɔna⁴³ | ⁿɡ͡bɤ³ | ⁿɡ͡bɤwlɤ³³³ (5 + 1) | ⁿɡ͡bɔː⁴³sɔ³ (5 + 2) | ⁿɡ͡baː⁴³ta³ (5 + 3) | ⁿɡ͡bɤmɔna³⁴³ (5 + 4) | kʊɡ͡ba³³
Western, Bassa | Bassa | ɖò, dyúáɖò | sɔ̃́ | tã | hĩinyɛ | hm̀m̌ | mɛ̀nɛ̌ìn-ɖò (5 + 1) | mɛ̀nɛ̌ìn-sɔ̃́ (5 + 2) | mɛ̀nɛ̌ìn-tã (5 + 3) | mɛ̀nɛ̌ìn-hĩinyɛ (5 + 4) | ɓaɖa-bùè
Western, Bassa | Dewoin (Dewoi) | ɡ͡bǒ | sɔ̃́ | ta | hĩinyɛ | hm̀m̌ | meɖe-ɡ͡bǒ (5 + 1) | meɖe-sɔ̃́ (5 + 2) | meɖe-ta (5 + 3) | meɖe-hĩinyɛ (5 + 4) | vù
Western, Bassa | Gbasei (Gbii) (1) | dɔ̀ː / ɗɔ̀káⁱ | sɔ̃́ | tã | ɲ̀yɛ̃ | m̀ḿ | m̀mɽědɔ̀ (5 + 1) | m̀mɽěsɔ̃́ (5 + 2) | m̀mɽětã́ (5 + 3) | m̀mɽěɲ̀yɛ̃ (5 + 4) | báɽápʰùwe
Western, Bassa | Gbii (Gbi-Dowlu) (2) | dòò, dyúáɖò | sɔ̃́ | tã | hĩ̀nyɛ | hm̀m̀ | mɛ̀nɛ̀ɛ̄n-ɖò (5 + 1) | mɛ̀nɛ̀ɛ̄n-sɔ̃́ (5 + 2) | mɛ̀nɛ̀ɛ̄n-tə̃ (5 + 3) | mɛ̀nɛ̀ɛ̄n-hĩ̀nyɛ (5 + 4) | ɓaɖabùè
Western, Grebo, Glio-Oubi | Glio-Oubi | dō | hwə̃ | tã́ | hə̃ | ɡ͡bə̀ | hṹdò (5 + 1) | hũ̀sɔ́ (5 + 2) | mɛra (5 + 3) | mɛ́ɲɛ̀ (5 + 4) | pue
Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Pye (Piè) Krumen | dò | hʋɛ̃́ | tā | hɛ̃̀ | hũ̌ | hũ̀jārō [hũ̀jāɾō] ('five plus one') | hũ̀jāhʋɛ̃́ ('five plus two') | hũ̀jātā ('five plus three') | hũ̀jāhɛ̃̀ ('five plus four') | pù
Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Tepo Krumen (1) | dò | hɔ̃́ | tā | hɛ̃̀ | hũ̌ | huõ̀nɔ̀ (5 + 1) | nɪ́pātā (litː 'not/be/three') | nɪ́pāhɔ̃́, yèhɛ̃̀yèhɛ̃̀ (2 x 4) | sēlédò (litː 'remains /there/one') | pù
Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Tepo Krumen (2) | dô | ɔ̄ɛ́n | tā | hɛ̀n | ùm | ùmnɔ̄dô (5 + 1) | ùmnɔ̄ɔ̄ɛ́n (5 + 2) | blɛ̄nbìɛ̀n | ùmīyándō | pù
Western, Grebo, Liberian | Central Grebo (Barrobo) | dòo | ɔ̌n | taan | hɛ̃ɛn | wùun | wùnɔ̀dǒ (5 + 1) | jetan (4 + 3) ? | jiinhɛ̀n (4 + 4) ? | sǒndò (litː 'remain one' before 10) | fù
Western, Grebo, Liberian | Northern Grebo | do | sɔ̃̌ | tã | hɛ̃̀ | m̀m | mmɔ̀do (5 + 1) | nyiɛtã (4 + 3) | nnyɛɛ (4 + 4) | siědo (litː 'remain one' before 10) | pù
Western, Klao | Klao | dô | sɔ́n | tan | nyìɛ̀ | mù | mùnéɛ́do (5 + 1) | mùnéɛ́sɔ́n (5 + 2) | mùnéɛtan (5 + 3) | sopádo (10 - 1) | puè
Western, Klao | Tajuasohn | doe | sunn nn = ? | tan | hin | hoom | ḿhon doe (5 + 1) | ḿhon sunn (5 + 2) | hinin (4 + 4) | siɛrdoe (litː 'remains one') | punn
Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Western Krahn | tòò | sɔɔ̌n | ta̓a̓n | nyìɛ̓ | m̀m̌ | mɛ̀o̓ (5 + 1) | mɛ̀sɔɔ̌n (5 + 2) | mɛta̓a̓ǹ (5 + 3) | mɛ̀nyìɛ̓ (5 + 4) | pùèè
Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Sapo | duě / tòò | sɔn | tan | nyìɛ | m̀m̌ | mɛ̀lǒ (5 + 1) | mɛ̀sɔn (5 + 2) | mɛ̌tan (5 + 3) | mɛ̌nyiɛ (5 + 4) | pùè
Western, Wee, Nyabwa | Nyabwa (Nyaboa) | do4 | sɔ̃2 | tã3 | ɲiɛ33 | mu4u1 | mɛ4ɛ1lo4 (5 + 1) | mɛ4ɛ1sɔ̃2 (5 + 2) | mɛ4ɛ1tã3 (5 + 4) | mɛ4ɛ1ɲiɛ33 (5 + 5) | bue44
Western, Wee, Wobe | Northern Wè (Wobe) | too3 / due1 | sɔɔn2 / sɔn2 | taan3 | nyiɛ43 | mm41 | mɛ41o3 (5 + 1) | mɛ41sɔn2 (5 + 2) | mɛ41na3 (5 + 3) | mɛ41nyiɛ3 (5 + 4) | puue3

