LGBT adoption

The adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT+) people may be in the form of a joint adoption by a same-sex couple, adoption by one partner of the other's biological child (step-child adoption), or adoption by a single LGBT+ person. Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in twenty-seven countries as well as several subnational jurisdictions and dependent territories. Furthermore, some form of step-child adoption is legal for same-sex couples in five additional countries.

Given that constitutions and statutes usually do not address the adoption rights of LGBT persons, judicial decisions often determine whether they can serve as parents either individually or as couples.

Opponents of LGBT adoption have argued that LGBT parenting adversely affects children. However, scientific research consistently shows that gay and lesbian parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as those reared by heterosexual parents.[1][2][3]

## Contents

* 1 LGBT parenting
* 2 Debate
* 2.1 Arguments
* 2.2 Public opinion
* 2.3 National debates
* 3 Legal status
* 3.1 Africa
* 3.1.1 South Africa
* 3.2 Americas
* 3.2.1 Canada
* 3.2.2 Chile
* 3.2.3 Colombia
* 3.2.4 Honduras
* 3.2.5 Mexico
* 3.2.6 United States
* 3.2.7 Uruguay
* 3.3 Asia
* 3.3.1 Israel
* 3.3.2 Taiwan
* 3.4 Europe
* 3.5 Oceania
* 3.5.1 Australia
* 3.5.2 New Zealand
* 4 Summary of laws by jurisdiction
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## LGBT parenting

Lesbian couple with children

Main article: Social:LGBT parenting

The existing body of research on outcomes for children with LGBT parents includes limited studies that consider the specific case of adoption. Moreover, where studies do mention adoption they often fail to distinguish between outcomes for unrelated children versus those in their original family or step-families, causing research on the more general case of LGBT parenting to be used to counter the claims of LGBT-adoption opponents.[4] One study has addressed the question directly, evaluating the outcomes of adoptees less than 3-years old who had been placed in one of 56 lesbian and gay households since infancy. Despite the small sample, and the fact that the children have yet to become aware of their adoption status or the dynamics of gender development, the study found no significant associations between parental sexual orientation and child adjustment.[5]

Scientific research indicates that the children of same-sex couples fare just as well as the children of opposite-sex couples.[6]

## Debate

### Arguments

The adoption of children by LGBT people is an issue of active debate. In the United States, for example, legislation to prevent adoption by LGBT people has been introduced in many jurisdictions; such efforts have largely been defeated. Prior to 1973, state courts commonly barred gay and lesbian individuals from holding a parenting role, especially through adoption.[7]

Major professional organizations have made statements in defense of adoption by same-sex couples. The American Psychological Association has supported adoption by same-sex couples, citing social prejudice as harming the psychological health of lesbians and gays while noting there is no evidence that their parenting causes harm.[8][9][10][11] The American Medical Association has issued a similar position supporting second parent adoption by same-sex partner, stating that lack of formal recognition can cause health-care disparities for children of same-sex parents.[12]

The following arguments are made in support of adoption by LGBT parents:

* The right of a child to have a family, guardians or people who can take care of their wellbeing[13]
* Human rights – child's and parent's right to have a family life[14][15]
* There are almost no differences between children raised by same-sex or straight couples.[16][17][18] For that reason, sexual orientation of the parents has almost no relevance when it comes to raising a child[19]
* Evidence confirming that, despite the claims of those opposed to LGBT+ parenting,[20] same-sex couples can provide good conditions to raise a child[21][22][23]
* For the children, adoption is a better alternative to orphanage[24][25][26][27][28][excessive citations]
* Less formalities for step-parents in everyday life, as well as the situation of a death of a biological parent of a child[29][30]

The following arguments are made against adoption by LGBT parents:

* Many adoption agencies are faith-based - it may go against their religion to support LGBTQ+ parents.[31]
* Some people think that children need a mom and a dad, rather than both of one or the other, or neither (nonbinary). They assume that one gender can teach certain things to their children that the other gender can't.[32][33]
* Some people think that children raised in same-sex parenting (or otherwise LGBTQ+) households will more likely experience gender and sexual disorders.[32]
* There are a lot of thoughts about typical gender roles, including what a mother and father should do in the house, as well as women needing to "domesticate" men.[32]

### Public opinion

### National debates

As of February 2021[update], there are national debates on LGBT parenthood in the following countries:

* Chile[34][35]
* Czech Republic (step-child or partial adoption)[36]

## Legal status

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples around the world:

Joint adoption by same-sex couples allowed

Second-parent adoption allowed

No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in the following countries:

* Andorra (2014)[37]
* Argentina (2010)[38]
* Australia (first jurisdiction 2002, last jurisdiction 2018)
* Austria (2016)[39]
* Belgium (2006)[40]
* Brazil (2010)[41]
* Canada (first jurisdiction 1996, last jurisdiction 2011)[42][43]
* Colombia (2015)[44]
* Costa Rica (2020)
* Croatia (Partner-Guardianship since 2014;[45][46]
* Denmark (2010)[47]
* Greenland (2016)[48]
* Faroe Islands (2017)[49]
* Finland (2017)[50]
* France (2013)[51]
* Germany (2017)[52]
* Iceland (2006)[53]
* Ireland (2015)[54]
* Israel (2008)
* Luxembourg (2015)[55][56]
* Malta (2014)[57]
* Netherlands (2001)[58]
* New Zealand (2013)[58]
* Norway (2009)[59]
* Portugal (2016)[60]
* South Africa (2002)[61]
* Spain (2005)[62]
* Sweden (2003)[63]
* Switzerland (2022)[64]
* United Kingdom
* England and Wales (2005)[65]
* Scotland (2009)[66]
* Northern Ireland (2013)[67][68]
* United States (first jurisdiction 1993, last jurisdiction 2017)[69][70][71][72][excessive citations]
* Uruguay (2009)[73][74]

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in the following subnational jurisdictions or dependent territories:

