List of language families

Short description: none

This article is a list of language families. This list only includes primary language families that are accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "List of proposed language families".

## Contents

* 1 List of language families
* 1.1 Spoken language families
* 1.2 Sign language families
* 1.3 Maps of several language families
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links
* 5 Bibliography

## List of language families

### Spoken language families

Traditional geographical classification (not implying genetic relationship)
Legend:

Andamanese languages

Australian languages and Tasmanian languages

Caucasian languages

Khoisan languages

Nuba Mountains languages

Paleo-Siberian languages

Papuan languages

Family  | Languages[1] | Current speakers[2] | Location

|
|
|

Afroasiatic | 381  | 499,294,669  | Africa, Eurasia
Aroid | 5  | 438,100  | Africa
Atlantic–Congo | 1,410  | 500,000,000  | Africa
Berta | 6  | 380,000  | Africa
Central Sudanic | 63  | 9,145,280  | Africa
Daju | 7  | 261,000  | Africa
Dizoid | 3  | 88,840  | Africa
Dogon | 20  | 630,820  | Africa
Eastern Jebel | 4  | 104,600  | Africa
Fur | 2  | 786,900  | Africa
Gumuz | 3  | 253,680  | Africa
Heiban  | 10  | 276,690  | Africa
Ijaw | 9  | 3,221,650  | Africa
Kadu | 6  | 120,600  | Africa
Katla-Tima | 3  | 25,000  | Africa
Khoe-Kwadi | 14  | 337,337  | Africa
Koman | 5  | 94,000  | Africa
Kresh-Aja  | 3  | 48,200  | Africa
Kru | 38  | 3,800,000  | Africa
Kuliak | 3  | 14,070  | Africa
Kunama | 2  | 181,000  | Africa
Kxʼa | 5  | 104,000  | Africa
Maban | 10  | 1,115,260  | Africa
Mande | 75  | 27,003,000  | Africa
Nilotic | 55  | 33,306,780  | Africa
Nubian | 13  | 842,050  | Africa
Nyima | 2  | 162,000  | Africa
Rashad | 2  | 126,000  | Africa
Saharan | 10  | 10,940,500  | Africa
Songhay | 10  | 3,228,000  | Africa
Surmic | 11  | 544,680  | Africa
Talodi  | 8  | 112,250  | Africa
Taman | 4  | 128,800  | Africa
Ta-Ne-Omotic  | 23  | 7,383,320  | Africa
Temein | 2  | 14,400  | Africa
Tuu | 9  | 2,500  | Africa
Zande  | 6  | 1,898,500  | Africa
Indo-European | 586  | 3,237,999,904  | Global
Uralic | 49  | 20,716,457  | Eurasia
Tyrsenian | 3 or 4  | extinct  | Eurasia
Turkic | 35  | 179,945,933  | Eurasia
Hurro-Urartian | 2  | extinct  | Eurasia
Northwest Caucasian | 4  | 1,655,000  | Eurasia
Northeast Caucasian | 29[3] | 4,155,258  | Eurasia
Kartvelian | 4  | 4,850,000  | Eurasia
Dravidian | 84  | 252,807,610  | Eurasia
Great Andamanese | 10  | 3  | Eurasia
Ongan | 2  | 296  | Eurasia
Yeniseian | 6  | 153  | Eurasia
Yukaghir | 4  | 516  | Eurasia
Sino-Tibetan | 514  | 1,385,995,195  | Eurasia
Mijiic  | 2  | 29,500  | Eurasia
Hmong–Mien | 43  | 9,332,070  | Eurasia
Kra–Dai | 95  | 81,549,828  | Eurasia
Austroasiatic | 158  | 116,323,040  | Eurasia
Austronesian | 1,274  | 325,862,510  | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania
Tungusic | 15  | 55,800  | Eurasia
Mongolic | 16  | 7,269,480  | Eurasia
Koreanic | 2  | 77,269,890  | Eurasia
Nivkh | 2  | 200  | Eurasia
Japonic | 13  | 129,240,180  | Eurasia
Ainu | 3  | extinct  | Eurasia
Chukotko-Kamchatkan | 7  | 6,875  | Eurasia
Trans–New Guinea | 376  | 3,678,184  | New Guinea
Torricelli | 57  | 114,565  | New Guinea