Comparison of numerals in Kru languages from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | one | two | three | four | five | six | seven | eight | nine | ten | twenty | hundred

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Siamou | Seme | jɔ | nḭ | tʸar | yiro | kʷḛ | kpaa | kʸii | prɛ | kal | fu | kar | karkʷḛ
Aizi | Aïzi | mṵmɔ̰; yre | iʃɪ | ita | yeɓi | yugbo | fɔ | friʃi | patɛ | fi | bɔ | gu | juyugbo
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | dee | sɔ̰ɔ̰ | ta̰à̰ | ɲìyɛ̀ | wààyò | folɛ̀ | kɔ̰lo̰ | kʷata̰à̰ | ko̰yḭ̀yɛ̰̀ | kuwa | kuma sɔ̰᷄ | kɔ̀lɛwúlú
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | mblò | mɔ̀sɔ́ | mɔ̀tā | mɔ̀ɔ̀nā | ǹgbī | ǹgbʊfɾʊ | ǹgbɔ̀ɔ́sɔ́ | ǹgbàátā | ǹvɔ̀ɔ̀nā | kʊ́gbā | grʊ̄ | gwlīǹgbī
Eastern, Dida | Vata | ɓlɔ̀ | sɔ̍ | tā | mɔ̀ɔ̀nā | gbe̍ |  | gbòɔ́sɔ́ | gbɔ̍fɔ́tā |  | kógba̍ | golō |
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | ɓʊ̀lʊ̀ | sɔ̍ | tá | mʊ̀nà | ńgbɨ́ | ńgbʊ́pʊ́lʊ́ | ńgbísɔ̍ | ńgbɔ̍tá | ńgbɨ́mʊ̀nà | kúgbɨ́á | gʊ́lʊ́ | gʊ́lúgbɨ́
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Guibéroua) | ɓʊ̀lʊ̀ | sɔ́ | tā | mʊ̀ʌ̀nā | n̄gbɨ́ | n̄gbʊ̍pʊ̍lʊ̍ | n̄gbi̍só | gbʊ̀ʌ́tā | n̄gbɨ̍mʊ̀ʌ̀nā | kʊ̄gbʌ̍ | gʊ̍lʊ̍ | gʷʉ̍lɪ̍n̄gbɨ̍
Eastern, Bete | Godié | ɓʉ̄lʉ̄ | sɔ́ | tā | mʊ̀ʊ̀nʌ̄ | ʌ̰̀gbʉ̄ | ʌ̰̀gbʉ̄pʉ̄lʉ̄ | ʌ̰̀gbɔ̀ɔ̄sɔ́ | ʌ̰̀gbàāɨʌ̄ | pɛɛ̀nʌ̄ | kʊ́gbʌ̍ | gɔ̀lɔ̀ | gʷʌ̀lɪ̀gbʉ̄
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | ɓɔ̄lɔ̄ | sɔ̄ | tā | mɔ̀nā | ŋ̀gbɨ́ | ŋ̀gbópló | ŋ̀gbɔ́sɔ́ | ŋ̀gbátā | ǹvɔ̀nā | kʊ́gbá | gʊ̄lʊ̄ | gʊ̀lɪ̀ɲ́gbɨ́