* UK Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories:
* Bermuda (2015)[75]
* Cayman Islands (2019)
* Gibraltar (2014)[76]
* Guernsey (2017)[77]
* Isle of Man (2011)[78]
* Jersey (2012)[79]
* Pitcairn Islands (2015)[80]
* Falkland Islands (2017)[81]
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (2017)[82]
* Mexico:
* Aguascalientes (2019)[83]
* Baja California (2017)
* Campeche (2016)[84]
* Chiapas (2017)[85]
* Chihuahua (2017)
* Coahuila (2014)[86]
* Colima (2016)[87]
* Hidalgo (2019)
* Mexico City (2010)[88]
* Michoacán (2016)[89]
* Morelos (2016)[90]
* Nayarit (2019)
* San Luis Potosí (2019)[91]
* Puebla (2017)
* Veracruz (2016)[92]
* Querétaro (2017)[93]
* Caribbean Netherlands (2012)[94]

The following countries permit step-child adoption in which the partner in a relationship can adopt the natural and the adopted child of his or her partner:

* Estonia (2016)[95]
* Italy (2016 – on a case-by-case basis)[96]
* Slovenia (2011)[97][98]
* San Marino (2018)[99]
* Taiwan (2019)[100]
* Liechtenstein (2021)[101]

### Africa

#### South Africa

South Africa is the only African country to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. The 2002 decision of the Constitutional Court in the case of Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development amended the Child Care Act, 1983 to allow both joint adoption and stepparent adoption by "permanent same-sex life partners".[102] The Child Care Act has since been replaced by the Children's Act, 2005, which allows joint adoption by "partners in a permanent domestic life-partnership", whether same- or opposite-sex, and stepparent adoption by a person who is the "permanent domestic life-partner" of the child's current parent.[103] Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2006, and is equivalent to opposite-sex marriage for all purposes, including adoption.

### Americas

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in North America:

Joint adoption legal

No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

Legal status in the states of Mexico. Legal status of adoption by Same sex couples in South America

Gay adoption legal

Gay adoption illegal

Homosexuality illegal

Unknown/ambiguous

#### Canada

Canada has no nation-wide law legalizing same-sex adoption, but rather has smaller provincial laws that cover the entire nation. Same-sex adoption legalization in Canada began with British Columbia in 1996 and was finalized with Nunavut in 2011.[104][105] By 2013, an Ipsos Global poll showed 70% of Canadians approved of same-sex adoption to some degree with 45% strongly approving.[106]

#### Chile

In Chile, same-sex couples are allowed to apply to adopt a child. If applicants are approved as suitable to adopt, legally only one of them would be the legal parent of the child.[107] A 2017 survey, shows that 45% of Chileans support same sex adoption, whilst 50% are opposed.[108]

#### Colombia

On 4 November 2015, in a 6-2 Constitutional Court ruling, Colombia decided to allow adoption by LGBT peoples.[109] The ruling came before same-sex marriage became legal in the country on 28 April 2016.[110]

#### Honduras

As of May 2019, the Honduras Supreme Court is expected to rule on a decision regarding both same-sex marriage and adoption.[111]

#### Mexico

Same-sex couples are able to adopt in Mexico City (since 2010), Coahuila (2014). Campeche (2016), Colima (2016), Michoacán (2016), Morelos (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Chihuahua (2017), Querétaro (2017), Puebla (2018), Chiapas (2018) , Nayarit (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), Hidalgo (2019) and San Luis Potosí (2019).

In Mexico City, the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District passed legislation on 21 December 2009 enabling same-sex couples to adopt children.[112] Eight days later, Head of Government ("Mayor") Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law, which officially took effect on 4 March 2010.[88][113]

On 24 November 2011, the Coahuila Supreme Court struck down the state's law barring same-sex couples from adopting, urging the state's legislature to amend the adoption law as soon as possible.[114] On 12 February 2014, the state's congress overwhelmingly approved the measure more than two years following the supreme court decision.[86]

On 3 February 2017 the SCJN emitted tesis 08/2017 in which it is stated that the family of the LGBT community doesn't end with a couple, but that it also extends onto the right to have and raise children. Therefore, LGBT couples wishing to form a family and adopt children will be legally protected and can't be limited by any governmental entity.[115]

In October 2021, a bill was introduced to the legislature of Baja California Sur.[116]

#### United States

Adoption by LGBT individuals or same-sex couples is legal in all fifty states as of June 2017.

#### Uruguay

A government-sponspored adoption law in Uruguay allowing LGBT adoption was approved by the lower house on 28 August 2009, and by the Senate on 9 September 2009. In October 2009, the law was signed by President and took effect.[74] According to Equipos Mori Poll's, 53% of Uruguayans are opposed to same sex adoption against 39% that support it. Interconsult's Poll made in 2008 says that 49% are opposed to same sex adoption against 35% that support it.[73][117]

### Asia

LGBT rights for adoption of children in Asia are almost inexistent, except in Israel. Some Asian countries still criminalise same-sex activities, do not have anti-discrimination laws, which are an obstacle from legislating for LGBT adoption.[118]

#### Israel

A January 2005 ruling of the Israeli Supreme Court allowed stepchild adoptions for same-sex couples. Israel previously allowed limited co-guardianship rights for non-biological parents.[119] In February 2008, a court in Israel ruled that same-sex couples were now permitted to adopt a child regardless of whether the child is biologically related or not to either parent.[120] This marked a watershed in granting equal rights to all gay people in Israel.[120]

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in part of West Asia and in Egypt

Gay adoption legal

Homosexuality illegal

Neither/unknown/ambiguous

#### Taiwan

Same-sex couples are able to legally adopt. However, they can only adopt the biological child of their same-sex partner (so-called stepchild adoptions). Taiwan law only allows for married people to adopt, but also allows single individuals to adopt, depending on the circumstances, including individual LGBT people. The same-sex marriage law (that passed the Legislative Yuan in May 2019) grants same-sex couples the right to adopt children genetically related to one of the partners.[121]

### Europe

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:

Joint adoption legal

Stepparent adoption legal1

No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

1In Italy step-child adoption can only be done by a court order under legal precedent.

