Kyrgyz language

Short description: Kipchak Turkic language of Central Asia

Not to be confused with Fuyu Kyrgyz language.

Kyrgyz

Кыргыз тили
kyrgyz tili
قىرعىز تئلى

Kyrgyz written in Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic scripts

Pronunciation| ky

Native to| Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China
Region| Central Asia
Ethnicity| Kyrgyz

Native speakers

| 5.15 million (2009 census)e26

Language family

Turkic

* Common Turkic
* Kipchak
* Kyrgyz–Kipchak
* Kyrgyz

Dialects|

* Pamiri Kyrgyz

Writing system

| Kyrgyz alphabets (Cyrillic script, Perso-Arabic script, Kyrgyz Braille) Historically, Old Turkic script
Official status

Official language in

|  Kyrgyzstan
China

* Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture

Organisations:

* Template:Country data Organization of Turkic States
Template:Country data Collective Security Treaty Organization

Recognised minority
language in

Uzbekistan
Tajikistan

Language codes
ISO 639-1| `ky`
ISO 639-1| `kir`
ISO 639-3| `kir`
Glottolog| `kirg1245`[1]
Linguasphere| `44-AAB-cd`

Places where Kyrgyz is spoken

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

File:“Чуңкурчак” көчү- 2017 этно фестивалы өттү.webm

File:WIKITONGUES- Azim speaking Kyrgyz.webmAzim, a speaker of the Kyrgyz language, recorded in Taiwan

Kyrgyz[lower-roman 1] is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia. It is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan. There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Altay. A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Turkey, parts of northern Pakistan, and Russia.

Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script,[2] gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin-script alphabet, the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 History
* 3 Dialects
* 4 Phonology
* 4.1 Vowels
* 4.1.1 Vowel harmony
* 4.2 Consonants
* 5 Lexicon
* 6 Orthography
* 7 Morphology and syntax
* 7.1 Case
* 7.2 Pronouns
* 7.3 Verbs
* 7.3.1 Subordinate clauses
* 8 Sample text
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography
* 13 External links

## Classification

Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language, forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has two distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz.[4]

Kyrgyz should not be confused with Old Kyrgyz (Yenisei Kyrgyz), which is a member of the South Siberian branch of Turkic languages. The living successor languages of Yenisei Kyrgyz are the Khakas language in the Russian Federation and the Fuyu Kyrgyz language in Northeastern China.[5][6][7]

## History

In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks, resulting in a language shift.

After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty, Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan, which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam. Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh, Uzbek and Uyghur.

## Dialects

Kyrgyz is divided into two main dialects, Northern and Southern. The Northern dialect has more Mongolian loanwords while the Southern one has more Uzbek ones. Standard Kyrgyz is based on Northern Kyrgyz.[8] There is also a third smaller dialect called Pamiri Kyrgyz.[9]

## Phonology

### Vowels

Kyrgyz vowel phonemes[10] | Front  | Back

|
|

unrounded | rounded  | unrounded | rounded
Close  | i | y | ɯ | u
Mid  | e | ø |  | o
Open  | (a)  |  | ɑ |

/a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/.[11] In most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable.[12]

#### Vowel harmony

The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan.

Vowel Harmony (Peace Corps Method)  Open vowels  | Shift  | Close vowels  | Example words

|
|
|

А (A)  | ⟷  | Ы (I)  | аттарыбыздан (attarıbızdan) "from our names"
⟵  | У (U)  | колдорубуздан (koldorubuzdan) "from our hands"
О (O)  | ⟶
Ө (Ö)  | ⟷  | Ү (Ü)  | көлдөрүбүздөн (köldörübüzdön) "from our lakes"
Э (Е)  | ⟷  | И (İ)  | иттерибизден (itteribizden) "from our dogs"

The strict vowel harmony system causes some notable phonotactical restrictions in vowels:

1. A word can only contain one vowel from each column, so if a word has Ö in its initial syllable, it will not contain A, O or E. And, since Ö points at Ü, the word also won't contain I, U or İ.
2. This system effectively makes the only distinction of vowels in non-initial syllables by height.

