List of democratic socialists

Short description: none

This is a partial list of notable democratic socialists.

## Contents

* 1 Politicians
* 1.1 Heads of government
* 1.1.1 Disputed
* 1.2 Other politicians
* 2 Intellectuals and activists
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 4.1 Citations
* 4.2 Sources

## Politicians

### Heads of government

* Salvador Allende, President of Chile (1970–1973)[1][2][3]
* Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (1951–1954)[4]
* Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945–1951)[5][6][7]
* Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile (2006–2010; 2014–2018)[8]
* David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel (1948–1954; 1955–1963)[9][10]
* Léon Blum, Prime Minister of France (1936–1937; 1938)[11]
* Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany (1969–1974)[12][13]
* Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–2012)[12]
* Alexander Dubček, leader of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1968–1969)[14]
* Peter Fraser, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1940–1949)[15]
* Mauricio Funes, President of El Salvador (2009–2014)[16]
* Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader (1985–1991)[17][18]
* António Guterres, Prime-Minister of Portugal (1995 - 2002) and Secretary General of the United Nations (2016 - present)
* Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (1992–1997)[19]
* Norman Kirk, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1972–1974)[20]
* Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–2012)[16]
* Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1924; 1929–1935)[21]
* Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa (1994–1999)[22][23]
* Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1972–1980)[24]
* François Mitterrand, President of France (1981–1995)[25][26]
* José Mujica, President of Uruguay (2010–2015)[16]
* Walter Nash, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1957–1960)[27]
* Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India (1947–1964)[28][29]
* Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (1969–1976; 1982–1986)[12][14]
* José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–2012)[30]
* Giuseppe Saragat, President of Italy (1964–1971)[31]
* Michael Joseph Savage, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1935–1940)[32]
* Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil (2003–2011, 2023-present)[12]
* Sutan Sjahrir, Prime Minister of Indonesia (1945–1947)[33]
* Mário Soares, Founder and Leader of the Socialist Party (1973–1986), Prime-Minister of Portugal (1976–1978; 1983–1986) and President of the Portuguese Republic (1986–1996)
* Kalevi Sorsa, Prime Minister of Finland (1972–1975; 1977–1979; 1982–1987)[34]
* Alexis Tsipras, Prime Minister of Greece (2015–2019)[35]
* Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (2005–2010; 2015–2020)[12]
* Chris Watson, Prime Minister of Australia (1904)[36]
* Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1964–1970; 1974–1976)[5][37]

#### Disputed

* Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)[38] – disputed[39]
* Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (1999–2013)[40][16] – disputed[12][41][42]
* James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1976–1979)[43][44][45][46] – disputed[47][48][49]
* Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017)[16] – disputed[42]
* Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019)[16] – disputed[12][42]
* Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (1985–1990; 2007–present)[16] – disputed[42]

### Other politicians

* Niki Ashton, member of Parliament of Canada, two time Leadership candidate
* Obafemi Awolowo, Premier of the Western State of Nigeria (1954–1960)[50]
* Tony Benn, member of the Labour Party and founder of the Socialist Campaign Group[51][52]
* Eduard Bernstein, member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany[53][54]
* Aneurin Bevan, father of the National Health Service({{{1}}}, {{{2}}})[55][56][57]
* Louis Blanc, member of the French Provisional Government of 1848[58]
* Lee J. Carter, member of the Virginia House of Delegates[59]
* Alexandre Boulerice, deputy leader of the NDP, member of parliament of Canada
* Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition[60]
* Anthony Crosland, member of the Labour Party[5][61]
* Eugene V. Debs, five-time Socialist Party of America presidential candidate[62]
* Tommy Douglas, father of Medicare[63]
* Evan Durbin, member of the Labour Party[53]
* Michael Foot, leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition[64]
* Peter Hain, member of the Labour Party[65][66]
* Joel Harden, member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament.[67]
* Michael Harrington, founder of the Democratic Socialists of America[53][54]
* Denis Healey, member of the Labour Party[68][69][70]
* Karl Kautsky, member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany({{{1}}}, {{{2}}})
* Neil Kinnock, leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition[71]
* Kevin Kühnert, member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany[72]
* Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of the General German Workers' Association[58]
* Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London (2000–2008)[73]
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, member of the French Parliament in 1848[74]
* Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, New York Representative[75]
* Bernie Sanders, Senator from Vermont({{{1}}}, {{{2}}})
* Kshama Sawant, Seattle City Council member[76]
* Norman Thomas, six-time Socialist Party of America presidential candidate[77]
* Rashida Tlaib, Michigan Representative[78]