In February 2006, France 's Court of Cassation ruled that both partners in a same-sex relationship can have parental rights over one partner's biological child. The result came from a case where a woman tried to give parental rights of her two daughters to her partner, with whom she was in a civil union.[122] In the case of adoption, however, in February 2007, the same court ruled against a lesbian couple where one partner tried to adopt the child of the other partner. The court stated that the woman's partner cannot be recognized unless the mother withdrew her own parental rights.[123][124] On 17 May 2013, French President François Hollande signed into law the bill that opened marriage and adoption rights linked to it for same sex couples.[125]

In 1998, a nursery school teacher from Lons-le-Saunier, living as a couple with another woman, had applied for an authorization to adopt a child from the département (local government) of Jura. The adoption board recommended against the authorization because the child would lack a paternal reference, and thus the president of the département ruled against the authorization.[126] The case was appealed before the administrative courts and ended before the Council of State, acting as supreme administrative court, which ruled against the woman.[127] The European Court of Human Rights concluded that these actions and this ruling were a violation of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights taken in conjunction with Article 8.[126][128]

On 2 June 2006, the Icelandic Parliament unanimously passed a proposal accepting adoption, parenting and assisted insemination treatment for same-sex couples on the same basis as heterosexual couples. The law went into effect on 27 June 2006.

In Bulgaria, according to the Ministry of Justice the laws regarding adoption "lack a norm, concerning the sexual orientation of the individuals". Therefore, a single gay person or same-sex couples may adopt.[129][130]

On 17 May 2013, the Portuguese parliament approved a bill in first reading allowing "co-adoption" of the biological or adopted child of the same-sex spouse or partner, where that spouse or partner is the only legally recognized parent of the child (e.g. the mother with the natural father not being registered). However, in October 2013 members of parliament opposed to the bill proposed a referendum on the issue and killed a motion to have the second vote in the plenary;[131][132] the motion on the possible referendum was then considered,[133] but the Constitutional Court declared it unconstitutional.[134] On 14 March 2014, the original bill was rejected in second reading.[132] On 20 November 2015, 5 proposals from several left-wing parties were voted favourably by the new parliament as result of 4 October General Elections.[132]

In July 2014 through Life Partnership Act Croatia recognized an institution similar to step-child adoption called partner-guardian. A partner who is not a biological parent of a child can share parental responsibilities with a biological parent or parents if they agree to it, or if the court decides it is in the best interest of a child. Additionally, a biological parent or parents can temporarily give a partner who is not a biological parent full parental responsibilities. A partner who is not a biological parent can also gain permanent parental responsibilities through an institution of partner-guardian if both biological parents of a child have died, or exceptionally if a second biological parent of a child is unknown, and if the court decides it is in the best interest of a child.[135]

In January 2015, the Constitutional Court of Austria found the existing laws on adoption to be unconstitutional and ordered the laws to be changed by 31 December 2015 to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples in Austria.[136][137]

On 6 April 2015, the Children and Family Relationships Bill 2015 passed by Parliament in March 2015 which extends full adoption rights to cohabiting couples and those in civil partnerships was promulgated by the President of Ireland. The law went into effect a year later on 6 April 2016.[138][139][140][141]

On 20 November 2015 the Portuguese Parliament approved; by 141 votes against 87 with 2 abstentions; a diploma presented by all the parties (except the right-wing PàF) to allow same-sex adoption. On 26 January 2016, the conservative Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva vetoed the bill and a week later the Portuguese Parliament overridden the veto. The law went into effect on 1 March 2016.[142][143][144]

On 22 June 2016 the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation upheld a lower court's decision to approve a request for a lesbian to adopt her partner's daughter. Prosecutors had appealed against the decision by the Rome court of appeal. Decisions by the supreme court set a precedent.[145]

In December 2020, Hungary explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution.[146][147]

In April 2021, a court in Croatia ruled that same-sex partners have the right to jointly adopt. The ruling is, however, still up to appeal.[148]

### Oceania

#### Australia

See also: LGBT rights in Australia

In Australia , same-sex adoption is legal in all states and territories since April 2018.

#### New Zealand

The Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, which came into force on 19 August 2013, allowed same-sex marriage and permitted married same-sex couples to jointly adopt children. Previously, an LGBT individual was able to adopt children, but same-sex couples could not adopt jointly.[149]

Currently, there are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that a male individual cannot adopt a female child. Same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples were able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried couples of any sex and couples in a civil union can now jointly adopt children, under a New Zealand High Court ruling in December 2015. The ban breached the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.[150] The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child, and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child.

## Summary of laws by jurisdiction

European laws on adoption by same-sex couples  Country  | LGBT individual may petition to adopt  | Same-sex couple may jointly petition  | Same-sex partner may petition to adopt partner's child  | Same-sex couples are allowed to foster or stepchild foster

|
|
|
|

Andorra | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Austria  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[lower-alpha 1]
Belgium  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Belarus | No | No | No | No
Bulgaria  | Yes | No | No | No
Croatia  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[151]
Czech Republic | Yes | Yes/No[lower-alpha 2] | No[lower-alpha 3][152] | Yes[153]
Cyprus | Yes | No | No | No
Denmark | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Estonia  | Yes | No[lower-alpha 4] | Yes | Yes
Faroe Islands | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Finland | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
France | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Germany | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Gibraltar | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Greece  | Yes | No | No | Yes
Guernsey  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Hungary  | No | No | No | No
Iceland  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Ireland  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Isle of Man  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Italy  | No[lower-alpha 5] | No | No[lower-alpha 6][154] | No[lower-alpha 6][154]
Jersey  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Latvia  | Yes | No | No | No
Liechtenstein | Yes | No | No | No
Lithuania  | No[lower-alpha 6] | No | No | No
Luxembourg  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Malta  | Yes[155] | Yes | Yes | Yes
Monaco | No | No | No | No
Netherlands  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Norway | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Poland | Yes | No | No | No
Portugal  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Romania  | No | No | No | No
San Marino  | Yes | No | Yes[99] | No
Slovakia  | Yes | No | No | No
Slovenia  | Yes | No | Yes | No[lower-alpha 7]
Spain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Sweden  | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Switzerland | Yes | Yes[lower-alpha 8] | Yes[156][157] | Yes
United Kingdom | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes

1. ↑ except state of Lower Austria
2. ↑ Same-sex couples may adopt, although only one is recognized as legal parent
3. ↑ bill pending
4. ↑ but couples where both partners are infertile may also adopt Non-biological children
5. ↑ single people may adopt only in exceptional circumstances, independently of their sexual orientation
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 but exceptions are made
7. ↑ but singles can foster
8. ↑ eff. July 2022