Sepik | 49  | 263,404  | New Guinea
Lower Sepik | 6  | 13,070  | New Guinea
Timor–Alor–Pantar | 23  | 380,120  | Lesser Sunda Islands
Lakes Plain | 20  | 8,455  | New Guinea
Yam | 19  | 7,677  | New Guinea
Anim | 17  | 32,898  | New Guinea
Border | 15  | 17,080  | New Guinea
North Halmahera | 15  | 279,035  | Halmahera
Angan | 13  | 103,739  | New Guinea
Geelvink Bay  | 10  | 8,005  | New Guinea
Sko  | 10  | 5,665  | New Guinea
South Bougainville | 9  | 68,700  | New Guinea
Baining | 6  | 13,800  | New Guinea
Strickland | 8  | 6,175  | New Guinea
Goilalan | 6  | 47,330  | New Guinea
Kiwaia | 6  | 38,030  | New Guinea
Left May | 6  | 2,005  | New Guinea
South Bird's Head | 6  | 8,200  | New Guinea
Eleman | 5  | 45,240  | New Guinea
Foja Range | 26  | 23,845  | New Guinea
Pauwasi | 5  | 3,880  | New Guinea
West Bird's Head | 5  | 20,090  | New Guinea
Yuat | 5  | 7,700  | New Guinea
Eastern Trans-Fly | 4  | 6,760  | New Guinea
North Bougainville | 4  | 10,020  | New Guinea
Demta–Sentani | 4  | 36,680  | New Guinea
Gogodala–Suki | 4  | 30,160  | New Guinea
Kikorian  | 6  | 13,510  | New Guinea
Walio | 4  | 856  | New Guinea
East Bird's Head  | 3  | 34,800  | New Guinea
Mairasi | 3  | 4,385  | New Guinea
Amto–Musan | 2  | 720  | New Guinea
Baibai-Fas | 2  | 2,840  | New Guinea
Bulaka River | 3  | 520  | New Guinea
Hatam-Mansim  | 2  | 16,000  | New Guinea
Inanwatan–Duriankere | 2  | 1,130  | New Guinea
Kaure-Kosare  | 2  | 700  | New Guinea
Konda-Yahadian  | 2  | 1,000  | New Guinea
Senu River | 3  | 1,510  | New Guinea
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra  | 3  | 840  | New Guinea
Namla-Tofanma  | 2  | 280  | New Guinea
Pahoturi | 2  | 4,050  | New Guinea
Madang–Upper Yuat  | 112  | >10,000  | New Guinea
Senagi | 2  | 2,960  | New Guinea
Taulil-Butam  | 2  | 2,000  | New Guinea
Ramu | 29  | 64,730  | New Guinea
Teberan–Pawaian | 4  | 37,100  | New Guinea
Yawa-Saweru | 2  | 10,300  | New Guinea
Central Solomon | 4  | 14,800  | New Guinea
Chimbu-Wahgi  | 15  | 613,400  | New Guinea
Engan | 9  | 606,930  | New Guinea
Pama–Nyungan | 250  | 23,539  | Australia
Gunwinyguan | 5  | 1,314  | Australia
Western Daly | 3  | 21  | Australia
Nyulnyulan | 3  | 94  | Australia
Worrorran | 3  | 108  | Australia
Mirndi | 3  | 261  | Australia
Iwaidjan | 4  | 491  | Australia
Mangarrayi-Maran  | 4  | 10  | Australia
Maningrida | 4  | 1,434  | Australia
Tangkic | 4  | 73  | Australia
Jarrakan | 3  | 130  | Australia
Bunuban | 2  | 100  | Australia
Eastern Daly | 2  | extinct  | Australia
Garrwan  | 2  | 130  | Australia
Limilngan-Wulna  | 2  | 23  | Australia
Marrku-Wurrugu  | 2  | extinct  | Australia
Northeastern Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia
Northern Daly  | 2  | 8  | Australia
Southeastern Tasmanian  | 2  | extinct  | Australia
Western Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia
Northern Tasmanian | 2  | extinct  | Australia
Eskaleut | 10  | 108,705  | North America, Eurasia
Na-Dene | 46  | 208,552  | North America
Tsimshianic | 4  | 2,910  | North America
Wakashan | 6  | 710  | North America
Salishan | 25  | 1,969  | North America
Chimakuan | 2  | extinct  | North America
Chinookan | 4  | extinct  | North America
Kalapuyan | 3  | extinct  | North America
