Longevity myths

Short description: Myths related to longevity

Jurōjin, the Japanese god of longevity, one of the Seven Lucky Gods

Longevity myths are traditions about long-lived people (generally supercentenarians), either as individuals or groups of people, and practices that have been believed to confer longevity, but which current scientific evidence does not support, nor the reasons for the claims.[1][2] While literal interpretations of such myths may appear to indicate extraordinarily long lifespans, experts believe such figures may be the result of incorrect translations of number systems through various languages, coupled along with the cultural and symbolic significance of certain numbers.[3]

The phrase "longevity tradition" may include "purifications, rituals, longevity practices, meditations, and alchemy"[4] that have been believed to confer greater human longevity, especially in Chinese Culture.[1][2]

Modern science indicates various ways in which genetics, diet, and lifestyle affect human longevity. It also allows us to determine the age of human remains with a fair degree of precision.

Outside of mythology, the record for the maximum verified lifespan in the modern world is ​122 1⁄2 years for women (Jeanne Calment) and 116 years for men (Jiroemon Kimura). Some scientists estimate that in case of the most ideal conditions people can live up to 127 years.[5][6] This does not exclude the theoretical possibility that in the case of a fortunate combination of mutations there could be a person who lives longer. Though the lifespan of humans is one of the longest in nature, there are animals that live longer. For example, some individuals of the Galapagos tortoise live more than 175 years,[7] and some individuals of the bowhead whale more than 200 years.[8] Some scientists cautiously suggest that the human body can have sufficient resources to live up to 150 years.[9][10]

## Contents

* 1 Extreme longevity claims in religion
* 1.1 Abrahamic religions
* 1.1.1 Judaism
* 1.1.2 Christianity
* 1.1.3 Islam
* 1.2 Buddhism
* 1.3 Falun Gong
* 1.4 Hinduism
* 1.5 Jainism
* 1.6 Sikhism
* 1.7 Theosophy/New Age
* 2 Ancient extreme longevity claims
* 2.1 China
* 2.1.1 Emperors
* 2.2 Egypt
* 2.3 Greece
* 2.4 Japan
* 2.5 Korea
* 2.6 Persian empire
* 2.7 Ancient Rome
* 2.8 Sumer
* 2.9 Vietnam
* 3 Modern extreme longevity claims
* 3.1 Isolated
* 3.2 Documented
* 3.3 Other
* 4 Medieval era
* 4.1 Poland
* 4.2 Wales
* 4.3 England
* 5 Practices
* 5.1 Diets
* 5.2 Alchemy
* 5.3 Fountain of Youth
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 Bibliography

## Extreme longevity claims in religion

### Abrahamic religions

Biblical longevity  Name | Masoretic
Age | Septuagint
Age

|
|

Methuselah | 969 | 969
Jared | 962 | 962
Noah | 950 | 950
Adam | 930 | 930
Seth | 912 | 912
Kenan | 910 | 910
Enos | 905 | 905
Mahalalel | 895 | 895
Lamech | 777 | 753
Shem | 600 | 600
Eber | 464 | 404
Cainan | — | 460
Arpachshad | 438 | 465
Salah | 433 | 466
Enoch | 365 | 365
Peleg | 239 | 339
Reu | 239 | 339
Serug | 230 | 330
Job | 210? | 210?
Terah | 205 | 205
Isaac | 180 | 180
Abraham | 175 | 175
Nahor | 148 | 304
Jacob | 147 | 147
Esau | 147? | 147?
Ishmael | 137 | 137
Levi | 137 | 137
Amram | 137 | 137
Kohath | 133 | 133
Laban | 130+ | 130+
Deborah | 130+ | 130+
Jehoiada | 130 | 130
Sarah | 127 | 127
Miriam | 125+ | 125+
Aaron | 123 | 123
Rebecca | 120+ | 120+
Moses | 120 | 120
Joseph | 110 | 110
Joshua | 110 | 110

#### Judaism

Several parts of the Hebrew Bible, including the Torah, Joshua, Job, and Chronicles, mention individuals with very long lifespans, up to the 969 years of Methuselah.