Latin American and Caribbean laws on adoption by same-sex couples  Country  | Same-sex couple joint petition  | LGBT individual adoption  | Same-sex stepparent adoption

|
|
|

Argentina | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Belize  | No  | No  | No
Bermuda  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Bolivia  | No  | Yes  | No
Brazil | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Chile | Yes/No[lower-alpha 1] | Yes  | No
Colombia  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Costa Rica  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Cuba  | No  | No  | No
Dominican Republic  | No  | No  | No
Ecuador  | No[lower-alpha 2] | Yes  | No[lower-alpha 2]
El Salvador  | No  | No  | No
Falkland Islands  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
French Guiana  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Guatemala  | No  | No  | No
Guyana  | No[lower-alpha 3] | No[lower-alpha 3] | No[lower-alpha 3]
Honduras  | No[lower-alpha 2] | No[lower-alpha 2] | No[lower-alpha 2]
Mexico  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Nicaragua  | No  | No  | No
Paraguay  | No  | Yes  | No
Peru  | No  | No  | No
Puerto Rico  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Suriname  | No  | No  | No
Uruguay  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Venezuela  | No  | No  | No

1. ↑ Same-sex couples may adopt, although only one is recognized as legal parent
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 constitutional ban
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Gay sex illegal

## See also

* Same-sex marriage
* Civil union
* LGBT rights
* Heterosexism
* Adoption proceedings of Emma Rose
* Mommy Mommy, a 2007 documentary about a lesbian adoptive couple
* Preacher's Sons, a 2008 documentary about a gay adoptive couple
* Catholic Charities USA § Controversies
* Same-sex adult adoption