Eastern, Bete | Néyo | ɓʊ̄lʊ́ | sɔ́ | tāā | mɔ̀nā | gbɪ́ | gbɪ́flɔ́ | gbásɔ́ | gbátā | fɛ̄nā | kʊ́gbá | glʊ́ | gʷlɪ̀gbɪ́
Western, Klao | Klao | dòò | sʊ̰́ | tā̰ā̰ | ɲḭɛ̀ | mùù | ŋmìɛ̀dò | ŋmìɛ̀sɔ̰́ | ŋmìɛ̀tā̰ | sɛpáádō | pūɪ̄ | wlʊ̄ | wlʊ̄mù
Western, Bassa | Bassa | dɔ̀ò | sɔ̄ | ta̰ | hḭiɲɛ | hm̀m̀ |  |  |  |  |  |  | hɔ̰́dɔ̀
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | gbò | sɔ̰ | tà̰ | ɲìɛ̄ | m̀m̄ | mɛ̀legbō | mɛ̀lēslɔ̰́ | mɛ̀lēá̰ | mɛ̀le̍ɲìɛ | èvù |  |
Western, Grebo | Tépo | do̍ | hɔ̰́ | ta̍ | hɛ̰̀ | m̄ | hwɔ̰̀nɔ̀ | nɪ́pa̍hɔ̰̍ | nɪ́pa̍ta̍ | se̍rédó | pu̍ | a̍ wlʊ̀ | wlɪ̄ m̄
Western, Grebo | Grébo | dō | sɔ̰́ | tá̰ | hɛ̰᷄ | hm̀ú |  |  | béhɛ̰᷄ | sīe̍dō | pūnɔ́dō | wōdó | húbū
Western, Grebo | Oubi | dō | hʷə̰ | tá̰ | hə̰ | gbə̀ | hṵ́dò | hṵ̀sɔ́ | mɛra | mɛ́ɲɛ̀ | pue | gōrō | gòléhm̄
Western, Grebo | Jrwe | do̍ò | hʊ̰́ɛ̰́ | ta̍a̍ | hɛ̰̍ɛ̰̀ | hm̀m̍ | hm̀m̍jɛ̍rʊ̍ | hm̀m̍jɛ̍hʊ̰́ɛ̰́ | hm̀m̍ja̍ta̍ | hm̀m̍ja̍hɛ̰̀ | pu̍ | wlʊ̍ | wɛ̀srɛ̍wɛ̍
Western, Wee | Guéré | dòò | sɔ̰̍ɔ̰̍ | tā̰ā̰ | ɲḭ̀ɛ̰̄ ~ ɲīɛ̄; ɲīɛ̄ ~ ɲḭ̀ɛ̰̄ | m̄ḿ | mɛ̰̄ɛ̰́ō̰ | mɛ̰̄sɔ̰̍ | mɛ̰̄á̰ | mɛ̰᷄ɲɛ̰̍ | bùùè | kwlāsɔ̰̍ | km̄ɛ̰̍dūe̍
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | dʊ̀ | sɔ̰́ | tā̰ | ɲìɛ̄ | mùu̍ | mɛ̄ɛ̍lʊ̀ | mɛ̄ɛ̍sɔ̰̄ | mɛ̄ɛ̍tā̰ | mɛ̍ɲīē | bùè | glòlùé | glàmùu̍
Western, Wee | Wobé | tòò | sɔ̰̍ɔ̰̍ | tā̰ā̰ | ɲìɛ̄ | m̄ḿ | mɛ̄ɛ́ō | mɛ̰̍́sɔ̰̍ | mɛ᷄na̍ | mɛ᷄ɲɛ̍ | pùùè | kwlāsɔ̰̍ | km̄ɛ̍du̍e̍
Western, Wee | Konobo | dʊ | buwɛ | la̰a̰ | ɲiɛ | mm |  | mɛɛɔ̰ | mɛla |  | buwɛ | kʷalaso̰ | kɛ̰ɛ̰