The Sefer haYashar narrates that all of the long-lived people belonged to a special class and that Methusaleh was the last member.[11] Methusaleh also lived long enough to evangelize with his grandson Noah in the antediluvian world.[12]

#### Christianity

Some Christian apologists explain the extreme ages in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) as ancient mistranslations that converted the word "month" to "year", mistaking lunar cycles for solar ones: this would turn an age of 969 years into a more reasonable 969 lunar months, or about 78.3 solar years.[13] Donald Etz says that the Genesis 5 numbers were multiplied by ten by a later editor.[14]

Both these interpretations introduce an inconsistency: they would mean that the ages of the first nine patriarchs at fatherhood, ranging from 62 to 230 years in the manuscripts, would then be transformed into an implausible range such as 5 to ​18 1⁄2 years.[15] Others say that the first list, of only 10 names for 1,656 years, may contain generational gaps, which would have been represented by the lengthy lifetimes attributed to the patriarchs.[16] Nineteenth-century critic Vincent Goehlert suggests the lifetimes "represented epochs merely, to which were given the names of the personages especially prominent in such epochs, who, in consequence of their comparatively long lives, were able to acquire an exalted influence".[17]

Those biblical scholars that teach literal interpretation give explanations for the advanced ages of the early patriarchs. In one view, man was originally to have everlasting life, but as sin was introduced into the world by Adam,[18] its influence became greater with each generation and God progressively shortened man's life.[19] In a second view, before Noah's flood, a "firmament" over the earth (Genesis 1:6–8) contributed to people's advanced ages.[20] The Bible's own (brief) explanation for these ages approaches the question from a different angle, explaining instead the relative shortness of normal lives in Genesis 6:3 (CSB): "And the Lord said, 'My Spirit will not remain with mankind forever, because they are corrupt. Their days will be 120 years.'"

Conservative apologist William Lane Craig believes that the longevity myths should be understood as 'mytho-history', where the ages of historically significant figures are exaggerated to make a political or theological point. He points to similar practices found in neighboring cultures such as the Babylonians and argues that both Hebrews and Babylonians were aware that human longevity was biologically unfeasible.[21]Similar arguments have been made by professor Robert Gnuse.[22]

Here are some more modern examples of Christian longevity claims:

* Scolastica Oliveri is said to have lived in Bivona, Italy, 1448–1578 (age 129–130), according to the archive of Monastero di San Paolo in Bivona located in Palermo.[23]
* Around 1912, the Maharishi of Kailash was said by missionary Sadhu Sundar Singh to be a Christian hermit of over 300 years of age in a Himalayan mountain cave, with whom he spent some time in deep fellowship. Singh said the Maharishi was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and baptized by the nephew of St. Francis Xavier.[24]

#### Islam

Ibrahim (إِبْرَاهِيم) was said to have lived to 168–169 years.[citation needed] His wife Sarah is the only woman in the Old Testament whose age is given. She died at 127 (Genesis 23:1). In the Quran, Noah allegedly lived for 950 years with his people.[25]

According to 19th-century scholars, Abdul Azziz al-Hafeed al-Habashi (عبد العزيز الحبشي) lived 673–674 Gregorian years, or 694–695 Islamic years, between 581 and 1276 AH (equivalent to 1185–1859 AD).[26]

In Twelver Shia Islam, Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi is believed to currently be in Occultation and still alive (age 1156).[27]

### Buddhism

* Vipassī, the twenty-second of twenty-eight Buddhas, lived for either 80,000[28] or 100,000 years.[29] In Vipassī's time, the longevity of humans was 84,000 years.
* Taṇhaṅkara, the first Buddha, lived for 100,000 years.

### Falun Gong

Chapter 2 of Falun Gong by Li Hongzhi (2001) states,

> A person in Japan named Mitsu Taira lived to be 242 years old. During the Tang dynasty in our country, there was a monk called Hui Zhao [慧昭, 526–815[citation needed]] who lived to be 290 [288–289] years old. According to the county annals of Yong Tai in Fujian Province, Chen Jun [陈俊] was born in the first year of Zhong He time (881 AD) under the reign of Emperor Xi Zong during the Tang Dynasty. He died in the Tai Ding time of the Yuan Dynasty (1324 AD), after living for 443 years.[30]