## References

1. ↑ "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association". 2006. http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Marriage of Same-Sex Couples Position Statement - October 2006 (1).pdf.
2. ↑ "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society". https://www.psychology.org.au/getmedia/47196902-158d-4cbb-86e6-2f3f1c71ffd1/LGBT-families-literature-review.pdf.pdf.
3. ↑ "Brief of the American Psychological Association, Kentucky Psychological Association, Ohio Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Michigan Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, National Association of Social Workers, National Association of Social Workers Tennessee Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Michigan Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Kentucky Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Ohio Chapter, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Medical Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners". https://www.supremecourt.gov/ObergefellHodges/AmicusBriefs/14-556_American_Psychological_Association.pdf.
4. ↑ Charlotte Patterson, et. al, "Adolescents with Same-Sex Parents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 7 November 2007, pg. 2
5. ↑ Farr, Rachel H; Forssell, Stephen L; Patterson, Charlotte J (2010). "Parenting and Child Development in Adoptive Families: Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter?". Applied Developmental Science 14 (3): 164–178. doi:10.1080/10888691.2010.500958. ISSN 1088-8691. http://people.virginia.edu/~cjp/articles/ffp10b.pdf. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
6. ↑ Pawelski, J. G.; Perrin, E. C.; Foy, J. M.; Allen, C. E.; Crawford, J. E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J. D. et al. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics 118 (1): 349–364. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/1/349.full. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
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"Statement on Marriage and the Family". American Anthropological Association. http://www.aaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/Statement-on-Marriage-and-the-family.cfm?renderforprint=1.
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"Support for Marriage Equality". American Academy of Nursing. July 2012. http://www.aannet.org/assets/docs/marriage equality_7-26 12f.pdf.
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"Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society". http://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/LGBT-Families-Lit-Review.pdf.
Brief of the American Psychological Association, Kentucky Psychological Association, Ohio Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Michigan Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, National Association of Social Workers, National Association of Social Workers Tennessee Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Michigan Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Kentucky Chapter, National Association of Social Workers Ohio Chapter, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Medical Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners
Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective". The American Psychologist 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/AP_06_pre.PDF.
Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter?". Journal of Marriage and Family 72: 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/123248173/HTMLSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association – June 2, 2005.
Davis, Annie (October 22, 2017). "Children raised by same-sex parents do as well as their peers, study shows". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/23/children-raised-by-same-sex-parents-do-as-well-as-their-peers-study-shows.
Bever, Lindsey (July 7, 2014). "Children of same-sex couples are happier and healthier than peers, research shows". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/07/07/children-of-same-sex-couples-are-happier-and-healthier-than-peers-research-shows.
7. ↑ Starr, Karla (Winter 1998). "Adoption by Homosexuals: A Look at Differing State Court Opinions". Ariz. L. Rev. 40: 1497. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/arz40&div=48&id=&page=. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
8. ↑ Paige, Ruth Ullmann (August 2005). "Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives 28 & 30 July 2004". American Psychologist (Honolulu, HI) 60 (5): 436–511. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.436. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ733578. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
9. ↑ "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage". http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/gay-marriage.pdf.
10. ↑ "Position Statement: Adoption and Co-parenting of Children by Same-sex Couples". November 2002. http://www.psych.org/Departments/EDU/Library/APAOfficialDocumentsandRelated/PositionStatements/200214.aspx.
11. ↑ "Lesbian & Gay Parenting". American Psychological Association. 2005. p. 12. http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf.
12. ↑ "H-60.940 Partner Co-Adoption, H-65.973 Health Care Disparities in Same-Sex Partner Households "AMA Policy regarding sexual orientation"". Ama-assn.org. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtml.
13. ↑ Mark Joseph Stern (1 August 2014). "Conservatives want to keep gay couples from adopting or fostering kids.". Slate Magazine. http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/08/01/conservatives_want_to_keep_gay_couples_from_adopting_or_fostering_kids.html.
14. ↑ "What are children's rights?". http://www.lawstuff.org.uk/the-facts/what-are-childrens-rights.
15. ↑ "Lesbian and gay couples' rights – adopting children". http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/family/children/adoption_and_fostering/500590.html.
16. ↑ "Why Gay Parents May Be the Best Parents". LiveScience.com. 15 January 2012. http://www.livescience.com/17913-advantages-gay-parents.html.
17. ↑ Yingling, Julie (21 July 2004). A Lifetime of Communication. ISBN 9781135639051. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jll6AgAAQBAJ&q=no difference heterosexual parents&pg=PA130.
18. ↑ "Foster kids do equally well when adopted by gay, lesbian or heterosexual parents, study suggests". ScienceDaily. University of California, Los Angeles. 19 October 2012. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121019094534.htm.
19. ↑ "Homoseksualni rodzice – wywiad z psychologiem" (in pl). 29 May 2013. http://www.miesiecznik.znak.com.pl/12467/calosc/homoseksualni-rodzice-wywiad-z-psychologiem.
20. ↑ Baiocco, Roberto (2013). "Attitudes of Italian Heterosexual Older Adults Towards Lesbian and Gay Parenting". Sexuality Research and Social Policy 10 (4): 285–292. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0129-2.
21. ↑ Mazrekaj, Deni; De Witte, Kristof; Cabus, Sofie (2020). "School Outcomes of Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents: Evidence from Administrative Panel Data". American Sociological Review 85 (5): 830–856. doi:10.1177/0003122420957249.
22. ↑ Marks, Loren (2012). "Same-sex parenting and children's outcomes: A closer examination of the American psychological association's brief on lesbian and gay parenting". Social Science Research 41 (4): 735–751. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.006. PMID 23017844. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/4875.
23. ↑ "I've got two dads – and they adopted me". University of Cambridge. 4 March 2013. http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/ive-got-two-dads-and-they-adopted-me.
24. ↑ "ECDF Facts – Family Equality Council". Family Equality Council. http://www.familyequality.org/get_informed/advocacy/ecdf/ecdf-facts/.
25. ↑ Goldberg, Abbie E. (2007). "(How) Does It Make a Difference? Perspectives of Adults With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Parents". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77 (4): 550–562. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.550. PMID 18194035. http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/50d5/8e15efb7106dcdfbc6a374503517cceb10ae.pdf.