Coosan | 2  | extinct  | North America
Plateau | 4  | 125  | North America
Shastan | 4  | extinct  | North America
Comecrudan | 3  | extinct  | North America
Yuki–Wappo | 2  | extinct  | North America
Pomoan | 7  | 47  | North America
Wintuan | 2  | extinct  | North America
Palaihnihan | 2  | extinct  | North America
Maiduan | 4  | extinct  | North America
Utian | 13  | 18  | North America
Chumashan | 6  | extinct  | North America
Uto-Aztecan | 58  | 1,910,442  | North America
Yuman–Cochimí | 12  | 3,710  | North America
Siouan | 14  | 33,399  | North America
Algic | 47  | 214,768  | North America
Tanoan–Kiowa | 6  | 6,000  | North America
Caddoan | 5  | 20  | North America
Totonacan | 12  | 282,250  | North America
Oto-Manguean | 176  | 1,678,214  | North America
Mixe–Zoque | 17  | 153,612  | North America
Tequistlatecan | 3  | 5,494  | North America
Muskogean | 6  | 15,640  | North America
Mayan | 31  | 6,522,182  | North America
Xincan | 5  | extinct  | North America
Jicaquean | 2  | 500  | North America
Lencan | 2  | extinct  | North America
Misumalpan | 5  | 709,000  | North America
Iroquoian | 9  | 14,543  | North America
Arawakan | 77  | 699,709  | North America, South America
Chibchan | 27  | 306,267  | North America, South America
Chocoan | 9  | 114,600  | North America, South America
Andoque–Urequena | 2  | 370  | South America
Cariban  | 42  | 67,376  | North America, South America
Barbacoan | 6  | 24,800  | South America
Chicham | 4  | 89,630  | South America
Quechuan | 45  | 7,768,820  | South America
Aymaran | 4  | 2,808,740  | South America
Uru–Chipaya | 2  | 1,200  | South America
Huarpean | 3  | extinct  | South America
Araucanian | 2  | 262,000  | South America
Chonan | 6  | extinct  | South America
Alacalufan | 3  | 10  | South America
Guajiboan | 5  | 39,290  | South America
Nukak–Kakwa  | 2  | 610  | South America
Otomákoan | 2  | extinct  | South America
Piaroa–Saliban  | 3  | 18,630  | South America
Nadahup | 4  | 2,894  | South America
Yanomaman | 4  | 31,670  | South America
Tucanoan | 23  | 30,308  | South America
Boran | 2  | 1,500  | South America
Witotoan | 7  | 17,478  | South America
Peba–Yaguan | 3  | 5,700  | South America
Zaparoan | 3  | 90  | South America
Hibito–Cholon | 2  | extinct  | South America
Cahuapanan | 2  | 10,370  | South America
Ticuna–Yuri | 2  | 48,580  | South America
Panoan  | 38  | 48,679  | South America
Arawan | 6  | 5,870  | South America
Harákmbut–Katukinan | 4  | 3,310  | South America
Tupian | 70  | 5,026,502  | South America
Chapacuran | 4  | 2,019  | South America
Nambikwaran | 6  | 1,068  | South America
Bororoan | 3  | 1,392  | South America
Kariri | 4  | extinct  | South America
Zamucoan | 2  | 5,900  | South America
Tacanan  | 7  | 2,860  | South America
Mascoian | 6  | 20,728  | South America
Matacoan | 7  | 60,280  | South America
Guaicuruan | 4  | 49,350  | South America
Macro-Jê | 29  | 51,093  | South America
Charruan | 3  | extinct  | South America
Purian | 2  | extinct  | South America
Puquina  | 4  | extinct  | South America
Cañari–Puruhá | 2  | extinct  | South America
Jirajaran | 3  | extinct  | South America
Lule-Vilela  | 2  | extinct  | South America
Timotean | 2  | extinct  | South America
Tiniguan | 3  | 1  | South America