### Body parts (head)

Parts of the head from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | head | hair | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth

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Siamou | Seme | gmel | fleɲi | ɲa | tasyḛ | mar | ɲen | dɛ | ko̰
Aizi | Aïzi | drʊ | lɪfɪ | zre | lʊkɔ | mʊvɔ | ɲɪ | mrɔ | mu
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | wúlú | dùi | sḭ̌ | nɔi | ɲṵ |  | mɛ̀wṵ | wɔ̰̀
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) | wlí | ɲwee | ɲʉ́ | ɲákúlú | ml̰ó̰ | glɛ̀ | mɛ̄ | mʌ́
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | wlú | ɲɪ̄ | cí | ɲūklwí | mné | glā | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nɪ̄
Eastern, Dida | Vata |  | ɲe̍ | yé | ɲe̍flú | me̍ne̍ | glà | meɔ̄ | nɪ̄
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | wu̍lu̍kpèlè | ɲúkō | ji | yu̍ku̍li̍ | mlə̍ | gléí | mɪ́ɔ́ | ŋō
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Guibéroua) | wúkpə̀lé | ɲū-kʷə̄ | yiɾi | yúkʷɨ́lí | mə́l̰ə́ | gʌ̍la̍ | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nu̍ə̍
Eastern, Bete | Godié | wúlú | ɲɪ̄ | yɨdí | ɲūkúlú | mə́l̰ə́ | gə̄lè | mɪɔ̄ | nə̄
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | wúlú | ɲɪ́ī | yɪ́yē | ɲūklwí | ŋʉ́ŋʉ́ | glà | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | nə́
Eastern, Bete | Néyo |  | ɲɪ́ | yɪ́ | ɲúkʷlí | mlé | glè | mɪ̄ɔ̄ | né
Western, Klao | Klao | dlo᷄ | nūi᷄ | ji | nɔ̄kṵ̀ | mna᷄ |  | mɛ̄ | wɔ̰̄
Western, Bassa | Bassa | dú | mí | dyéɖé | ɖùǔ | máná | nyɛ́nɛ́ | mɔ | wɔ̰
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | dúlú |  | gire |  | málá̰ |  | mīlà̰ | wɔ̰̄ḭ́
Western, Grebo | Tépo | lú | lú púpu̍ | yíe̍ | nʊ̍a̍ | mɪ̍yá̰ | ɲɛ́ | mɛ̍ ~ mé; mé ~ mɛ̍ | wṵ̍t
Western, Grebo | Grébo | lu᷄ |  | ye̍ | nóá | méá |  | mɛ̄ | ŋwúnɔ̄
Western, Grebo | Oubi |  | mi | yīrō | nōā | mēā̰ |  |  | ŋu
Western, Grebo | Jrwe | lé | lé ɲà̰ɛ̰̍ | jró | nʊ̰̍a̰̍ | mɪ̰̍a̰̍ | ɲɛ̰́ | mɛ̰̍ | wṵ́
Western, Wee | Guéré | drú | míī | jrííē | dōṵ́ | ɓʊ̄ | djūlɛ̀ | mɛ̰̄ò̰ | ŋɔ̰̄
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | dru̍ | nɪ́mə̀ǹè | yíɾi̍ | lòku̍ | mə́ná | ɲéné | méɛ̰̀ | ŋwɔ̰̄
Western, Wee | Wobé | jrú | mḛ́ḛ̄ ~ me; me ~ mḛ́ḛ̄ | jríɛ́ | dōṵ́ | mla̰̍ | ɲnḛ̍ | mɛ̰̍ɔ̰̀ | ŋwɔ̰̄
Western, Wee | Konobo | drɔ | mi | yidɔ | nao | mla̰ |  | mɛ |