## Intellectuals and activists

* Edward Bellamy, American author, journalist and political activist[12]
* Fred Hampton, American activist and chairman of the Black Panther Party
* Étienne Cabet, French philosopher and utopian socialist[12]
* Jim Cornette, American professional wrestling personality and manager[79]
* Milovan Đilas, Yugoslav communist politician and dissident[80]
* Albert Einstein, German-born theoretical physicist[81][82][83][84][85]
* Friedrich Engels, German philosopher and sociologist[86][87][88]
* Erich Fromm, Jewish German philosopher[89][90][91]
* Charles Fourier, French philosopher and utopian socialist[12]
* Henry George, American social reformer[12]
* Charles Hall,  British physician, social critic and Ricardian socialist[92]
* Christopher Hitchens, English-American journalist[93]
* Owen Jones, English journalist and political commentator[94]
* Helen Keller, American political activist[95]
* Martin Luther King Jr., African-American civil rights leader[96][97][98]
* Naomi Klein, Canadian author and social activist[99]
* Leszek Kołakowski, Polish philosopher and communist dissident[100][101][102]
* Rosa Luxemburg, Polish philosopher and economist[103]
* Karl Marx, German philosopher, sociologist and economist[12][88][86][87]
* John Stuart Mill, British philosopher and economist[104]
* George Orwell, English novelist[105]
* Robert Owen, Welsh social reformer and utopian socialist[12]
* Thomas Paine, English-born American philosopher and political theorist[106] Their concern for both democracy and social justice marked them out as key precursors of democratic socialism.[107]
* Bertrand Russell, British philosopher[108]
* Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist, dissident and human rights activist[109]
* Henri de Saint-Simon, French political and economic utopian socialist theorist[12]
* Roger Waters, English musician[110]
* Richard D. Wolff, American economist[111]
* Howard Zinn, American historian[112]

## See also

* List of Democratic Socialists of America members who have held office in the United States

