List of stateless societies

Short description: none

This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies.

There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state,[1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself.

## Contents

* 1 Historical societies
* 2 Indigenous societies
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Historical societies

The following groups have been cited as examples of stateless societies by some commentators.

Society  | Period  | Notes  | Ref.

|
|
|

Essenes  | 2nd century BCE – 1st century CE  | Mystic Jewish sect with communal living practices.
Icelandic Commonwealth | 930–1262  | Society in Iceland established by Norse and Catholic people.  | [2][3]
Frisian freedom | 800–1523  | Territory notably not run under the feudal practices normal in Europe at the time.
Taborites  | 1420–1452  | Hussite faction which maintained an independent Tábor. Arguably a prototypical anarcho-communist society.  | [4]
Republic of Cospaia  | 1440–1826  | Microstate created by historical anomaly, independent of bordering major powers. This territory lacked many state-like apparatuses.  | [5]
South Carolina Commune  | 1868–1874  | Black-led reconstruction government in South Carolina. Considered a commune by W. E. B. Du Bois.  | [6]

## Indigenous societies

Human society predates the existence of states, meaning that the history of almost any ethnic group would include pre-state organisation. The groups listed below have been identified as examples of stateless societies by various commentators, including discussions relating to anarchism.

Society  | Provisioning system  | Homeland  | Ref.

|
|
|

Aboriginal Australians  | Various  | Australia | [7]
Imazighen  | Agricultural  | Maghreb | [7]
Andamanese  | Hunter-gatherer | Andaman Islands | [8]
Anga  | Horticultural  | Jos Plateau  | [9]
Anuak  | Horticultural  | Anuak Zone, Gambela  | [7]
Bassa  | Subsistence agriculture  | Bassaland  | [9]
Berom  | Subsistence agriculture  | Jos Plateau  | [9]
Birifor  |  | Volta  | [9]
Bobo  | Subsistence agriculture  | Bobo-Dioulasso  | [9]
Cherokee  | Agricultural  | Cherokee Nation  | [10]
Croatan  | Subsistence agriculture  | Croatan Sound  | [11]
Dan  | Agricultural  | Man | [9]
Dayak  | Agricultural  | Borneo  | [7]
Dogon  | Subsistence agriculture  | Dogon country | [9]
Ekoi  | Horticultural  | Ekoi land  | [9]
Gagu  | Pastoral agriculture  |  | [9]
Grebo  |  | Grebo land  | [9]
Hopi  | Agricultural  | Hopi Nation  | [12]
Ibibio  | Horticultural  | Akwa Ibom  | [9]
Idoma  | Hunter-gatherer | Benue  | [9]
Ifugao  | Horticultural  | Ifugao  | [7]
Igbo  | Horticultural  | Igboland
Ijaw  | Horticultural  | Niger Delta  | [9]
Inuit  | Hunter-gatherer | Arctic  | [7]
Kissi  | Subsistence agriculture  | Guinea Highlands | [9]
Konkomba  | Horticultural  | Northern Ghana  | [7][9]
Kru  | Fishing  | Grand Kru County  | [9]
Kusasi  |  | Kasaug Traditional Area  | [9]
Lugbara  | Subsistence agriculture  | West Nile  | [7]
Mamprusi  |  | East Mamprusi  | [9]
Mano  | Horticultural  | Nimba County  | [9]
Mapuche  | Pastoral agriculture  | Araucanía | [13]
Maragoli  |  | Vihiga County  | [9]
Mbuti  | Hunter-gatherer | Ituri Rainforest  | [14]
Niitsitapi  | Hunter-gatherer | Blackfeet Nation  | [15]
Nubian  | Agricultural  | Nubia | [16]
Nuer  | Pastoralism  | Nuer Zone, Gambela  | [9]
Pequot  | Agricultural  | Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation  | [17]
Piaroa  | Subsistence agriculture  | Orinoco  | [18]
Puliklah  | Hunter-gatherer | Yurok Indian Reservation  | [7]
Tallensi  | Horticultural  | Tallensi Traditional Area  | [9]
Plateau Tonga  | Subsistence agriculture  | Binga  | [7]
Quinnipiac  | Hunter-gatherer | Quinnipiac River  | [19]
Sami | Pastoralism  | Sápmi | [7]
San  | Hunter-gatherer | Central Kalahari  | [20]
Santals  | Agricultural  | Jharkhand  | [7]
Semai  | Subsistence agriculture  | Perak  | [21]
Seminoles  | Hunter-gatherer | Seminole Nation  | [22]
Shona  | Subsistence agriculture  | Mashonaland  | [9]
Tiv  | Horticultural  | Tivland  | [7][9]
Urhbo  | Subsistence agriculture  | Niger Delta  | [9]
Zomia |  |  | [23]