### Sign language families

Family Name  | Location  | Number of

|
|

French Sign | Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia | Over 50
British Sign | United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa | 4–10
Arab Sign | Much of the Arab World | 6–10
Japanese Sign | Japan, Korea, Taiwan | 3
German Sign | Germany, Poland, Israel | 3
Swedish Sign | Sweden, Finland, Portugal | 3
Chinese Sign | China (including Hong Kong and Macau) | 2

### Maps of several language families

* The language families of Africa

* Map of the Austronesian languages

* Map of major Dravidian languages

* Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia

* Area of the Papuan languages

* Map of the Australian languages

* Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact

* The major South American language families

* Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia

* Caucasian languages

* Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages

## See also

* Constructed language - Intentionally devised human language
* Ethnologue § Language families
* Social:Extinct language - Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
* Index of language articles
* Social:Intercontinental Dictionary Series - Linguistics database
* International auxiliary language - Constructed language meant to facilitate communication
* Glottolog § Language families
* Language isolate § List of language isolates by continent
* Lists of languages
* List of proposed language families
* Unclassified language

## References

1. ↑ "Glottolog 5.0 -". https://glottolog.org/.
2. ↑ "What are the largest language families?". May 25, 2019. https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/largest-families.
3. ↑ "North Caucasian". http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/north-caucasian-1.

## External links

* Glottolog
* Ethnologue
* Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary)

## Bibliography

* Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
* Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
* Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
* Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
* Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). The Languages of Africa (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Ross, Malcolm. (2005). Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages. In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
* Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). A guide to the world's languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
* Voegelin, C. F.; & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. New York: Elsevier.
* Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215-88.

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Kwomtari
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Sentani
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keresan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Uralic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Elymian
* Ligurian
* North Picene
* Sicani
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Hurro-Urartian
* Hattic
* Kassite ?
* Kaskian ?
* Philistine ?
* Sumerian
* Proto-Euphratean ?
* Elamite

Caucasian|

* Kartvelian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Nihali
* Burushaski
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Austroasiatic
* Sino-Tibetan
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Kenaboi
* Enggano

North Asia|

| Altaic ?|

* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Koreanic ?
* Japonic ?

|

"Paleosiberian"|

* Koreanic
* Ainu
* Nivkh
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Yukaghir
* Yeniseian

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Ruanruan ?
* Eskimo–Aleut

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Pontic
* Karasuk
* Turanian
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Ural–Altaic
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Uralo-Siberian

| Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

|

Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric

* v
* t
* e

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups|

| central Papua, Indonesia|

* Ok-Oksapmin
* Dani
* Asmat-Kamoro
* Mek
* Paniai Lakes
* West Bomberai
* Somahai

|

southeast Papua, Indonesia|

* Anim
* Greater Awyu
* Kayagaric
* Kolopom
* Marori

southwest Papua New Guinea|

* Gogodala-Suki
* Turama-Kikori
* Kiwaian
* Awin-Pa

central Papua New Guinea|

* Madang
* Finisterre-Huon
* Kainantu-Goroka
* Chimbu-Wahgi
* Enga-Kewa-Huli
* Bosavi
* East Strickland
* Kutubu
* Duna-Bogaya
* Wiru

Papuan Peninsula|

* Angan
* Greater Binanderean
* Dagan
* Mailuan
* Koiarian
* Goilalan
* Yareban
* Kwalean
* Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates|

* Timor-Alor-Pantar
* North Halmahera

* Tambora†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates|

* South Bird's Head
* Nuclear South Bird's Head
* Inanwatan–Duriankere
* Konda–Yahadian
* East Bird's Head
* Nuclear East Bird's Head
* Hatam–Mansim
* West Bird's Head

* Abun
* Mpur
* Maybrat
* Mor
* Tanah Merah

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Tor-Kwerba
* Lakes Plain
* Border
* Sko
* East Cenderawasih Bay
* Pauwasi
* Eastern
* Western
* Nimboran
* Sentani
* Mairasi
* Kaure
* Lepki-Murkim
* Senagi (Angor-Dera)
* Tofanma-Namla
* Yapen

* Abinomn
* Burmeso
* Elseng
* Kapauri
* Kembra
* Keuw
* Kimki
* Massep
* Mawes
* Molof
* Usku
* Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Bayono-Awbono

* Dem
* Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates|

* Torricelli
* Sepik
* Lower Sepik-Ramu
* Lower Sepik
* Ramu
* Kwomtari
* Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
* Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
* Yuat
* Left May
* Amto-Musan

* Busa
* Taiap
* Yadë

| Torricelli subgroups|

* Marienberg
* Arapesh
* Urim
* Maimai
* Wapei
* Palei
* One (West Wapei)
* Monumbo?

|

Sepik subgroups|

* Middle Sepik
* Ndu
* Nukuma
* Yellow River
* Yerakai
* Upper Sepik
* Wogamus
* Iwam
* Abau
* Sepik Hill
* Tama
* Ram
* Amal