Some notable exceptions include the long rounded vowels (/oː/ /uː/ /øː/ /yː/), which can appear in suffixes regardless of roundedness of the previous vowels (although still following the front-back row harmony), and back rounded vowels, which unround to A after U, therefore creating the following order of vowels in a word with O in its initial syllable: O → U → A ↔︎ I

### Consonants

Kyrgyz consonant phonemes[13] | Labial  | Dental/
alveolar  | Post-
alveolar  | Dorsal

|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m | n |  | ŋ
Plosive  | voiceless | p | t |  | k
voiced | b | d |  | ɡ
Affricate  | voiceless |  |  | t͡ʃ |
voiced |  |  | d͡ʒ |
Fricative  | voiceless |  | s | ʃ | x*
voiced |  | z |  |
Approximant  |  | l |  | j
Trill  |  | r |  |

/x/ only occurs in loanwords.

## Lexicon

Kyrgyz has spent centuries in contact with numerous other languages, and as such has borrowed extensively from them. These languages include: Uzbek, Oirat, Mongolian, Russian, and Arabic.[14][8][15][16]

## Orthography

Main article: Social:Kyrgyz alphabets

Historically the Old Turkic Script was the first script used to write Kyrgyz.[17]

The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet, which uses all the Russian letters plus ң, ө and ү. In the Xinjiang region of China, an Arabic alphabet is used. Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to the Turkish alphabet, e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet. There are political shades to the Cyrillic-Latin debate. In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after a proposal by the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, to change the alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic nations. Osmonaliev was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov, who later clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet.[18]

Comparison of Kyrgyz alphabets[19] Cyrillic  | Braille  | Arabic  | Çaŋalip Latin

(1928–⁠1938)

|
|
|

А а  | ⠁  | ا  | A a
Б б  | ⠃  | ب  | B ʙ
В в  | ⠺  | ۋ  | V v
Г г  | ⠛  | گ

| G g, Ƣ ƣ
Д д  | ⠙  | د  | D d
Е е  | ⠑  | ە  | E e
Ё ё  | ⠡  | ي+و(يو)  | Jo jo
Ж ж  | ⠚  | ج  | Ç ç (Ƶ ƶ from 1938)
З з  | ⠵  | ز  | Z z
И и  | ⠊  | ئ  | I i
Й й  | ⠯  | ي  | J j
К к  | ⠅  | ك

| K k, Q q
Л л  | ⠇  | ل  | L l
М м  | ⠍  | م  | M m
Н н  | ⠝  | ن  | N n
Ң ң  | ⠽  | ڭ  | Ꞑ ꞑ / Ŋ ŋ
О о  | ⠕  | و  | O o
Ө ө  | ⠌  | ۅ  | Ɵ ɵ
П п  | ⠏  | پ  | P p
Р р  | ⠗  | ر  | R r
С с  | ⠎  | س  | S s
Т т  | ⠞  | ت  | T t
У у  | ⠥  | ۇ  | U u
Ү ү  | ⠧  | ۉ  | Y y
Ф ф  | ⠋  | ف  | F f
Х х  | ⠓  | ح  | H h
Ц ц  | ⠉  | (ت+س (تس  | Ts ts
Ч ч  | ⠟  | چ  | C c
Ш ш  | ⠱  | ش  | Ş ş
Щ щ  | ⠭  | \-  | ŞÇ şç
Ъ ъ  | ⠷  | \-  | \-
Ы ы  | ⠮  | ى  | Ь ь
Ь ь  | ⠾  | \-  | \-
Э э  | ⠪  | ە  | E e
Ю ю  | ⠳  | ي+ۇ(يۇ)  | Ju ju
Я я  | ⠫  | ي+ا(يا)  | Ja ja

## Morphology and syntax

Kyrgyz follows a subject-object-verb word order, Kyrgyz also has no grammatical gender with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several analytic grammatical features that English has, these include: auxiliary verbs (ex: to have), definite articles (ex: the), indefinite articles (ex: a/an), and modal verbs (ex: should; will), dependent clauses, and subordinating conjugations (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various synthetic grammatical structures.[17]

### Case

Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology).