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ Patsouras 2005, p. 265: "In Chile, where a large democratic socialist movement was in place for decades, a democratic socialist, Salvadore Allende, led a popular front electoral coalition, including Communists, to victory in 1970."
2. ↑ Medina, Eden (2014). Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. MIT Press. p. 39. "[...] in Allende's democratic socialism."
3. ↑ Winn, Peter (2004). Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002. Duke University Press. p. 16. "The Allende government that Pinochet overthrew in 1973 had been elected in 1970 on a platform of pioneering a democratic road to a democratic socialism."
4. ↑ Stephen, Schlesinger (3 June 2011). "Ghosts of Guatemala's Past". The New York Times . Retrieved 21 July 2014.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Page 2007.
6. ↑ Morgan, Kenneth O. (2001). Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace. Oxford University Press. p. 111. "The last years of Attlee's democratic socialist regime [...]."
7. ↑ Beech, Matt (2012). "The British Welfare State and its Discontents". in Connelly, James; Hayward, Jack. The Withering of the Welfare State: Regression. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 90. "Attlee's goal was a democratic socialist society [...]."
8. ↑ Hall 2007, p. 18: "Chileans elected Michelle Bachelet as their new president [...] [b]ecause her advocacy of democratic socialism." sfn error: no target: CITEREFHall2007 (help)
9. ↑ Gal, Allon (1991). David Ben-Gurion and the American Alignment for a Jewish State. Indiana University Press. p. 216. "Ben-Gurion, Zionist and socialist-democrat [...]."
10. ↑ Jones, Clive A. (2013). Soviet Jewish Aliyah, 1989–1992: Impact and Implications for Israel and the Middle East. Routledge. p. 61. "[...] Mapai, the democratic socialist party of David Ben Gurion."
11. ↑ Cohen, Mitchell (12 June 2015). "'Léon Blum: Prime Minister, Socialist, Zionist,' by Pierre Birnbaum". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/14/books/review/leon-blum-prime-minister-socialist-zionist-by-pierre-birnbaum.html?_r=0. "Blum declared that he was what Nazis "hated most, [...] a democratic socialist and a Jew."
12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 Sargent 2008, p. 118.
13. ↑ Gress, David (1 July 1983). "Whatever Happened to Willy Brandt?". Commentary. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/whatever-happened-to-willy-brandt/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Westad, Odd Arne (2004). The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts. Oxford University Press. p. 441. "Palme: Why I am a Democratic Socialist, 1982."
15. ↑ Beaglehole, Tim. "Fraser, Peter – Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4f22.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Navarro, Armando (2012). Global Capitalist Crisis and the Second Great Depression: Egalitarian Systemic Models for Change. Lexington Books. p. 299.
17. ↑ Sachs, Jeffrey (26 December 2011). "Gorbachev and the Struggle for Democracy". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeffrey-sachs/gorbachev-and-the-struggl_b_1170233.html. "During his six years of rule, Gorbachev was intent on renovating Soviet socialism through peaceful and democratic means."
18. ↑ "Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World by Mikhail S. Gorbachev". Stetson University. 1987. https://www2.stetson.edu/secure/history/hy308C01/gorbachevperestroika.html. "The more socialist democracy there is, the more socialism we will have." [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
19. ↑ "Cheddi Jagan Elected As Guyana's President". The New York Times. 8 October 1992. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
20. ↑ Bassett, Michael. "Kirk, Norman Eric". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5k12.
21. ↑ Bell, Edward Price (1924). "Ramsay MacDonald Socialism.": Great Britain's Socialist Labor Prime Minister, in an Authorized Interview, Outlines His Ideals in Government". Chicago Daily News. p. 15. "He asserts that socialists of his school are "not only democrats, but the only democrats."
22. ↑ Benson, Mary (1986). Nelson Mandela. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 231–232. ISBN 9780140089417.
23. ↑ Smith, David James (2010). Young Mandela. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-297-85524-8.
24. ↑ Taylor, Bruce M. (15 March 1989). "In Jamaica, Manley's Success Will Be U.S. Gain". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/15/opinion/l-in-jamaica-manley-s-success-will-be-us-gain-047689.html?mcubz=3.
25. ↑ Riemer, Neal; Simon, Douglas (1997). The New World of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 147.
26. ↑ Borsody, Stephen (29 May 1981). "In the wake of Francois Mitterrand's victory". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/29/opinion/l-in-the-wake-of-francois-mitterrand-s-victory-135872.html. "[...] a democratic Socialist success, such as President Mitterrand's [...]."
27. ↑ Gustafson, Barry. "Nash, Walter". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4n2.
28. ↑ Moraes, Frank (2007). Jawaharlal Nehru. Jaico Publishing House. p. 187.
29. ↑ Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B.; Bond, Douglas; Kruegler, Christopher (1997). Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from Act-Up to Women's Suffrage. Taylor & Francis. p. 347. ISBN 9781136764820.
