Literally

Literally is an English adverb meaning "in a literal sense or manner" or an intensifier which strengthens the associated statement. It has been used as an intensifier in English for several centuries, though recently this has been considered somewhat controversial by linguistic prescriptivists. The use of 'literally' as an intensifier is recognized as valid by most dictionaries of English and has been used by authors such as Mark Twain and James Joyce.[1]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 As an intensifier
* 3 In popular culture
* 4 References

## History

The first known use of the word literally was in the 15th century,[2] or the 1530s.[2][3]

The use of the word as an intensifier emerged later, at the latest by 1769,[4][5] when Frances Brooke wrote the following sentence:[4]

> He is a fortunate man to be introduced to such a party of fine women at his arrival; it is literally to feed among the lilies.

## As an intensifier

Despite common perception to the contrary, the use of an intensifier does not mean "figuratively" and is not an auto-antonym; literally as an intensifier cannot be lexically substituted for figuratively while keeping the meaning of the sentence the same, and instead it serves as a generic intensifier.[6] Its use as an intensifier dates back to the 1700s, and only since the early 20th century has its use as an intensifier been controversial. In 1909, the following entry was included in a blacklist of literary faults:[7]

> Literally for Figuratively. "The stream was literally alive with fish." "His eloquence literally swept the audience from its feet." It is bad enough to exaggerate, but to affirm the truth of the exaggeration is intolerable.

Opponents state that this usage is contrary to its original meaning,[8] that it is nonsensical for a word to mean two opposite things despite the abundance of such words in languages,[8] that the use of the word literally as an intensifier can be substituted by other words ("absolutely", "definitely", "unquestionably"[9]), and that "it makes the speaker look ridiculous".[9] Paul Brians stated in Common Errors in English Usage: "Don't say of someone that he 'literally blew up' unless he swallows a stick of dynamite."[9] The notion that its use as an intensifier is an "error" is rejected by scholars of language, who typically view arguments against the use of literally as an intensifier as either an etymological fallacy or fundamental misunderstanding of how languages develop.[6]

Proponents state that this usage has been well-attested since the 18th century.[8] The authors of the Merriam Webster dictionary write: "The use of literally in a fashion that is hyperbolic or metaphoric is not new—evidence of this use dates back to 1769" and "the fact that so many people are writing angry letters serves as a sort of secondhand evidence, as they would hardly be complaining about this usage if it had not become common."[10]

## In popular culture

In 2014, CollegeHumor made a skit titled "The Boy Who Cried Literally", which parodies the alleged overuse of the word.[11]

## References

1. ↑ "The Long History of the Figurative 'Literally'—and 8 Great Writers Who Used It" (in en-us). 20 March 2023. https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/famous-writers-used-literally-figuratively.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Definition of LITERALLY" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/literally.
3. ↑ "literally | Etymology, origin and meaning of literally by etymonline" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/literally.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Literal Truth About The Word "Literally"" (in en). 2013-08-18. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/1308016-words-literally-oxford-english-dictionary-linguistics-etymology.
5. ↑ "Did We Change the Definition of 'Literally'?" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/misuse-of-literally.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Anderson, Catherine; Bjorkman, Bronwyn; Denis, Derek; Doner, Julianne; Grant, Margaret; Sanders, Nathan; Taniguchi, Ai (28 February 2022). "14.6 Semantic change" (in en). https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics2/chapter/14-6-semantic-change/. "This intensifier usage of literally is often flagged as prescriptively incorrect in a figurative context, such as literally dying of laughter, because it superficially appears that literally means ‘figuratively’, which is the opposite of its etymological meaning. However, literally is acting as a generic intensifier that can be used in both literal and figurative contexts, in the same way that very and really can. For example, both literally laughing and laughing and literally dying of laughter mean something like ‘laughing a lot’, with literally intensifying the overall meaning. It just happens to be intensifying a literal meaning in one and a figurative meaning in the other. The claim that literally cannot be used in a figurative context because of its original meaning is an etymological fallacy"
7. ↑ Curtis, Polly (2012-03-12). "Literally, the wrong use of the word" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check-with-polly-curtis/2012/mar/12/reality-check-literally-wrong-use-word.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Did We Change the Definition of 'Literally'?" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/misuse-of-literally.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Literally the most misused word" (in en-US). https://www.boston.com/culture/lifestyle/2011/07/19/literally-the-most-misused-word/.
10. ↑ "Did We Change the Definition of 'Literally'?" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/misuse-of-literally.
11. ↑ צוק, נמרוד (2014-09-02). "כך תישמעו חכמים בלי ללמוד כלום" (in he). https://www.calcalist.co.il/internet/articles/0,7340,L-3639835,00.html.

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