### Body parts (lower)

Other body parts from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | neck | arm | breast | intestines | navel | leg | bone | blood | skin

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Siamou | Seme | kʷa̰ | bɔ | nʷḛ |  | ɲēfū |  | kpar | to̰ |
Aizi | Aïzi | vu | sʊ | drɪ | mɪ | mʊkʊ | pɪ | kra | ɲre | kʊkɔ
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | fɛ̀lɛ |  | ɲàlì |  | sḭyà̰ | bɔ̰̀ | kʷa | to̍yò | kṵ᷆
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) | pli | dáɾó | ɲɪ̄tɪ̄ | mī | mʊ̰̄kʷɛ̄ | ɓɔō | kɔ̄ō | tùɾú |
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | brɪ̀ ~ bɾɪ̀; bɾɪ̀ ~ brɪ̀ | sɔ̄ | ɲētī | mɪ̄ | mʊ́kʊ̄díè | ɓō | kwíyè | dòlū | kpʊ̄kpā
Eastern, Dida | Vata |  | sɔ̄ |  | me̍ | mókɔ̍lɛ̍ | ɓɔ̄gʊ̀ | fa̍ | dūlū | fu̍
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | blʊ̀ | sɔ́ | ɲɪ́tɪ́ | wɪ̍ | dàī | ɓʊ́ | kwa̍ | dɾú |
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Guibéroua) | bʊ̀lʊ́ | sɔ̍ | ɲɪ̄tɪ̄ | mɪ́ | dàyī | ɓʊ̍ | kʷá | du̍ɾu̍ | ku̍
Eastern, Bete | Godié | bʌlɛ̄ | sɔ̄ | ɲītì | mɪ́ | dèè | ɓʉ̄ | féè | dɾù | kpʊ̄kpʌ
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | blɛ̀ | sɔ̄ɔ̄ | ɲītīyē | mɪ́ | mákɔ̄lʊ́gbā | ɓɔ̄ɔ́ | féyē | dòlú |
Eastern, Bete | Néyo | blɛ̄ | sɔ̄ɔ́ |  | mɔ́gbàlɪ̄ | ɲúkōlíé | ɓɔ̄ɔ́ | féē | dòlū | kpʊ̄kpā
Western, Klao | Klao | pnu᷄ | sʊ̰̄ | ɲītī | mɔ̄ɛ᷄ | pùtù | bʊ̄ | kpa᷄ | ɲnɔ̄ | kū
Western, Bassa | Bassa | bùnù | sɔ̃ | nɛɛ̀ | mɛ́ | zìì | ɓo | kpá | nyɔmɔɔ | ku
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | būnū |  | nḛ |  |  | ɓō | gba | ɲimo |
Western, Grebo | Tépo | plʊ̀ | da̍bʊ́ | nɛ̍yɛ̍ ~ ɲɛ̍yɛ̍; ɲɛ̍yɛ̍ ~ nɛ̍yɛ̍ | ŋmí | nɛ́ɛ́ ~ nɛ́; nɛ́ ~ nɛ́ɛ́ | bʊ̍ | klá | da̍blʊ́ | kɔ̀ ~ kɔ̍; kɔ̍ ~ kɔ̀
Western, Grebo | Grébo | plo᷄ | só̰ | ɲínē | kúdíde̍ | no̍na᷄ | bó | kla᷄ | ɲénɔ́ | kro|fe᷄{{lang|kro|
Western, Grebo | Oubi | pòlò | ho̰ |  | muə̄gli | nə̰ | bo | kala | dòùlā |
Western, Grebo | Jrwe | plʊ̀ | hʊ̰̍ | ɲɛ̰̍sɛ̍ |  | nɛ̰́ɛ̰̍ | bʊ̍ | klá | klʊ́ʊ̍ | kɔ̀
Western, Wee | Guéré | blṵ̄ | sō̰ | ɲḛ̄ɛ̰̀ | mḛ̍ | ɓóà | bʊ̍ | kpa̍ | ɲmɔ̰̄ | kū
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | būlū | sʊ̄ | ɲētìɛ̀ | mé | zànɛ̍ɛ̍ | ɓʊ̄ | kpá | ɲēmō | kù
Western, Wee | Wobé | plṵ̀ | sō̰ | ɲḛ̄ɛ̰̀ | mḛ̍ | sɛ̰̀ ɲɛ̀ | bʊ̄ | kpa̍ | nmɔ̄ | kū
Western, Wee | Konobo |  | sʊ | ɲiniɛ |  | gbolo | bo | kla | daluo |