### Hinduism

* The Hindu god Rama is said to have ruled his kingdom Ayodhya for 11,000 years by the time he died according to the Ramayana.[31]
* Rama's father Dasharatha lived for more than 60,000 years according to the Ramayana.[32]
* Bhagiratha did tapas for 1000 deva or god years (360,000 years in Human years) to please Ganga, to gain the release of his 60,000 great-uncles from the curse of saint Kapila. So, Bhagiratha lived for more than 360,000 years.[33]
* The Hindu god Krishna is said to have lived for 125 years and 8 months from 3228 BCE to 3102 BCE. According to Hindu scriptures, the age of Kali Yuga began after he ascended to his abode Vaikuntha.[34][better source needed]
* Ashwatthama, a hero of the Mahabharatha, is said to be over 6,000 years old and still alive.[citation needed]
* Devraha Baba (died June 19, 1990) claimed to have lived for more than 900 years.[35]
* Trailanga Swami reportedly lived in Kashi since 1737;[36] the journal Prabuddha Bharata puts his birth c. 1607 CE, corresponding to year 1529 of the Shaka era (age 279–280),[37][38][need quotation to verify] upon his death in 1887.[37][36]
* The sadhaka Lokenath Brahmachari reportedly lived 1730–1890 (age 159–160).[36]
* Shivapuri Baba, also known as Swami Govindanath Bharati, was a Hindu saint who purportedly lived from 1826 to 1963, making him allegedly 136–137 years old at the time of his death. He had 18 audiences with Queen Victoria.[39][40]

### Jainism

Extreme lifespans are ascribed to the Tirthankaras, for instance:

* Neminatha was said to have lived for over 10,000 years before his ascension.
* Naminatha was said to have lived for over 20,000 years before his ascension.
* Munisuvrata was said to have lived for over 30,000 years before his ascension.
* Māllīnātha was said to have lived for over 56,000 years before his ascension.
* Aranatha was said to have lived for over 84,000 years before his ascension.
* Kunthunatha was said to have lived for over 200,000 years before his ascension.
* Shantinatha was said to have lived for over 800,000 years before his ascension.
* Dharmanatha was said to have lived for over 2,500,000 years before his ascension.
* Anantanatha was said to have lived for over 3,500,000 years before his ascension.
* Vimalanatha was said to have lived for over 6,000,000 years before his ascension.
* Vasupujya was said to have lived for over 7,200,000 years before his ascension.
* Shreyansanatha was said to have lived for over 8,400,000 years before his ascension.[41]

### Sikhism

* Baba Sri Chand, the founder of Udasi sect, was said to live 134 years.[42][43][44]
* Baba Biram Das, an udasi saint, is said to have lived for 321 years.[45][46][47]

### Theosophy/New Age

* Mahavatar Babaji is said to be an "Unascended Master" purportedly many centuries old (said to have been born as early as 203 AD) and is claimed to live in the Himalayas. The Hindu guru Paramhansa Yogananda claimed to have met him and was supposedly one of his disciples.[48][49]

## Ancient extreme longevity claims

These include claims prior to c. 150 CE, before the fall of the Roman empire.

### China

Bronze mirror, with Chinese character of "Longevity" and dragons and clouds decoration. Capital Museum, Beijing, China

* Fu Xi (伏羲) was supposed to have lived for 197 years.[50]
* Lucian wrote about the "Seres" (a China people), claiming they lived for over 300 years.
* Zuo Ci who lived during the Three Kingdoms Period was said to have lived for 300 years.
* In Chinese legend, Peng Zu was believed to have lived for over 800 years[51] during the Yin Dynasty (殷朝, 16th to 11th centuries BC).[52]

#### Emperors

* The Yellow Emperor was said to have lived for 113 years.
* Emperor Yao was said to have lived for 118 years.[53]
* Emperor Shun was said to have lived for 110 years.[citation needed]

### Egypt

The Egyptian historian Manetho, drawing upon earlier sources, begins his Egyptian king list with the Graeco-Egyptian god Hephaestus (Ptah) who "was king for 9,000 years".[54]

### Greece

A book Macrobii ("Long-Livers") is a work devoted to longevity. It was attributed to the ancient Greek author Lucian, although it is now accepted that he could not have written it.[55] Most examples given in it are lifespans of 80 to 100 years, but some are much longer:

* Tiresias, the blind seer of Thebes, over 600 years.[citation needed]
* Nestor, over 300 years.[citation needed]
* Members of the "Seres" (a Chinese people), over 300 years.[citation needed]

According to one tradition, Epimenides of Crete (7th, 6th centuries BC) lived nearly 300 years.[56]

### Japan

A woodblock print of Emperor Jimmu, part of Famous Generals of Japan by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

Some early emperors of Japan are said to have ruled for more than a century, according to the tradition documented in the Kojiki, viz., Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Kōan.