Case  | Underlying form  | Possible forms  | "boat" | "air" | "bucket" | "hand" | "head" | "salt" | "eye"

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Nominative  | —  | кеме | аба | челек | кол | баш | туз | көз
Genitive  | -NIn  | -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн  | кеменин | абанын | челектин | колдун | баштын | туздун | көздүн
Dative  | -GA  | -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө  | кемеге | абага | челекке | колго | башка | тузга | көзгө
Accusative  | -NI  | -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү  | кемени | абаны | челекти | колду | башты | тузду | көздү
Locative  | -DA  | -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө  | кемеде | абада | челекте | колдо | башта | тузда | көздө
Ablative  | -DAn  | -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн  | кемеден | абадан | челектен | колдон | баштан | туздан | көздөн

Normally the decision between the velar ([ɡ ~ ɣ], [k]) and uvular ([ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q]) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word.

### Pronouns

Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:

Personal pronouns  | singular  | plural

|
|

1st person  | Мен (Men)  | Биз (Biz)
2nd person  | informal | Сен (Sen) | Силер (Siler)
formal | Сиз (Siz) | Сиздер (Sizder)
3rd person  | Ал (Al) | Алар (Alar)

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

Declension of pronouns  | Singular  | Plural

|
|

1st  | 2nd  | 3rd  | 1st  | 2nd  | 3rd
informal | formal | informal | formal
Nom  | мен | сен | сиз | ал | биз | силер | сиздер | алар
Acc  | мени | сени | сизди | аны | бизди | силерди | сиздерди | аларды
Gen  | менин | сенин | сиздин | анын | биздин | силердин | сиздердин | алардын
Dat  | мага | сага | сизге | ага | бизге | силерге | сиздерге | аларга
Loc  | менде | сенде | сизде | анда | бизде | силерде | сиздерде | аларда
Abl  | менден | сенден | сизден | андан | бизден | силерден | сиздерден | алардан

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

Morphemes indicating person  | pronouns | copulas | present tense | possessive endings | past/conditional | imperative

|
|
|
|
|
|

1st sg  | мен | -mIn | -mIn | -(I)m | -(I)m | -AyIN
2nd sg  | informal | сен | -sIŋ | -sIŋ | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋ | —, -GIn
formal | сиз | -sIz | -sIz | -(I)ŋIz | -(I)ŋIz | -GIlA
3rd sg  | ал | — | -t | -(s)I(n) | — | -sIn
1st pl  | биз | -BIz | -BIz | -(I)bIz | -(I)K | -AyIK
2nd pl  | informal | силер | -sIŋAr | -sIŋAr | -(I)ŋAr | -(I)ŋAr |
formal | сиздер | -sIzdAr | -sIzdAr | -(I)ŋIzdAr | -(I)nIzdAr |
3rd pl  | алар | — | -(I)şAt | -(s)I(n) | — | -sIn, -IşsIn

### Verbs

Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules.

Simple present tense conjugations (Peace Corps)  | Per. Pronoun  | Vowel  | Consonant

|
|
|

1st sg  | Мен  | -м  | -м
2nd pl  | informal | Сен  | -йс<ң  | -йс<ң
formal | Сиз  | -йс<з  | -йс<з
3rd sg  | Ал  | -йт  | -йт
1st pl  | Биз  | -йб>з  | -<б>з
2nd pl  | informal | Силер  |  |
formal | Сиздер  |  |
3rd pl  | Алар  |  |

#### Subordinate clauses

To form complement clauses, Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be: Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels.

Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are the most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings.

## Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[20]

Cyrillic script
Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң-сезими менен абийири бар жана бири-бирине бир туугандык мамиле кылууга тийиш.
Arabic script
باردىق ادامدار ۅز بەدەلىندە جانا ۇقۇقتارىندا ەركىن جانا تەڭ ۇقۇقتۇۇ بولۇپ جارالات. الاردىن اڭ-سەزىمى مەنەن ابئيىرى بار جانا بئرى-بىرىنە بئر تۇۇعاندىق مامئلە قىلۇۇعا تئيىش.
Latin script
Bardyk adamdar öz bedelinde jana ukuktarynda erkin jana teng ukuktuu bolup jaralat. Alardyn ang-sezimi menen abiiri bar jana biri-birine bir tuugandyk mamile kyluuga tiish.
IPA transcription
[bɑɾˈdɯq ɑdɑmˈdɑɾ øz bedelɪnˈde d͡ʒɑˈnɑ uquqtɑɾɯnˈdɑ eɾˈkin d͡ʒɑˈnɑ teŋ uquqˈtuː boˈɫup d͡ʒɑɾɑˈɫɑt ‖ ɑɫɑɾˈdɯn ɑɴ‿seziˈmi meˈnen ɑβijiˈɾi bɑr d͡ʒɑˈnɑ biɾi‿βiɾiˈne biɾ tuːʁɑnˈdɯq mamiˈle qɯɫuːˈʁɑ tiˈjiɕ ‖]
English translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

## See also

* BGN/PCGN romanization of Kyrgyz
* Kyrgyz people
* Romanization of Kyrgyz

## Notes

1. ↑

* English: /ˈkɪərɡɪz, ˈkɜːrɡɪz/
* Cyrillic: Кыргыз тили / Кыргызча
* Latin: Kyrgyz tili / Kyrgyzcha
* Arabic: قىرعىز تئلى / قىرعىزچا
* ky

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kirghiz". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kirg1245.
2. ↑ Кызласов И. Л., Рунические письменности евразийских степей (Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes), Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, ISBN 978-5-02-017741-3, with further bibliography.
3. ↑ Altynbayev, Kanat. "Kyrgyzstan considers switch to Latin alphabet from Cyrillic" (in en-GB). https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2019/09/24/feature-02.
4. ↑ "Glottolog 4.3 - Kirghiz". https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kirg1245.
5. ↑ Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003, p. 110.
6. ↑ Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.
7. ↑ Giovanni Stary; Alessandra Pozzi; Juha Antero Janhunen; Michael Weiers (2006). Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-3-447-05378-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA112.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Kyrgyz (Kirgiz, Kyrghyz, Kirghiz)". University of Cambridge. https://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/langk/kyrgyz.html.
9. ↑ Callahan, Ted (2007). "The Kyrgyz of the Afghan Pamir Ride On". Nomadic Peoples 11 (1): 39–48. doi:10.3167/np.2007.110103. ISSN 0822-7942. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123791.
10. ↑ Kara (2003:10)
11. ↑ Washington (2007:11)
12. ↑ Washington (2006b:2)
13. ↑ Kara (2003:11)
14. ↑ Alimov, Rysbek (2024-04-01). "Western Mongolian (Oirat-Kalmyk) loanwords in Kyrgyz" (in English). Orientalia Suecana 73: 5–27. doi:10.33063/os.v73.501. ISSN 2001-7324. https://libmast.utm.my/Record/doaj.art-24cf572b2c1d48c1846fd359a57bdc59.
15. ↑ Acar, Ömer (2024-08-29). "Kırgız Türkçesi İle Türkiye Türkçesindeki Ortak Arapça Kelimelerin Ses Değişimleri" (in tr). Journal of Turkish Studies 10 (8): 273–298. doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.8219. https://turkishstudies.net/turkishstudies?mod=makale_ing_ozet&makale_id=18551.
16. ↑ "Russian Loanwords in Kyrgyz - PhD thesis - Dissertation". https://www.dissertationtopic.net/doc/1508512.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jumabaeva, Guliam; Abylkasymove, Miriam (June 1996) (in en, ky). Kyrgyz Language Manual. Bishkek: Peace Corps, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan). pp. 13–18.
18. ↑ Russia Suspends Dairy Products From Kyrgyzstan After Calls In Bishkek To Drop Cyrillic Script. Radio Free Europe, 21 April 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023
19. ↑ "Kyrgyz language and alphabets". https://omniglot.com/writing/kirghiz.htm.
20. ↑ Kyrgyz edition of Universal Declaration of Human Rights