### Other nouns

Miscellaneous nouns from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | snake | egg | horn | tail | rope | father | mother | woman | child | name

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Siamou | Seme | jàl | kʸḛ | bī |  | ɲan | tɔ | yɔ | mel | ɓisyā | y̰i
Aizi | Aïzi | srɪ | ji | gbeli | gɛtɛ |  | zuzo | keke | lapɛ | jɪ |
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | gbɛ̰̀ɛ̰̀ | kɛ̀ɛ̀mɛ̀ | kṵ̌bé | ɲídewúlé | dòyò |  | nu | ɲinɔ̀ | jí | ɲɛlɛ̰
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) | tɾɔ̄ | sàpɨ́gē |  |  |  | tō | yuo | ŋʷɔ́l̰ɔ́ | yəyie | ɲrɪ
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | trɛ̄ | jīè | gwɪ́ | gūò | ɓlū | to̍ | nɔ́ | ŋwnɔ́ | cíle̍ | ŋlɪ́
Eastern, Dida | Vata | tlɛ̄ | gì ~ jì | vɔ́ɛ̍ |  |  | co̍ | nɔ́ | ŋɔnɔ́ | lo̍ |
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | tɪ́mɛ́ | gʉyī | gɔ̍ |  | li̍kpə́ | tɓà | dà | ŋɔ́nɔ̍ | gu̍ | ŋʉ̍nɪ̍
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Guibéroua) | ti̍mɛ̍ | gʉ̄ | gʊ́ | gʷə̀yi̍ | díkpə̍ | dɪ̄bà | dà | ŋɔ́ɾɔ́ | yú | ŋʉ́l̰ɪ́
Eastern, Bete | Godié | trɛ̄ | gɪ̀ | vɪ̄ | gə̀ | ɓɨlɨ́kpə̄ | tʉ́ | dà | ŋʷɔ́l̰ɔ́ | yɪ́ | ŋʉ́nʉ́
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | miɛ̄bòlú | gɪ̀yē | gó |  | ɓlíyē | bá | nɔ́ | ŋɔ́nɔ́ | yó | ŋɨ́nɨ́
Eastern, Bete | Néyo | tlɛ̄ | gè | vʊ́ |  | ɓlú | tʊ́ | nɛ́ | ŋʷló̰ | yʊ́ | ylɪ́
Western, Klao | Klao | slɛ̄ | ɲɛ᷆ | ŋmo̰᷆ | wʊ̰᷆ | dlu᷄ ~ dbu᷄ | mi᷄ | dé | ɲnɔ᷄ | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Bassa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Tépo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Grébo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Oubi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Jrwe | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Guéré | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Wobé | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Konobo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

### Nature

Nature-related words from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | day | sun | moon | water | fire | fog | sea | dust | salt