* Emperor Jimmu (traditionally, 13 February 711 BC – 11 March 585 BC) lived 126 years according to the Kojiki. These dates correspond to 125 years, 339 days, on the proleptic Julian and Gregorian calendars. However, the form of his posthumous name suggests that it was invented in the reign of Kanmu (781–806 AD),[57] or possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were compiled into the Kojiki.
* Emperor Kōan, according to Nihon Shoki, lived 137 years[58] (from 427 BC[59] to 291 BC).

### Korea

* Dangun, the first ruler of Korea, is said to have been born in 2333 BCE and to have died in 425 BCE at the age of 1,908 years.[citation needed]
* Taejo of Goguryeo (46/47 – 165) is claimed to have reigned in Korea for 93 years beginning at age 7. After his retirement, the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa give his age at death as 118,[60] while the Book of the Later Han states he died in 121 at age 74.

### Persian empire

The reigns of several shahs in the Shahnameh, an epic poem by Ferdowsi, are given as longer than a century:

* Zahhak, 1,000 years.[citation needed]
* Jamshid, 700 years.[citation needed]
* Fereydun, 500 years.[citation needed]
* Askani, 200 years.[citation needed]
* Kay Kāvus, 150 years.[citation needed]
* Manuchehr, 120 years.[citation needed]
* Lohrasp, 120 years.[citation needed]
* Goshtasp, 120 years.[citation needed]

### Ancient Rome

In Roman times, Pliny wrote about longevity records from the census carried out in 74 AD under Vespasian. In one region of Italy many people allegedly lived past 100; four were said to be 130, others up to 140.[citation needed]

### Sumer

Age claims for the earliest eight Sumerian kings in the major recension of the Sumerian King List were in units and fractions of shar (3,600 years) and totaled 67 shar or 241,200 years.[61]

In the only ten-king tablet recension of this list three kings (Alalngar, [...], kidunnu, and En-men-dur-ana) are recorded as having reigned 72,000 years together.[16][62] The major recension assigns 43,200 years to the reign of En-men-lu-ana, and 36,000 years each to those of Alalngar and Dumuzid.[61]

### Vietnam

* Kinh Dương Vương, the first King of Vietnam, is said to be born in 2919 BC and died in 2792 BC (aged about 127 years).[63]
* Lạc Long Quân reigned from 2793 BC to 2524 BC (about 269 years).[64]

## Modern extreme longevity claims

This list includes claims of longevity of 130 and older from the 14th century onward. All birth year and age claims are alleged unless stated otherwise.