## Bibliography

* Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-843-6
* Krippes, Karl A. (1998). Kyrgyz: Kyrgyz-English/English-Kyrgyz: Glossary of Terms. Hippocrene Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-7818-0641-1.
* Library of Congress, Country Studies, Kyrgyzstan.
* Comrie, Bernard. 1983. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987/1993. "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia." Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Tchoroev, Tyntchtykbek. 2003. The Kyrgyz.; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol. 5, Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors: Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. – UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. – Chapter 4, p. 109–125. (ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1).
* Washington, Jonathan North (2006b), Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony, http://jnw.name/papers/2006wi-kgvowels.pdf, retrieved 2007-04-12
* Washington, Jonathan North (2007), Phonetic and Phonological Problems in Kyrgyz: A Fulbrighter's plans for gathering data in the field, http://jnw.name/papers/2007su-kyrgyz_handout.pdf, retrieved 2015-06-29

## External links

|  кыргызча edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

|

| Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kyrgyz.

|

* Language Policies, Attitudes, and Beliefs in Kyrgyzstan
* El-Sozduk – English-Kyrgyz online dictionary, phrasebook, Android app
* Ferdinand, S. & Komlósi, F. 2016. Vitality of the Kyrgyz Language in Bishkek. IJORS, 5/2, pp. 210–226.
* Kyrgyz language
* Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "事前学習補助教材Кыргыз тили （キルギス語）" (Kyrgyz exercises; Archive) - Japan International Cooperation Agency
* The Talking Kyrgyz Phrasebook
* Кыргыз тили – Kyrgyz language resources (in Russian)
* Кербен Translit – Easy Kyrgyz-Cyrillic–Latin converter
* Kyrgyz Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter
* Kyrgyz–Russian–English Dictionary
* Kyrgyz Latin Alphabet
* Kyrgyz-Turkish Dictionary
* Kyrgyz<>Turkish dictionary (Pamukkale University)
* Russian-Kyrgyz Kyrgyz-Russian Dictionary
* Kyrgyz – Apertium

Template:Languages of Kyrgyzstan Template:Languages of Afghanistan

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Pakistan

Official languages|

* Urdu
* English

Other languages
(by administrative unit)|

| Azad Kashmir|

* Dogri
* Gujari
* Kashmiri
* Kundal Shahi
* Pahari-Pothwari

|

Balochistan|

* Balochi
* Brahui
* Dehwari
* Hazaragi
* Jadgali
* Khetrani
* Pashto
* Wanetsi

Gilgit-Baltistan|

* Balti
* Burushaski
* Domaaki
* Khowar
* Purgi
* Shina
* Wakhi

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|

* Burushaski
* Badeshi
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati
* Gowro
* Hindko
* Indus Kohistani
* Kalami
* Kalasha-mun
* Kalkoti
* Kamviri
* Khowar
* Mankiyali
* Munji
* Ormuri
* Palula
* Pashto
* Torwali
* Ushoji
* Wazir
* Yidgha