Ramu subgroups|

* Lower Ramu
* Ottilien
* Misegian
* Middle Ramu
* Grass?
* Tamolan
* Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Yam
* Pahoturi River
* Eleman
* Oriomo
* Teberan
* Doso-Turumsa
* Komolom
* Yelmek-Maklew

* Dibiyaso
* Kaki Ae
* Kamula
* Karami
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Purari
* Tabo

Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates|

* Baining
* North Bougainville
* South Bougainville
* Central Solomons
* Butam-Taulil

* Anêm
* Ata
* Kol
* Kuot
* Makolkol
* Sulka

Rossel Island
isolate|

* Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings|

* West Papuan
* Northwest Papuan
* South Pauwasi
* East Papuan
* Southeast Papuan
* Papuan Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Arai–Samaia
* Asmat–Mombum
* Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
* Trans-Fly
* Dani–Kwerba
* East Bird's Head – Sentani
* Kwomtari–Fas
* Left May – Kwomtari
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* West Trans–New Guinea
* West Papuan Highlands
* Central and South New Guinea
* Central West New Guinea
* East New Guinea Highlands
* Yele – West New Britain
* Sepik–Ramu
* Indo-Pacific

Proto-language|

* Proto-Trans–New Guinea

Template:Australian Aboriginal languages

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of North America

Language families
and isolates|

* Eskimo–Aleut
* Haida
* Yuki–Wappo
* Chumashan
* Adai
* Beothuk
* Cayuse
* Kutenai
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Pericú

| Na-Dene|

* Tlingit
* Eyak
* Athabaskan

|

Algic|

* Wiyot
* Yurok
* Algonquian

Mosan ?|

* Salishan
* Wakashan
* Chimakuan

Macro-Siouan ?|

* Siouan
* Caddoan
* Iroquoian
* Yuchi

Penutian ?|

* Chinookan
* Wintuan
* Maiduan
* Yok-Utian
* Yokuts
* Utian
* Tsimshianic

| Plateau ?|

* Klamath
* Molala
* Sahaptian

|

Coast Oregon ?|

* Alsean
* Coosan
* Siuslaw

Takelma–Kalapuyan ?|

* Takelma
* Kalapuyan

Hokan ?|

* Shastan
* Palaihnihan
* Pomoan
* Yuman
* Tequistlatecan
* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Jicaquean
* Karuk
* Salinan
* Seri
* Washo
* Yana

Pueblo
linguistic area|

* Tanoan
* Keres
* Zuni

Coahuiltecan
linguistic area|

* Aranama
* Karankawa
* Maratino
* Naolan
* Quinigua
* Solano
* Tonkawa

| Pakawan ?|

* Coahuilteco
* Cotoname
* Comecrudo
* Garza
* Mamulique

|

Gulf ?|

* Muskogean
* Natchez
* Tunica
* Atakapa
* Chitimacha

Mesoamerican
linguistic area|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totozoquean
* Totonacan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan
* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Purépecha
* Alagüilac ?

Caribbean
linguistic area|

* Arawakan
* Cariban

| Pre-Arawakan|

* Guanahatabey
* Macorix
* Ciguayo

|

Proposed groupings|

* Amerind
* Algonquian–Wakashan
* Aztec–Tanoan
* Macro-Mayan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Tolatecan
* Waroid

Lists|

* Classification
* Extinct languages
* Unclassified languages
* Linguistic areas

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of South America
(based on Campbell 2012 classification)

Language families|

* Arawakan
* Cariban
* Chapacuran
* Chibchan
* Pano–Takanan
* Makúan
* Tukanoan
* Tupían
* Arawan
* Barbacoan
* Cahuapanan
* Chipaya–Uru
* Chocoan
* Cholonan
* Guajiboan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Lule–Vilelan
* Nambikwaran
* Qawasqaran
* Paezan
* Sechura–Catacaoan
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan

| Macro-Jê|

* Jê
* Jabutían
* Kamakanan
* Karajá
* Krenákan
* Maxakalían
* Jaikó
* Ofayé
* Rikbaktsá
* Bororoan ?
* Karirian ?
* Purían ?
* Guató ?

|

Arutani–Sape ?|

* Awaké
* Kaliana
* Máku ?