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Siamou | Seme | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  |  |  |
Aizi | Aïzi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Dida | Vata |  |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Guibéroua) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Godié | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Néyo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Klao | Klao |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Bassa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  |  |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Tépo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Grébo |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Oubi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
Western, Grebo |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Guéré | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Wobé | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Konobo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

### Verbs (1)

Some basic verbs from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | eat | drink | bite | vomit | die | kill | walk | come

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Siamou | Seme | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Aizi | Aïzi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Dida | Vata | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Guibéroua) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Godié | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Néyo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Klao | Klao | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Bassa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Tépo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Grébo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Oubi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Jrwe | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Guéré | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Wobé | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Konobo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

### Verbs (2)

Other basic verbs from Marchese (1983):[9]

Classification | Language | give | dig | sleep | push | shoot | sing

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Siamou | Seme | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Aizi | Aïzi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
Kuwaa | Kuwaa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bakwe | Bakwé (Soubré) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |
Eastern, Dida | Dida (Lozoua) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Dida | Vata |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Bété (Daloa) | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Godié | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Koyo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Eastern, Bete | Néyo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Klao | Klao | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Bassa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Bassa | Déwoin | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Tépo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Grébo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Oubi | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Grebo | Jrwe | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Guéré | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Nyabwa | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Wobé | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Western, Wee | Konobo | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Reconstruction

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". According to Marchese Zogbo (2012), Proto-Kru had:[11]

* phonemic nasalized vowels
* four level tones
* *CVCV-(C)V and probably *CVV syllable structure. *CCV syllables, and possibly also *CVV syllables, are derived from *CVCV roots.
* SVO word order, but with much OV typology
* suffixing morphology
* perfective and imperfective aspects

Proto-Kru consonants (Marchese Zogbo 2012):

p | t | k | kp

|
|
|

b | d | g | gb
ɓ |  |  |
m | n | ŋ (?) |
| s |  |
| l | w |

Derived consonants:

* /ɟ/ is likely derived via palatalization (*g > ɟ), e.g. *gie > ɟie.
* *c, *ɲ, *kʷ, *gʷ, *ŋʷ are derived from alveolar or velar consonants preceding high back or high front vowels.
* /ɗ/ is likely derived from *l.

Proto-Kru vowels (Marchese Zogbo 2012):

ɪ | ʊ

|

e | o
ɛ | ɔ
a |

There is a clear bipartite division between Western and Eastern Kru marked by phonological and lexical distinctions. Some isoglosses between Western Kru and Eastern Kru:

Gloss | Proto-Western Kru | Proto-Eastern Kru

|
|

tree | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
dog | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
fire | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
tooth | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kru". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/krua1234.
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Siamou". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/siam1242.
3. ↑ Breitbonde, L. B. (1991). "City, Countryside, and Kru Ethnicity". Africa 61 (2): 186–201. doi:10.2307/1160614.
4. ↑ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. New York: Columbia UP.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bahl, Taru, ed (2003). Encyclopaedia of Muslim World. New Delhi: Ammol Publications. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9788126114191. https://books.google.com/books?id=ilJtDm5mm5gC&pg=PA24.
6. ↑ McEvoy, Frederick (1997). "Understanding Ethnic Realities among the Grebo and Kru People of West Africa". Africa 47 (1): 62–80. doi:10.2307/1159195.
7. ↑ Fisiak, Jacek (1984). Historical Syntax. New York: Mouton.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Marchese, Lynell. 1989. Kru. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family, 119-139. Lanham MD, New York & London: Lanham: University Press of America.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Marchese, Lynell. 1983. Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition. Abidjan: Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT).
10. ↑ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages. https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm.
11. ↑ Marchese Zogbo, Lynell. 2012. Kru revisited, Kru revealed . Paper presented at the International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction," Paris, 18‒21 September. (Abstract )

* Westerman, Diedrich Hermann (1952) Languages of West Africa (Part II). London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press.

## External links

* PanAfrican L10n page on Kru/Bassa

Template:Kru languages Template:Niger-Congo branches

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