26. ↑ "Adoptions by Same-Sex Couples Still on the Rise". Adoptive Families. https://www.adoptivefamilies.com/parenting/adoptions-by-same-sex-couples/.
27. ↑ Tanya M. Washington. "Throwing Black Babies Out with the Bathwater: A Child-Centered Challenge to Same-Sex Adoption Bans". 6 Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal 6: 1. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hasrapo6&div=4&id=&page=.
28. ↑ Alicia Erickson Zink. "Adoptive Homes and the Meaning of Family: Implications for Gay and Lesbian Prospective Parents". Journal of Studens Social Work 3. http://cswr.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2005_vol3_pg52_zink.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
29. ↑ "Legal Issues for Gay and Lesbian Adoption". Findlaw. http://family.findlaw.com/adoption/legal-issues-for-gay-and-lesbian-adoption.html.
30. ↑ "Dziecko w rodzinie homoseksualistów. Adopcja to nie problem, wychowanie już tak" (in pl). http://natemat.pl/17203,dziecko-w-rodzinie-homoseksualistow-adopcja-to-nie-problem-wychowanie-juz-tak.
31. ↑ "Arguments For and Against Gay Adoption". https://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/arguments-gay-adoption/#.YEPiVGhKiUk.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Ten Arguments From Social Science Against Same-Sex Marriage". https://www.frc.org/issuebrief/ten-arguments-from-social-science-against-same-sex-marriage.
33. ↑ Vonholdt, Christl R.. "The Child's Right to a Mother and Father: Ten Reasons Against Adoption Rights for Homosexual Couples". https://www.dijg.de/english/ten-reasons-against-adoption-rights-for-homosexual-couples/.
34. ↑ "Comisión de Familia de la Cámara podría aprobar en agosto la nueva ley de Adopción" (in es). El Mercurio. 24 July 2015. http://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2015/07/24/737462/Comision-de-Familia-de-la-Camara-podria-aprobar-a-fines-de-agosto-nueva-ley-de-adopcion.html.
35. ↑ "La adopciĂłn homoparental entra a debate en el Congreso de Chile" (in es). Cascaraamarga.es. 24 July 2015. http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/11839-la-adopcion-homoparental-entra-a-debate-en-el-congreso-de-chile.html.
36. ↑ Gerdes, Stefanie (2016-10-26). "Czech Republic just took a big step forward for gay adoption rights" (in en-GB). https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/czech-republic-just-took-big-step-forward-gay-adoption-rights/.
37. ↑ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995" (in Catalan). https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/026071/Pagines/lq26071006.aspx.
38. ↑ Marie Trigona (15 July 2010). "Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Law". Towardfreedom.com. http://www.towardfreedom.com/home/americas/2030-argentina-passes-gay-marriage-law.
39. ↑ "Austrian court rules to allow same-sex adoptions". The Privateer. 16 January 2016. https://euroclashblog.wordpress.com/2015/01/16/austrian-court-rules-to-allow-same-sex-adoptions/.
40. ↑ David Morton Rayside. Queer inclusions, continental divisions: public recognition of sexual diversity in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, 2008. p. 388 (p. 20). ISBN 0-8020-8629-2.
41. ↑ "Homosexual couples can adopt children, decides to Supreme Court of Justice". Athosgls.com.br. 27 April 2010. http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29208.
42. ↑ "FAQ's". ACC. 31 May 2007. http://www.adoption.ca/faqs.
43. ↑ "Timeline: Same Sex Rights in Canada". CBC News. 12 January 2012. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/timeline-same-sex-rights-in-canada-1.1147516.
44. ↑ "Corte Constitucional da vía libre a adopción gay en Colombia" (in es). Eltiempo.Com. 5 November 2015. http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/justicia/fallo-de-la-corte-constitucional-sobre-la-adopcion/16421486.
45. ↑ Tea Romić (10 July 2014). "Papa je rekao da biti gay nije grijeh. Zato, gospodine, katekizam u ruke!". Večernji list. http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/papa-je-rekao-da-biti-gay-nije-grijeh-zato-gospodine-katekizam-u-ruke-949714.
46. ↑ "Registered partnership law adopted in Croatia". Brussels: ILGA-Europe. 15 July 2014.
47. ↑ "Gays given equal adoption rights". May 5, 2010. http://www.cphpost.dk/component/content/48896.html?task=view.
48. ↑ Joseph Patrick McCormick (27 May 2015). "Parliament in Greenland unanimously approves same-sex marriage". PinkNews. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/05/27/parliament-in-greenland-unanimously-approves-same-sex-marriage/.
49. ↑ Sean Mandell (29 April 2016). "Faroe Islands Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage and Adoption". Towleroad. http://www.towleroad.com/2016/04/faroe-islands.
50. ↑ Joe Morgan (20 February 2015). "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017". Gay Star News. http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/finland-president-signs-gay-marriage-law-couples-will-have-wait-get-married-until-2017200215.
51. ↑ "François Hollande signs same-sex marriage into law – FRANCE". FRANCE 24. 18 May 2013. http://www.france24.com/en/20130518-france-gay-marriage-law-adoption.
52. ↑ "Germany legalises same-sex marriage after Angela Merkel allows free vote". June 30, 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/german-same-sex-marriage-vote/8668740.
53. ↑ David Morton Rayside. Queer inclusions, continental divisions: public recognition of sexual diversity in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, 2008. p. 388 (p. 21). ISBN 0-8020-8629-2.
54. ↑ Nick Duffy (2 April 2015). "Irish senators approve same-sex adoption bill". PinkNews. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/04/02/irish-senators-approve-same-sex-adoption-bill/.
55. ↑ "Le mariage pour tous dès le 1er janvier 2015" (in fr). L'essentiel. 17 July 2014. http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/21588475.
56. ↑ Mémorial (Official Journal of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg). "Réforme du mariage" (in fr). http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf.
57. ↑ Curtis M. Wong (14 April 2014). "Malta Legalizes Gay Partnerships, Adoption Rights". HuffPost. Reuters. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/15/malta-gay-partnerships_n_5148866.html.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". Associated Press. CBS News. 1 April 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/04/01/world/main283071.shtml.
59. ↑ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage". Associated Press. NBC News. 17 June 2008. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25218048.
60. ↑ "Portugal allows same-sex adoption, artificial insemination". Associated Press. 20 November 2015. https://apnews.com/d0754d773c424a2db4bd59f3a3d509c9/portugal-allows-same-sex-adoption-artificial-insemination.
61. ↑ "South Africa OKs Gay Adoption". Windy City Media Group. 1 October 2002. http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=1187.
62. ↑ Renwick McLean (1 July 2005). "Spain gives approval to gay unions". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/world/europe/spain-gives-approval-to-gay-unions.html.
63. ↑ "Sweden legalises gay adoption". BBC News Online. 6 June 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2028938.stm.
64. ↑ https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/switzerland-same-sex-marriage-referendum-1.6190173
65. ↑ "New Adoption Law Gives Gay Couples Joint Rights". UK Gay News. 30 December 2005. http://www.ukgaynews.org.uk/Archive/2005dec/3001.htm.
66. ↑ Ellen Thomas (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". Herald Scotland. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/new-legislation-sees-gay-scottish-couples-win-right-to-adopt-children-1.921121.
67. ↑ "Gay adoption: Northern Ireland ban lifted". BBC News. 11 December 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25332917.
68. ↑ "Adoption – Frequently Asked Questions". Northern Ireland Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/hss/child_care/adoption/adoption_faqs.htm.
69. ↑ Human Rights Campaign (2008). "Adoption Laws: State by State". http://www.hrc.org/issues/parenting/adoptions/8464.htm.
70. ↑ "How To Adopt". Mnadopt.org. 1 August 2012. http://www.mnadopt.org/howtoadopt.html.