30. ↑ Hoadley, J. Stephen (1975). The Future of Portuguese Timor. Institute of Southeast Asian. p. 25. "Ramos Horta during his December 1974 trip to Australia was careful to distinguish between Fretilin and Frelimo, arguing that his own party was a democratic socialist party [...]."
31. ↑ Sturmthal, Adolf, Democratic Socialism in Europe, 1950
32. ↑ Gustafson, Barry. "Savage, Michael Joseph – Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4S9.
33. ↑ Anwar, Rosihan (2010). Sutan Sjahrir: True Democrat, Fighter for Humanity, 1909–1966. Penerbit Buku Kompas. p. 115. "Sjahrir [...] called the ideology he had thought up and that he followed 'democratic socialism' [...]."
34. ↑ Astikainen, Arto (20 January 2004). "Kalevi Sorsa (21.12.1930 – 16.1.2004)". http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20040120IE4. "We already are in democratic socialism. It will never be much different from this", Sorsa had said ten years earlier."
35. ↑ Stone, Jon (26 January 2015). "Syriza: Everything you need to know about Greece's new Marxist governing party". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/syriza-everything-you-need-to-know-about-greeces-new-marxist-governing-party-10002197.html. "[...] a democratic socialist group Synaspismós, which current Syriza leader Alexis Tsipras led."
36. ↑ Rhodes, Campbell (30 April 2013). "A perfect picture of the statesman: John Christian Watson". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
37. ↑ Foot, Paul (1968). The Politics of Harold Wilson. Penguin. p. 143. ISBN 978-7-8003-2236-5. "Harold Wilson had declared: Democratic socialism as we know it will be meaningless without a great drive towards equality."
38. ↑ Hassan, Gerry, ed. (4 March 2004). The Scottish Labour Party: History, Institutions and Ideas. "Labour's Journey from Socialism to Social Democracy: A Case Study of Gordon Brown's Political Thought". Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1784-5.
39. ↑ Faucher-King, Florence; Le Galès, Patrick; Elliott, Gregory (2010). The New Labour Experiment: Change and Reform Under Blair and Brown. Stanford University Press. p. 18.
40. ↑ "Hugo Chavez". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/hugo-chavez. "Campaigning as a democratic socialist, Chávez [...]."
41. ↑ Munck, Ronaldo (2012). Contemporary Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 119. "In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...]."
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Iber, Patrick (Spring 2016). "The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America". Dissent. "Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism."
43. ↑ Williams, Shirley (27 March 2005). "Shirley Williams: He was the embodiment of democratic socialism". The Independent. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
44. ↑ Morgan, Kenneth (5 June 2007). "Leadership and Change: Prime Ministers in the Post-War World – James Callaghan". Gresham College. Retrieved 13 February 2020. "He believed himself to be a Democratic Socialist."
45. ↑ Clark, Neil (30 September 2007). "How Jim Callaghan changed the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
46. ↑ Williams, Shirley (3 December 2009). Climbing The Bookshelves: The Autobiography of Shirley Williams. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-7481-1612-6. "Jim Callaghan's political life ran in tandem with the rise and the decline of democratic socialism."
47. ↑ Loades, David, ed. (10 July 2003). Reader's Guide to British History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-5795-8242-5.
48. ↑ Coates, Ken, ed. (31 October 2008). What Went Wrong?: Explaining the Fall of the Labour Government. Spokesman Books. ISBN 978-0-8512-4754-0.
49. ↑ Steele, Tom; Taylor, Richard (21 April 2011). British Labour and Higher Education, 1945 to 2000: Ideologies, Policies and Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-3606-0. ASIN B017PNUIJM. "James Callaghan, a long-standing centre-right figure in the Labour Party [...]."
50. ↑ Abegunrin, Olayiwola (10 September 2015). The Political Philosophy of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-1589-4.
51. ↑ Adams, Ian (1993). Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press. p. 139. "Tony Benn's socialism is distinctive in the importance he places in combining socialism with radical democracy."
52. ↑ "Tony Benn: Committed Democratic Socialist". Transnational Institute. 22 April 2014. https://www.tni.org/en/article/tony-benn-committed-democratic-socialist.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Picard 1985.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Steger 1997.
55. ↑ Wright, Tony (2005). Socialisms: Old and New. Routledge. p. 55. "[A] democratic socialist like Aneurin Bevan [...]." ISBN 978-1-1347-4540-1.
56. ↑ Coupland, Nikolas (2008). "Aneurin Bevan, class wars and the styling of political antagornism". In Auer, Peter. Style and Social Identities: Alternative Approaches to Linguistic Heterogeneity. Walter de Gruyter. p. 213. "[Aneurin Bevan] is the icon of British democratic socialism in the twentieth century." ISBN 978-3-1101-9850-8.