Punjab|

* Bagri
* Dogri
* Pahari-Pothwari
* Punjabi
* dialects
* Saraiki
* Rajasthani

Sindh|

* Aer
* Bagri
* Bengali
* Bhaya
* Dhatki
* Goaria
* Gujarati
* Jandavra
* Jogi
* Koli
* Parkari
* Kutchi
* Loarki
* Marwari
* Memoni
* Mewari
* Od
* Rajasthani
* Sindhi
* Urdu
* Vaghri

Related topics|

* Indo-Aryan languages
* Dardic languages
* Iranic languages
* Pakistani Sign Language
* Arabic
* Persian
* Pakistani Hindi (Hindi)
* Persian and Urdu
* Chagatai

* v
* t
* e

Languages of China

Official|

* Standard Mandarin

Regional|

| ARs / SARs|

* CantoneseHK/MC
* EnglishHK
* MongolianNM
* PortugueseMC
* TibetanXZ
* UyghurXJ
* ZhuangGX

|

Prefecture|

* Hmong
* Kam
* Bouyei
* Tujia
* Korean
* Qiang
* Yi
* Kyrgyz
* Kazakh
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Lü
* Zaiwa
* Lisu
* Bai
* Hani
* Zhuang

Counties/Banners|

numerous

Indigenous|

Sino-Tibetan languages

| Lolo-
Burmese|

| Mondzish|

* Kathu
* Maang
* Manga
* Mango
* Maza
* Mondzi
* Muangphe

|

Burmish|

* Achang
* Xiandao
* Pela
* Lashi
* Chashan
* Lhao Vo
* Zaiwa

Loloish|

| Hanoish|

* Akeu
* Akha
* Amu
* Angluo
* Asuo
* Baihong
* Bisu
* Budu
* Bukong
* Cosao
* Duoni
* Duota
* Enu
* Habei
* Hani
* Honi
* Jino
* Kabie
* Kaduo
* Lami
* Laomian
* Laopin
* Mpi
* Muda
* Nuobi
* Nuomei
* Phana’
* Piyo
* Qidi
* Sadu
* Sangkong
* Suobi
* Tsukong
* Woni
* Yiche

|

Lisoish|

* Eka
* Hlersu
* Kua-nsi
* Kuamasi
* Laizisi
* Lalo
* Lamu
* Lavu
* Lawu
* Limi
* Lipo
* Lisu
* Lolopo
* Mangdi
* Micha
* Mili
* Sonaga
* Toloza
* Xuzhang
* Yangliu
* Zibusi

Nisoish|

* Alingpo
* Alugu
* Aluo
* Axi
* Azha
* Azhe
* Bokha
* Gepo
* Khlula
* Lope
* Moji
* Muji
* Muzi
* Nasu
* Nisu
* Nuosu
* Phala
* Phola
* Phowa
* Phukha
* Phuma
* Phupa
* Phupha
* Phuza
* Samei
* Sani
* Thopho
* Zokhuo

Other|

* Gokhy
* Katso
* Kucong
* Lahu
* Naruo
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Nusu
* Samu
* Sanie
* Zauzou

Qiangic|

* Baima
* Choyo
* Ersu
* Guiqiong
* Horpa
* Japhug
* Khroskyabs
* Laze
* Lizu
* Na
* Muya
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Pumi
* Northern Qiang
* Southern Qiang
* Shixing
* Situ
* Tshobdun
* Zbu
* Zhaba

Tibetic|

* Amdo
* Baima
* Basum
* Central Tibetan
* Choni
* Dao
* Dongwang
* Drugchu
* Groma
* Gserpa
* Khalong
* Khams
* Kyirong
* Ladakhi
* Tseku
* Zhongu
* Zitsadegu