71. ↑ "Greenwood and Fink (Providence, RI) – all legal services for same-sex adopting couples and more". Lesbiangayadoption.com. http://www.lesbiangayadoption.com.
72. ↑ "LGBT Adoption Laws Wyoming". https://www.lifelongadoptions.com/lgbt-adoption-resources/lgbt-adoption-laws/wyoming.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Yanina Olivera (9 September 2009). "Uruguay approves Latin America's first gay adoption law". https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gu1QYorSnG_WrGpbQ-ic2fMpxObg.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Uruguay Bill Permitting Same-sex Couples to Adopt Becomes Law". AQ Online. 27 October 2009. http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/1033.
75. ↑ "In The Supreme Court of Bermuda CIVIL JURISDICTION 2014: No. 308". http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_10809_204_226633_43/http;/ptpublisher.gov.bm;7087/publishedcontent/publish/non_ministerial/judiciary/judgments_2015/ruling_2014_no_308_a_and_b_director_of_child_and_family_services_and_attorney_gereral__feb__3_2015.pdf.
76. ↑ Scott Roberts (21 March 2014). "Gibraltar approves civil partnerships bill". Pink News. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/03/21/gibraltar-approves-civil-partnerships-bill/.
77. ↑ "Guernsey Foster Care: Who can adopt". Guernsey Foster Care. http://www.guernseyfostercare.com/adoption/who-can-adopt.aspx.
78. ↑ "New laws raise hopes for more adoptions in Isle of Man". BBC News. 15 April 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-13093113.
79. ↑ "Jersey's civil partnership law comes into force". BBC News. 2 April 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-17583000.
80. ↑ "GayLawNet – Laws – Pitcairn – PN". http://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/pn.htm.
81. ↑ "Falkland Islands". GayLawNet. http://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/fk.htm.
82. ↑ "Ascension Island, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha LGBT Laws". http://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/sh.htm.
83. ↑ "Reconoce Amézquita que parejas gay sí pueden adoptar en Aguascalientes" (in es-MX). http://www.elclarinete.com.mx/reconoce-amezquita-que-parejas-gay-si-pueden-adoptar-en-aguascalientes/.
84. ↑ "Adopción por parejas del mismo sexo ya es viable en Campeche" (in es). http://visionpeninsular.com/mid/parejas-homosexuales-pueden-adoptar.
85. ↑ "Parejas gay en Chiapas podrán adoptar, acceder a la salud…" (in es). 2017-07-12. https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/07/12/1175224.
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra" (in es). Vanguardia. Marmor Informa. http://www.marmorinforma.mx/Nacional/Estados/Ya-pueden-parejas-gay-adoptar-en-Coahuila-PAN-vota-en-contra.
87. ↑ "Parejas del Mismo Sexo Pueden Adoptar en Colima: funcionario del DIF". June 14, 2016. http://angelguardian.mx/beta/parejas-del-mismo-sexo-pueden-adoptar-en-colima-funcionario-del-dif/.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". Associated Press. NBC News. 4 March 2010. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/35714490.
89. ↑ Leticia Florian Arriaga (24 May 2016). "Con el matrimonio igualitario Michoacán libra una batalla de activismo ideológico y jurídico". Cambio de Michoacán. http://www.cambiodemichoacan.com.mx/nota-n4914.
90. ↑ "Abren adopciones a matrimonios gay". Diario de Morelos. 13 June 2016. https://www.diariodemorelos.com/noticias/abren-adopciones-matrimonios-gay.
91. ↑ "Adopción, sin veda a matrimonios igualitarios: Valdés" (in es). https://pulsoslp.com.mx/slp/adopcion-sin-veda-a-matrimonios-igualitarios-valdes/936591.
92. ↑ "Sin adoptar parejas del mismo género" (in es). http://www.elmundodecordoba.com/index.php/local/local-conten-izq/11132-sin-adoptar-parejas-del-mismo-genero.
93. ↑ Martinez, Andy (April 26, 2017). "Parejas del mismo sexo pueden adoptar en Querétaro". https://queretaro.quadratin.com.mx/parejas-del-sexo-pueden-adoptar-queretaro/.
94. ↑ "Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in nl). 1 January 2011. http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/2011-01-01/1.
95. ↑ "Kooseluseadus" (in et). Riigikogu. http://www.riigikogu.ee/index.php?op=emsplain&page=pub_file&file_id=f95adcc2-9cdd-4988-a0d3-58bf85d2df4a&.
96. ↑ Elena Tebano (22 June 2016). "Gay, Cassazione: sì alla stepchild adoption per il secondo genitore" (in it). http://www.corriere.it/politica/16_giugno_22/adozioni-cassazione-si-stepchild-adoption-casi-particolari-83331c86-385e-11e6-af01-13e8abfd5afa.shtml.
97. ↑ "Confronting Homophobia in Europe". http://www.policy.hu/takacs/pdf-lib/Confronting_Homophobia_in_Europe-the_book.pdf.
98. ↑ "First Adoption by Gay Partner of Child's Parent". Slovenian Times. 20 July 2011. http://www.sloveniatimes.com/first-adoption-by-gay-partner-of-child-s-parent.
99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 "LAW November 20, 2018 n.147 - Regulation of civil unions" (in Italian). https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/scheda17160637.html.
100. ↑ "Taiwan's Cabinet passes same-sex marriage bill". Taiwan Today. 22 February 2019. https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=150370.
101. ↑ "Liechtenstein: Totalverbot der Adoption durch gleichgeschlechtliche Paare verfassungswidrig" (in de-DE). https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=39149.
102. ↑ "Lesbians, gays can adopt children". news24. 10 September 2002. http://www.news24.com/World/News/Lesbians-gays-can-adopt-children-20020910.
103. ↑ Lynley Donelly (2008). "A Media Guide to the Children's Act 38 of 2005". Centre for Child Law; Media Monitoring Project. p. 40. http://www.centreforchildlaw.co.za/images/files/mediaguides/childrens_act_media_guide.pdf.
104. ↑ "Adoption Act: BILL 51 -- 1995" (in en). 1995-07-04. https://www.leg.bc.ca:443/legacy.
105. ↑ "Consolidation of Adoption Act, SNWT (Nu) 1998, c 9". 2012-08-29. http://canlii.ca/t/8l1v.
106. ↑ Montero, Darrel (Fall 2014). "Attitudes Toward Same-Gender Adoption and Parenting: An Analysis of Surveys from 16 Countries". Advances in Social Work 15 (2): 444–459. doi:10.18060/16139. https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/advancesinsocialwork/article/download/16139/18395/0.
107. ↑ "Sename declaró idónea para adoptar a una pareja lesbian" (in es). Compañia Chilena de Comunicaciones. https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/infancia/sename-declaro-idonea-para-adoptar-a-una-pareja-lesbiana/2016-06-01/155819.html.
108. ↑ "Track semanal de Opinión Pública 23 de Enero 2017 Estudio Nº 158". Plaza Pública Cadem. 23 January 2017. http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/Track-PP158-Ene-S3-VF.pdf.
109. ↑ "Colombia High Court Rules for Adoptions by Same-Sex Couples". The New York Times. 4 November 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/04/world/americas/ap-lt-colombia-gay-adoption.html.
110. ↑ "Colombia legalizes same-sex marriage". DW. 28 April 2016. http://www.dw.com/en/colombia-legalizes-same-sex-marriage/a-19223822.
111. ↑ Postema, Mirte (2019-05-23). "LGBT Hondurans March Against Hate: Activists Call for Gender Identity Law, Equal Marriage, Adoption" (in en). https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/23/lgbt-hondurans-march-against-hate.
112. ↑ Tracy Wilkinson (22 December 2009). "Mexico City moves to legalize same-sex marriage". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/22/world/la-fg-mexico-gays22-2009dec22.
113. ↑ Tracy Wilkinson (29 December 2009). "Gay marriage closer to reality in Mexico". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2009/12/gay-marriage-closer-to-reality-in-mexico.html.
114. ↑ José Reyes (28 November 2011). "Adopción gay será posible en Coahuila" (in es). Vanguardia. http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/adopciongayseraposibleencoahuila-1158988.html.
115. ↑ "Aprueba SCJN derecho a la vida familiar para parejas LGBTI" (in es). 2 June 2017. http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2017/02/02/aprueba-scjn-derecho-a-la-vida-familiar-para-parejas-lgbti.
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117. ↑ "Uruguay votes to allow gay adoptions". Melbourne Herald Sun. 28 August 2009. http://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/uruguay-votes-to-allow-gay-adoptions/news-story/c3d41b32ba8818fae185f4e671a6b23a.