### Isolated

Name  | Birth  | Death  | Age  | Country

|
|
|
|

Anonymous  | 2987 BC  | Unknown  | 5000[65] | India
Anna Persdotter[66] | 665  | 1689  | 1024  | Sweden
Billafunda (Siddha) Sayadaw U.Kowida
(Wizzardo Sayadaw U.Kowida)  | 908/968[67] | Unknown  | 1112/1052[68][69] | Myanmar
Colestein Veglin  | 1261[lower-alpha 1] | 1876  | 615[70][lower-alpha 2] | United States[70]
Thomas Cam  | 1381[71] | 1588  | 207[72] | England
Thomas Newman  | 1388–1389  | 1542[73] | 153[73] | England
Elizabeth Yorath[74] | 1491  | 1668  | 177  | England
Thomas Damme  | 1494–1495[71] | 1649[71] | 154[71] | England
Chesten Marchant  | 1511  | 1676[75] | 164[76] | England
Peter Torton  | 1539  | 1724  | 185  | Romania[77][78]
Mrs. Eckleston  | 1548  | 1691  | 143  | England[79]
G. Stanley[74] | 1568  | 1719  | 151  | England
John Rovin[74] | 1569  | 1741  | 172  | England
Sarah Desson Rovin[74] | 1577  | 1741  | 164  | England
Jon Andersson  | 1582[80] | 1729[80] | 147[80] | Sweden
Margaret Patten  | 1601–1602  | 1739[77] | 137[77] | United Kingdom
Louisa Truxo  | 1610[81] | 1785[81] | 175[81] | Argentina
Joseph Surrington  | 1637[71] | 1797[71] | 159–160[71] | United Kingdom
Peter Garden[74] | 1644  | 1775  | 131  | United Kingdom
Lan Xiang[citation needed] | 1668  | 1812  | 144  | Qing Dynasty
Henry Francisco[74] | 1686  | 1820  | 134  | United Kingdom
United States
? Galvini  | 1686-1687  | 1825[82][83] | 138  | Papal States
Bridget Devine[74] | 1698  | 1845  | 147  | United Kingdom
Tance Abayeva  | 1724  | Unknown  | 180[84] | Russian Empire
James James  | 1752  | 1888  | 135  | United States[85]
William Hotchkiss[74] | 1755  | 1895  | 140  | United States
Ashura Omarova  | 1775[lower-alpha 3] | Unknown  | 195[87][lower-alpha 2] | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Carmen Pastenes  | 1800[88] | 1933  | 133  | Chile
Ajko Omerovitch  | 1804–1805  | 1934[89] | 130[89] | Ottoman Empire
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Zoe Ketteh  | 1807[lower-alpha 4] | Unknown  | 155[90][lower-alpha 2] | Liberia
Ali Ashraf Husseini  | 1808  | Unknown  | 168[74] | Iran
Mahmud Eyvazov[74] | 1808  | 1960  | 152  | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Delfina da Costa Freire[91] | 1816  | 1971  | 155  | Brazil
Amodzie[92] | 1823[93] | 198–199  | Ghana
Anton Pilya  | 1830–1831  | 1965[74] | 135[74] | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Josefa Molina Lantz  | 1831[94] | 2006  | 175[94] | Venezuela[94]
Beim Mekraliyeva[74] | 1832  | Unknown  | 134  | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Obaapanyin Agatha Dapaah  | 1834  | 2021  | 187[95] | Ghana
Khfaf Lazuria[74] | 1835  | 1975  | 140  | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Medzhig Agagev[74] | 1836  | Unknown  | 140  | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Bahkishi Orujeva[74] | 1837  | Unknown  | 130  | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