57. ↑ Foot, Michael (2011). Aneurin Bevan: A Biography: 1945–1960. 2. Faber & Faber. "[Aneurin Bevan] was a democratic Socialist [...]." ISBN 978-0-5712-8085-8.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Closko, George (26 May 2011). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 378–379. ISBN 978-0-1992-3880-4.
59. ↑ "How a Socialist Beat One of Virginia's Most Powerful Republicans". The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/145727/socialist-beat-one-virginias-powerful-republicans. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
60. ↑ Calamur, Krishnadev (18 August 2015). "How Jeremy Corbyn Would Govern Britain". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-britain/401492/.
61. ↑ Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc, eds. (15 August 2013). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. OUP Oxford. p. 356. ISBN 978-0199585977.
62. ↑ Draper 1966, "Chapter 8: The 100% American Scene".
63. ↑ Lovick, L. D. (30 September 2013). "Tommy Douglas". http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas/.
64. ↑ Wilson, Cristopher (5 December 2013). Understanding A/S Level Government Politics. Manchester University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-7190-6081-6.
65. ↑ Hain 1995.
66. ↑ Hain, Peter (2015). Back to the Future of Socialism. Bristol University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t8979r. ISBN 978-1447321682.
67. ↑ Willing, Jon (8 June 2018). "High-profile Liberal incumbent Naqvi gets rolled by NDP's Harden in Ottawa Centre". Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/high-profile-liberal-incumbent-gets-rolled-by-ndps-harden-in-ottawa-centre.
68. ↑ Ryan, Craig (17 August 2015). "I'm no Bennite. But I'm increasingly tempted by Jeremy Corbyn". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/08/im-no-bennite-im-increasingly-tempted-jeremy-corbyn.
69. ↑ Dabby, George (29 April 2014). "Interview: Denis Healey". York Vision. http://www.yorkvision.co.uk/features/interview-denis-healey/29/04/2014.
70. ↑ "Healey, Denis Winston (b.1917)". History of Parliament. http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/oral-history/member/healey-denis-winston-1917.
71. ↑ Heffernan, Richard; Marqusee, Mike (1992). Defeat from the Jaws of Victory: Inside Kinnock's Labour Party. Verso. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-86091-561-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Neu7u4OvoDgC&pg=PA42.
72. ↑ Kühnert, Kevin (1 May 2019). "Was heißt Sozialismus für Sie, Kevin Kühnert?". Die Zeit. https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2019-05/kevin-kuehnert-spd-jugendorganisation-sozialismus.
73. ↑ Hill, Dave (2002). Marxism Against Postmodernism in Educational Theory. Lexington Books. p. 188. "Tony Benn and Ken Livingstone can be depicted as two of the leaders of the democratic socialist (or 'hard') left [...]."
74. ↑ Graham, Roibert (2010). "The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution". Anarchy Archives. Retrieved 13 February 2020. "Proudhon was elected on the basis of a democratic and socialist political platform."
75. ↑ "Ocasio-Cortez discusses 'Democratic Socialist' label". Politico. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
76. ↑ Jamieson, Dave (6 May 2015). "Meet The Fist-Shaking Socialist Behind America's Highest Minimum Wage". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/06/kshama-sawant-living-wage_n_7191276.html. "[...] identifies as a member of Socialist Alternative, an anti-capitalist, democratic-socialist party."
77. ↑ Thomas 1953.
78. ↑ Naga Sui, Diamond (8 December 2018). "Democratic Socialists of America scored wins in the midterms. What's on their agenda?". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/democratic-socialists-america-scored-wins-midterms-what-s-their-agenda-n941911.
79. ↑ Cornette, Jim (17 December 2017). "No. I'm a Democratic Socialist—look it up. It's the only level-headed approach in the modern world with the billionaires giving it to us all up the sphincter.". Twitter. https://twitter.com/TheJimCornette/status/942503165781532672.
80. ↑ Đilas, Milovan (1957). The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System. Greek edition. Athens: Horizon Athens. Prologue. p. 16.
81. ↑ Einstein, Albert (2009). "Why Socialism?". Monthly Review 61 (1): 55–61. doi:10.14452/MR-061-01-2009-05_7.
82. ↑ "Why Socialism?". Monthly Review. 1 May 2009. http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism.
83. ↑ Calaprice, Alice; Lipscombe, Trevor (2005). Albert Einstein: A Biography. Greenwood. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-3133-3080-3. "He committed himself to the democratic-socialist goals that became popular among intellectuals in Europe at the time."
84. ↑ Schulmann, Robert (2007). Rowe, David E.. ed. Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-6911-6020-7.
85. ↑ Isaacson, Walter (2007). Einstein: His Life and Universe. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743264747. https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa. "For the rest of his life Einstein would expound a democratic socialism that had a liberal, anti-authoritarian underpinning."
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Jossa, Bruno (July–September 2010). "The Democratic Road to Socialism". Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali. 118 (3): 335–354.