118. ↑ Carrie Craft. "Gay Adoption Basics". About.com. http://adoption.about.com/od/adopting/tp/gayadoptionbasics.htm.
119. ↑ "Gay News From". 365gay.com. http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/01/011005isAdopt.htm.
120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Yuval Yoaz (12 February 2008). "AG okays wider adoption rights for same-sex couples". https://www.haaretz.com/ag-okays-wider-adoption-rights-for-same-sex-couples-1.239054.
121. ↑ Taiwan (22 February 2019). "Taiwan's Cabinet passes same-sex marriage bill". Taiwan Today. https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=150370.
122. ↑ "Court of Cassation, Civil Chamber 1, of February 24, 2006, 04-17.090, Published in the bulletin" (in French). http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000007052082.
123. ↑ "04-15676" (in fr). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 20 February 2007. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000017636127.
124. ↑ "06-15647" (in fr). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 20 February 2007. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000017636211.
125. ↑ Angela Charlton (18 May 2013). "French President Signs Gay Marriage Into Law". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/french-president-signs-gay-marriage-into-law/2013/05/18/69a88f60-bff0-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html.
126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 "HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights". https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#.
127. ↑ Council of State (France), ruling 230533
128. ↑ "France chided over gay adoption". BBC News. 22 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7202521.stm.
129. ↑ "Frequently asked question – adoptions from Bulgaria". Family National Association. http://www.adoption-bg.com/page/faqs.
130. ↑ "Adoption from Bulgaria Family National Association Adoption from Bulgaria". Family National Association. http://www.adoption-bg.com/.
131. ↑ "Conservadores barram direito de adoção a casais gays" (in Portuguese). October 25, 2013. http://exame.abril.com.br/mundo/noticias/conservadores-barram-direito-de-adocao-a-casais-gays.
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133. ↑ "Assambleia da República – Status of Draft Resolution 857/XII" (in pt). http://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=38023.
134. ↑ "Decision 176/2014" (in pt). http://www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/20140176.html.
135. ↑ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola" (in hr). http://www.zakon.hr/z/732/Zakon-o-životnom-partnerstvu-osoba-istog-spola.
136. ↑ "Adoptionsverbot für homosexuelle Partner aufgehoben" (in de). Vienna Online. 14 January 2015. http://www.vienna.at/adoptionsverbot-fuer-homosexuelle-partner-aufgehoben/4202709.
137. ↑ "Österreich: Adoptionsverbot für Homo-Paare verfassungswidrig" (in de). Queer.de. 14 January 2015. http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=23025.
138. ↑ "Seanad passes Child & Family Relationship Bill". RTÉ.ie. 31 March 2015. http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0330/690964-child-and-family-bill/.
139. ↑ "Seanad Éireann – 30/Mar/2015 Prelude". Oireachtas. http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad2015033000002?opendocument#G00050.
140. ↑ "What happens next to the Children and Family Relationships Bill?". The Irish Times. 31 March 2015. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/what-happens-next-to-the-children-and-family-relationships-bill-1.2159959.
141. ↑ "The President: 2015 Legislation". http://www.president.ie/en/the-president/2015-legislation.html.
142. ↑ "Portugal's outgoing president vetoes gay adoption bill". Yahoo! News. AFP. 25 January 2016. https://news.yahoo.com/portugals-outgoing-president-vetoes-gay-adoption-bill-165320164.html.
143. ↑ Trudy Ring (25 January 2016). "Portugal's President Vetoes Adoption Rights for Gay Couples". The Advocate. http://www.advocate.com/world/2016/1/25/portugals-president-vetoes-adoption-rights-gay-couples.
144. ↑ "Portugal parliament overturns veto on adoption by gay couples". Reuters UK. 10 February 2016. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rights-portugal-adoption-idUKKCN0VJ1Z0.
145. ↑ "Supreme court OKs stepchild adoption (2)". ANSA. 22 June 2016. http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2016/06/22/supreme-court-oks-stepchild-adoption-2_95fc5b74-30d1-4e49-9fa5-4f774b0c31f4.html.
146. ↑ "Hungary Amends Constitution to Redefine Family, Effectively Banning Gay Adoption". December 15, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/hungary-amends-constitution-redefine-family-effectively-banning-gay-adoption-n1251251.
147. ↑ Tracy, Matt (December 17, 2020). "Hungary Bans LGBTQ Adoption Rights in Broad Power Grab". https://www.gaycitynews.com/hungary-bans-lgbtq-adoption-rights-in-broad-power-grab/.
148. ↑ Starcevic, Seb; Savage, Rachel (2021-05-06). "Croatian court backs same-sex adoption in new LGBT+ win" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-croatia-lgbt-family-idUSKBN2CN19I.
149. ↑ Isaac Davidson (20 April 2013). "Marriage bill leaves a few inequalities to sort out". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10878614.
150. ↑ "Same-sex defacto couples secure the right to adopt from GayNZ.com, 12/21/2015". VAW. 6 January 2016. https://vawnet.org/news/same-sex-defacto-couples-secure-right-adopt-gaynzcom-12212015.
151. ↑ Stilin, Forrest (February 7, 2020). "Croatia Constitutional Court: Same Sex Couples Can Be Foster Parents". https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/41347-croatia-court-gay-foster.
152. ↑ Daniela Lazarová (25 October 2015). "Government approves bill on adoption of biological children in same-sex couples". http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/government-approves-bill-on-adoption-of-biological-children-in-same-sex-couples.
153. ↑ "iDnes.cz: First Czech same-sex couple to foster parent a child". Prague Monitor. 13 June 2011. http://praguemonitor.com/2011/06/13/idnescz-first-czech-same-sex-couple-foster-parent-child.
154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 "Cassazione, sì alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari" (in it). 22 June 2016. http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/22/news/cassazione_si_a_stapchild_adoption-142563271/.
155. ↑ Claudia Calleja (16 January 2013). "Consensus over gay adoption welcomed". Times of Malta. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130116/local/Consensus-over-gay-adoption-welcomed.453457.
156. ↑ "Droit de l'adoption Echec du référendum contre l'homoparentalité" (in fr). Le Matin. 4 October 2016. http://www.lematin.ch/suisse/Echec-du-referendum-contre-l-homoparentalite/story/11654450.
157. ↑ "Swiss Parliament votes in favour of stepchild adoption". NELFA. 17 June 2016. http://nelfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PR-CHStepadoption06172016.pdf.

## Further reading

* Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner (eds) (2006). Gender issues and sexuality : essential primary sources.. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-1-4144-0325-0. https://archive.org/details/genderissuessexu00klee. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
* Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner (eds) (2006). Family in society : essential primary sources.. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-1-4144-0330-4. https://archive.org/details/familyinsocietye00klee. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
* Stacey, J. & Davenport, E. (2002) Queer Families Quack Back, in: D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. (London, SAGE Publications), 355–374.
* New Zealand Law Commission: Adoption- Options for Reform: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission Preliminary Paper No 38: 1999: ISBN 1-877187-44-5

## External links

* Gay.com – Adoption and Parenting – News and Current Events pertaining to the rights and responsibilities of same-sex parents in adopting and parenting
* Canada.com "In the Family Way" – News story of gay and lesbian adoptive families, and the surrogate and donor family

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