James Olofintuyi  | 1844  | Unknown  | 170[96][lower-alpha 2] | Nigeria[96]
Opanyin Kwaku Addae  | 1852–1853[lower-alpha 5] | Unknown  | 159[97][lower-alpha 2] | Ghana
Dhaqabo Ebba[lower-alpha 6] | 1853[100] | 2015[100] | 162[100] | Ethiopia
Turinah[101] | 1853  | 2012  | 159  | Dutch East Indies
Indonesia
Omar Abas  | 1857[102] | 2001?  | 144[103] | Malaysia
Mohammed bin Zarei  | 1858–1859  | 2013[104] | 154[104] | Saudi Arabia
Mohammed bin Masoud  | 1861  | 2014[105] | 153[105] | Oman
Klayonoh Bleaorplue  | 1863[106] | 2016[106] | 153[106] | Liberia
Gabriel Umeh Enemuo  | 1864–1865  | 2015[107] | 151[107] | Nigeria
Abdel Wali Numan  | 1865[108] | 2007  | 142[lower-alpha 7] | Yemen
Ali bin Abdullah bin Ezab  | 1866  | 2006[109] | 140[110] | United Arab Emirates
Ali Al-Alakmi  | 1871–1872  | 2018[111] | 147[111] | Saudi Arabia
Feroz-ud-Din Mir  | 1872[112] | 2014[112] | 142[112] | India
Bashir Al Saalmi  | 1873–1874  | 2010[113] | 137[113] | Oman
Moloko Temo  | 1874  | 2009[114] | 134[114] | South Africa
Sarhat Rashidova  | 1875  | 2007  | 131[115][116] | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Khanum Hasno  | 1877–1878  | 2013[117] | 136[117] | Afghanistan
Yekini Ogundare[118] | 1878  | Unknown  | 142  | Nigeria
Maritina Vangatala  | 1879[119] | Unknown  | 135[119][lower-alpha 2] | Solomon Islands
Mzee Barnabas Kiptanui Arap Rop  | 1879[120] | 2012[120] | 133[lower-alpha 8] | Kenya
Antisa Khvichava  | 1880[121] | 2012[121] | 132[121] | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Georgia
Maria Olivia da Silva  | 1880[122] | 2010[123][124] | 130[123] | Brazil
Ntame Zambezi  | 1880[125] | 2011[125] | 130[125] | Botswana
Alhaji Abdu Sikola  | 1880–1881  | 2015[126] | 135[126] | Nigeria
Cécilé Tshibola  | 1880–1881  | 2010[127] | 130[127] | Congo-Kinshasa
Johanna Ramatse  | 1883[128] | 2017[128] | 134[128] | South Africa
Joao Coelho de Souza[129] | 1884  | 2017  | 133  | Brazil
Aisha Heddou  | 1885–1886  | Unknown  | 130[130][lower-alpha 2] | Morocco
Mbuya Hiki[131] | 1885–1886  | 2016  | 130  | Zimbabwe
Kassim Hussein[132] | 1887  | Living  | 139  | Iraq
Mutaq Taliq Al-Rasheedi[133] | 1888-1889  | 2019  | 130  | Saudi Arabia
Talib Omar[134][135] | 1889–1890  | 2020  | 130  | Malaysia
Tamam Azizova[136][137][138] | 1890  | Living  | 136  | Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Maimouna Al-Amine[139] | 1890  | 2020  | 130  | Lebanon
Muammar Saeed bin Salem Al-Rajhi  | 1890  | 2020  | 130[140] | Oman
Anonymous  | 1890–1891  | Unknown  | 129–130[141] | Thailand
Hamid Shakhir Golan Al-Sabihawi  | 1891  | 2021  | 130[142] | Iraq
Sheikh Adam Tahir  | 1892  | 2022  | 130[143] | Nigeria
Lucy Kahubire Adyeeri  | 1893  | Living  | 132[144][145] | Uganda