Other|

* Bai
* Caijia
* Derung
* Jingpho
* Longjia
* Nung
* Tujia
* Waxianghua

Other languages

| Austroasiatic|

* Bit
* Blang
* Bolyu
* Bugan
* Bumang
* Hu
* Kuan
* Mang
* Man Met
* Muak Sa-aak
* Palaung
* Riang
* U
* Va
* Wa

|

Hmong-Mien|

| Hmongic|

* A-Hmao
* Bu-Nao
* Gejia
* Guiyang
* Hm Nai
* Hmong
* Hmu
* Huishui
* Kiong Nai
* Luobohe
* Mashan
* Pa-Hng
* Pa Na
* Pingtang
* Qo Xiong
* Raojia
* She
* Small Flowery
* Xixiu
* Younuo

|

Mienic|

* Biao Min
* Dzao Min
* Iu Mien
* Kim Mun

Mongolic|

* Bonan
* Buryat
* Daur
* Eastern Yugur
* Kangjia
* Khamnigan
* Monguor
* Oirat
* Ordos
* Santa
* Torgut

Kra-Dai|

| Zhuang|

* Bouyei
* Dai
* Min
* Ningming
* Nong
* Tai Dam
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hongjin
* Tai Lü
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Ya
* Yang
* Yei

|

Other|

* Ai-Cham
* Biao
* Buyang
* Cao Miao
* Chadong
* Cun
* Gelao
* Hlai
* Jiamao
* Kam
* Lakkja
* Mak
* Maonan
* Mulam
* Naxi Yao
* Ong Be
* Paha
* Qabiao
* Sui
* Then

Tungusic|

* Evenki
* Manchu
* Nanai
* Oroqen
* Xibe

Turkic|

* Äynu
* Fuyu Kyrgyz
* Ili Turki
* Lop
* Salar
* Western Yugur

Other|

* Sarikoli (Indo-European)
* Tsat (Austronesian)
* Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Minority|

* Kazakh
* Korean
* Kyrgyz
* Russian
* Tatar
* Tuvan
* Uzbek
* Vietnamese (Kinh)
* Wakhi

Varieties of
Chinese|

* Mandarin
* Southwestern
* Dongbei
* Jiang Huai
* Gan
* Hakka
* Hui
* Jin
* Min
* varieties
* Ping
* Wu
* Wenzhounese
* Xiang
* Yue
* Cantonese

Creole/Mixed|

* E
* Hezhou
* Lingling
* Macanese
* Maojia
* Qoqmončaq
* Sanqiao
* Tangwang
* Wutun

Extinct|

* Ba-Shu
* Jie
* Khitan
* Ruan-ruan
* Saka
* Tangut
* Tocharian
* Tuoba
* Tuyuhun
* Xianbei
* Zhang-Zhung

Sign|

* Chinese Sign
* Hong Kong SignHK/MC
* Tibetan SignXZ

* GX = Guangxi
* HK = Hong Kong
* MC = Macau
* NM = Inner Mongolia
* XJ = Xinjiang
* XZ = Tibet

* v
* t
* e

Turkic languages

Proto-language|

* Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic|

| Arghu|

* Khalaj

|

Karluk|

* Äynu1
* Ili Turki
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Extinct
* Middle Turkic
* Khorezmian
* Chagatai

Kipchak|

| Ponto-Caspian|

* Crimean Tatar
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Urum
* Extinct
* Kipchak
* Cuman

|

Aralo-Caspian|

* Siberian Tatar
* Karakalpak
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Extinct
* Fergana Kipchak

Uralo-Caspian|

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* Extinct
* Old Tatar

Oghuz|

* Azerbaijani
* Gagauz
* Khorasani Turkic
* Qashqai
* Rumelian Turkish
* Salar
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Extinct
* Pecheneg2
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish

Siberian|

* Altai
* Chulym
* Dolgan
* Khakas
* Shor
* Tofa
* Tuvan
* Yakut
* Western Yugur2
* Extinct
* Orkhon Turkic
* Old Turkic
* Old Uyghur
* Fuyu Girgis
* Dukhan

Oghur|

* Chuvash
* Extinct
* Khazar2
* Bulgar

* 1 Mixed language.
* 2 Classification disputed.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz language. Read more

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