Bora–Witoto ?|

* Boran
* Witotoan

Chimuan ?|

* Cañar–Puruhá
* Mochica

Esmeralda–Yaruroan ?|

* Esmeralda
* Yaruro

Macro-Daha ?|

* Sáliban
* Tikuna–Yuri
* Jotí
* Andoque–Urequena ?

Macro-Otomákoan ?|

* Otomacoan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Trumai ?

Macro-Warpean ?|

* Huarpean
* Muran
* Matanauí

Mataco–Guaicuru ?|

* Matacoan
* Guaicuruan
* Guachí ?
* Payaguá ?
* Charruan ?
* Mascoyan ?

Mosetén–Chon ?|

* Mosetenan
* Chonan

Quechumaran ?|

* Quechuan
* Aymaran

Saparo–Yawan ?|

* Zaparoan
* Yaguan

Tequiraca–Canichana ?|

* Tequiraca
* Canichana

Language isolates|

* Andaquí
* Atacameño
* Betoi
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chono
* Cofán
* Culle
* Gamela
* Irantxe
* Mapudungu
* Munichi
* Omurano
* Otí
* Puquina
* Sabela
* Taruma
* Taushiro
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yagan
* Yurumangui

| Northeast Brazil|

* Baenan
* Katembri
* Natú
* Pankararú
* Tarairiú
* Tuxá
* Wamoé
* Xokó
* Xukurú
* Yaté

|

Rondônia|

* Aikanã
* Kanoê
* Kwazá

Bolivian Amazon|

* Cayuvava
* Chiquitano
* Itonama
* Movima
* Yuracaré

Others (uncertain
classification)|

* Guamo
* Leko
* Mure
* Puinave

Proposed groupings|

* Duho
* Macro-Andean
* Macro-Arawakan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Macro-Jê
* Macro-Jibaro
* Macro-Otomákoan
* Macro-Paesan
* Macro-Panoan
* Macro-Puinavean
* Macro-Warpean
* Arutani–Sape
* Bora–Witoto
* Esmeralda–Yaruroan
* Hibito–Cholon
* Je–Tupi–Carib
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mataco–Guaicuru
* Moseten–Chonan
* Quechumaran
* Saparo–Yawan
* Tequiraca–Canichana
* Wamo–Chapakura
* Amerind

Lists|

* Languages
* Extinct languages
* Marañón River basin
* Unclassified languages
* Classification
* Linguistic areas

Template:Nilo-Saharan families Template:Niger-Congo branches

* v
* t
* e

Khoisan languages

Khoe–Kwadi|

| Khoe|

* Eini
* Gǁana
* Gǀwi
* ǂHaba
* Khoekhoe
* Khwe
* Korana/Griqua
* Naro
* Shua
* Tshwa

|

Kwadi|

Kwadi

Kxʼa|

| ǃKung|

* Sekele / Northern ǃKung (Ekoka)
* Central ǃKung
* Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung (ǂKxʼaoǁʼae)

|

ǂʼAmkoe|

ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)

Tuu|

| Taa|

* Lower Nossob
* Taa (ǃXoon)

|

ǃKwi|

* ǃGãǃne
* Nǁng (Nǀuu)
* ǂUngkue
* ǀXam
* ǁXegwi

Isolates|

* Sandawe
* Hadza

* v
* t
* e

Long-range comparative linguistics

Concepts|

* Adamic language
* Comparative method
* Etymological dictionary
* Glottochronology
* Lexicostatistics
* Linguistic reconstruction
* Internal reconstruction
* Linguistic universal
* Macrofamily
* Mass comparison
* Origin of language
* Paleolinguistics
* Proto-language
* Swadesh list
* Dolgopolsky list

Language families|

* Proto-Human language
* Borean
* Amerind
* Nostratic
* Eurasiatic
* Altaic
* Dené–Caucasian
* North Caucasian
* Austric
* Indo-Pacific

Linguists|

* John Bengtson
* Václav Blažek
* Allan R. Bomhard
* Svetlana Burlak
* Aharon Dolgopolsky
* Vladimir Dybo
* Harold C. Fleming
* Joseph Greenberg
* Murray Gell-Mann
* Vladislav Illich-Svitych
* Sergei Nikolaev
* Merritt Ruhlen
* Vitaly Shevoroshkin
* Georgiy Starostin
* Sergei Starostin

Publications|

* Mother Tongue (journal)
* Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
* The Languages of Africa

Linguistics portal Category

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