## See also

* List of anarchist communities
* Stateless society
* Stateless nation
* Statelessness

## References

1. ↑ Cudworth, Erika (2007). The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2176-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr8tAAAAYAAJ.
2. ↑ Jakobsson, Sverrir (2010). "Heaven is a Place on Earth: Church and Sacred Space in Thirteenth-Century Iceland". Scandinavian Studies 82 (1): 1–20. ISSN 0036-5637. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40920892.
3. ↑ Eggertsson, Þráinn (1990-06-29) (in en). Economic Behavior and Institutions: Principles of Neoinstitutional Economics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34891-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=hQhxcbLc6q8C.
4. ↑ Cohn, Norman (1970). The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary millenarians and mystical anarchists of the Middle Ages. London: Paladin. pp. 207–208.
5. ↑ Milani, Giuseppe; Selvi, Giovanna (1996). Tra Rio e Riascolo: piccola storia del territorio libero di Cospaia. Lama di San Giustino: Associazione genitori oggi. p. 18. OCLC 848645655.
6. ↑ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 449.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 Barclay, Harold (1990). People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy. Seattle: Left Bank Books.
8. ↑ John Zerzan, Future Primitive Revisisted (Port Townsend: Feral House, 2012), 13-14.
9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `:Africa`
10. ↑ Perdue, Theda (2007). The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Penguin Books.
11. ↑ "Indian Towns and Buildings of Eastern North Carolina", Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, National Park Service, 2008, Retrieved 24 April 2010.
12. ↑ Eggan, Fred, Social Organization of the Western Pueblos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960)
13. ↑ Zibechi, Raúl (2010). Territories in Resistance: A Cartography of Latin American Social Movements. Oakland: AK Press.
14. ↑ Turnbull, Colin (1968). The Forest People. New York: Simon & Schuster.
15. ↑ Ladner, Kiera (2003). "Governing Within an Ecological Context: Creating an Alternative Understanding of Blackfoot Governance". Studies in Political Economy 70: 137–150. doi:10.1080/07078552.2003.11827132.
16. ↑ Robert Fernea, “Putting a Stone in the Middle: the Nubians of Northern Africa,” in Graham Kemp and Douglas P. Fry (eds.), Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies around the World, New York: Routledge, 2004, p. 111.
17. ↑ William A. Starna, “Pequots in the Early Seventeenth Century” in ed. Laurence M. Hauptman and James D. Wherry, The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation (Norman and London: University of Oakland Press, 1990), 42.
18. ↑ Graeber, David (2004). Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigms Press. pp. 26–27.
19. ↑ John Menta, The Quinnipiac: Cultural Conflict in Southern New England (New Haven: Yale University, 2003)
20. ↑ Lee, Richard (2003). The Dobe Ju/hoansi. Thomas Learning/Wadsworth.
21. ↑ Robert K. Dentan, The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979
22. ↑ Greg Urban, “The Social Organizations of the Southeast,” in ed. Raymond J. Demallie and Alfonso Ortiz, North American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994), 175-178.
23. ↑ Scott, James (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: University of Yale Press.

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