87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Sarkar, Binay (6 July 2019). "Road-Map To Socialism -Democracy is the road to socialism". Countercurrents.org. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Draper, Hal (1974). "Marx on Democratic Forms of Government". Socialist Register. pp. 101–124. Retrieved 8 February 2020. "Marx's theory moves in the direction of defining consistent democracy in socialist terms, and consistent socialism in democratic terms."
89. ↑ Wilde, Lawrence (2004). Erich Fromm and the Quest for Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 14. ISBN 978-1403961419.
90. ↑ Friedman, Lawrence J. (2014) [2013]. The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love's Prophet. Columbia University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0231162586.
91. ↑ Braune, Joan (2014). Erich Fromm's Revolutionary Hope: Prophetic Messianism As A Critical Theory of the Future. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-94-6209-812-1.
92. ↑ Dinwiddy, J. R. (August 1976). "Charles Hall, Early English Socialist". International Review of Social History. 21 (2): 256–276. doi:10.1017/S002085900000523X. "Hall (in common with several other pioneers of socialism and democracy [...]."
93. ↑ Intellect, Manufacturing. "Christopher Hitchens interview on the Clintons (1999)". YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlrM0Siszq8.
94. ↑ Jones, Owen (29 August 2019). [https://twitter.com/owenjones84/status/1167061075973611520 Twitter. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
95. ↑ Keller, Helen. "How I Became a Socialist". Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/keller-helen/works/1910s/12_11_03.htm.
96. ↑ Sturm, Douglas (1990). "Martin Luther King, Jr., as Democratic Socialist". The Journal of Religious Ethics 18 (2): 79–105. "The essay argues that King was in fact a democratic socialist [...].".
97. ↑ Sekou, Osagyefo Uhuru (20 January 2014). "The radical gospel of Martin Luther King". Al Jazeera. http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/1/martin-luther-kingsocialismantiimperialism.html. "King's democratic socialism [...]."
98. ↑ Hendricks, Obery M. (20 January 2014). "The Uncompromising Anti-Capitalism of Martin Luther King Jr.". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/obery-m-hendricks-jr-phd/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609.html. "For King the answer was democratic socialism."
99. ↑ Nineham, Chris (2007). The Shock Doctrine Book Review. Socialist Review. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
100. ↑ Falk, Barbara J. (2003). Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe: Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings. Central European University Press. p. 157. "[Leszek Kołakowski] was increasingly critical of the Marxism institutionalized by the party-state, drawing his inspiration from the newly published writings of the "young" Marx, as well as Gramsci and Lukács, and promoted a more humane and democratic socialism".
101. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (20 July 2009). "Leszek Kolakowski, 1927–2009". Slate. "[Leszek Kolakowski] advocated a form of democratic socialism approximately based on a reading of young—as opposed to late—Karl Marx". Retrieved 12 November 2019.
102. ↑ Biskupski, M. B. B.; Pula, James S.; Wróbel, Piotr J. (2010). The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy. Ohio University Press. p. 17.
103. ↑ Draper 1966, "Chapter 7: The "Revisionist" Facade".
104. ↑ Baum, Bruce. "J. S. Mill and Liberal Socialism". In Urbanati, Nadia; Zachars Alex, eds. (2007). J. S. Mill's Political Thought: A Bicentennial Reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "Mill, in contrast, advances a form of liberal democratic socialism for the enlargement of freedom as well as to realize social and distributive justice. He offers a powerful account of economic injustice and justice that is centered on his understanding of freedom and its conditions".
105. ↑ Orwell, George (1968). Bott, George. ed. Selected Writings. London: Heinemann. p. 103. ISBN 0-435-13675-5. "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it."
106. ↑ Monahan, Sean (6 March 2015). "Reading Paine From the Left". Jacobin. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
107. ↑ Thompson, E. P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. Victor Gollancz Ltd.
108. ↑ Ryan, Alan (1981). Bertrand Russell: A Political Life. Macmillan. p. 87. ISBN 9780374528201. "None the less Russell joined the ILP [Independent Labour Party] and declared himself a democratic socialist, then and thereafter."
109. ↑ "Andrei Sakharov". Spartacus Educational. http://spartacus-educational.com/COLDsakharov.htm. "He also advocated the integration of the communist and capitalist systems to form what he called democratic socialism."
110. ↑ Greene, Andy. "Roger Waters on 'The Wall,' Socialism and His Next Concept Album". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/roger-waters-on-the-wall-socialism-and-his-next-concept-album-20151102. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
111. ↑ "Young Democratic Socialists: Interview With Professor Richard Wolff". . RichardWolff.com. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
112. ↑ "Howard Zinn's Personal Philosophy". YouTube. Retrieved 9 December 2016.

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