### Documented

The following cases have been documented in detail over time.

Name  | Birth  | Death  | Age  | Country  | Summary

|
|
|
|
|

Thomas Parr  | 1482–1483  | 1635-11-13[146] | 152[146] | England | The case was recorded in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. William Harvey carried out a postmortem on him, according to Easton. Parr is buried in Westminster Abbey with his alleged age on the gravestone.
Henry Jenkins  | 1501[147] | 1670[148] | 169  | England
Peter Czartan  | 1539[71] | 1724[71] | 184[71] | Romania  | Charles Hulbert, who reported Czartan's case in an 1825 collection, added that John (172) and his wife Sara[149] (164) both died in Hungary in 1741 after 148 years of marriage.[71] The Book Validation of Exceptional Longevity has the old couples last name as Rowin,[149] while The Virgin Birth and the Incarnation puts John and Sara's married name as Rovin.[71]
Li Ching-Yuen  |

* 1736[150] \- claimed
* 1677[151] \- disputed

| 1933-05-05[150] |

* 196–197[150]
* 255–256[151]

| Qing Dynasty,
Republic of China  | A New York Times story announced the death on 5 May 1933 in Kai County, Sichuan, at the age of 197, of Li Qingyun (李青云), who claimed to be born in 1736. A Time article noted that "respectful Chinese preferred to think" Li was 150 in 1827 (birth 1677), based on a government congratulatory message, and died at age 256. Tai chi master Da Liu stated that Li learned qigong from a hermit over age 500.
Zaro Aga  | 1764-02-16[152] | 1934-06-29[152] | 170[152] | Ottoman Empire | Kurdish man who claimed birth on February 16, 1764, and died on June 29, 1934, in Istanbul, Turkey at the alleged age of 170.
Javier Pereira  | 1789[153] | 1955–58  | 165–169  | Colombia  | A Zenú Indian from Colombia who was reputedly over 160 years old at the time of his death. Although his death is variously said to have been in 1955, 1956, and 1958, sources all claim that he was born in 1789.
1804-06-12  | 1952-03-15  | 147[154][155][156][157][158][159][160] | Romania  | A man from Transylvania, who was claimed to be 148 years old when he died in 1952. The mayor of Recea Cristur in Cluj, Rus Laurian Alexandru, confirms that there are documents attesting that this man lived 148 years.
Shirali Muslimov  | 1805-03-26  | 1973-09-02[161] | 168[161] | Russian Empire,
Soviet Union,
Azerbaijan | An Azerbaijani shepherd of Talysh ethnicity from the village of Barzavu in the Lerik region of Azerbaijan, a mountainous area near the Iranian border. He claimed to be the oldest person who ever lived when he died on September 2, 1973, at the alleged age of 168 years and 162 days, based solely on a passport. National Geographic carried the claim. Some sources claimed him to be the oldest centenarian in the USSR. It was reported that at the moment of Muslimov's death, his wife was still living at 120 years of age.[162]
Sylvester Magee  | 1841-05-29[163] | 1971-10-15[163] | 130[163] | United States | Although much documentation is lost or possibly never existed, some sources suggest that Magee may have served in both the Confederate and Union armies. Alfred P. Andrews, founder of the Jackson Civil War Round Table and its president elect for 1965-66, helped Magee be classified as a Civil War veteran although no service records for him could be found.
Charlie Smith  | 1842  | 1979-10-05  | 137  | United States | Prior to Smith's death, the Guinness Book of World Records had called his claim into question, noting that Smith's marriage certificate from 1910 stated that he was 35 years old at the time, which would make him 104 years old at the time of his death.[164][165]
Bir Narayan Chaudhary  | 1856  | 1998  | 141–142  | Nepal  | Bir claimed he was born in 1856, the son of a landowner.[166][167] A cattle rancher in the village of Khanar, near Biratnagar, he was purportedly a leader of the first land survey team in the area, conducted in 1888.[168] He was a smoker throughout his later life. Bir rose to prominence in the mid-1990s when Nepalese television and press began reporting on his claimed age.[167] In 1997, he was honored by Nepal's King Birendra for his claimed longevity.[166]
Habib Miyan  | 1869-05-20  | 2008-08-19  | 139  | India | Rahim "Habib Miyan" Khan of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India , holds the Guinness World record for the longest retirement pension.[169][170] Miyan's claimed birth date derives from a family tree listing a Rahim Khan born in 1869, although his pension book listed his birth date as May 20, 1878.[171][172][173] He said he had been using these documents since he was discharged from the army in 1938 to claim a pension, making him the world's longest-registered old-age pensioner.[169][174] The Limca Book of Records lists him as the oldest man of Jaipur, describing him in its 2005 edition as "over 120 years".[175][176][174][173] In 2004 two unidentified people donated money for Miyan to go on Hajj, making him purportedly the oldest Hajj pilgrim in history.[177][178] He was named as the Aab-e-Jaipur ('Lustre of Jaipur') by the mayor of Jaipur.[171]
Mbah Gotho  | 1870-12-31  | 2017-04-30  | 146  | Dutch East Indies,
Indonesia  | In May 2010, Solopos reported that census enumerators recorded that Saparman Sodimejo, known more commonly as Mbah Gotho, was 142 years old.[179][180][181] Liputan 6 reported that his estimated age was 140, and that he could not remember his date of birth but claimed to remember the construction of a sugar factory in Sragen in 1880.[182][183][184] His ID card, issued in 2014, displays his claimed birth date of 31 December 1870.[185] A heavy smoker throughout his life, he allegedly outlived ten siblings, four wives, and all five of his children.[186] On 28 April 2017, he was admitted to Dr. Soehadi Prijonegoro Regional General Hospital, Sragen, where he died on 30 April.[187][188][189]
Mubarak Rahmani Messe  | 1874  | 2014  | 140  | Algeria  | Died in 2014, allegedly at 140 years of age, in El Oued Province, Algeria, and was survived by 100 grandsons. According to family members, Rahmani had spent much of his early life in the Algerian Desert and later held various challenging occupations, including in construction, farming, and herding. He was hospitalised for the first time in 2012, with a stomach complaint. His diet, referred to as "natural", consisted largely of dates, wheat flour, sheep's milk, and green tea.[190]
Tuti Yusupova  | 1880-07-01[191] | 2015-03-28[191] | 134[191] | Russian Empire,
Soviet Union,
Uzbekistan  | Reuters reported that her age was uncovered in 2009 by Safar Hakimov, the ruling Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party's local chairman in Tortkol, Karakalpakstan when researching centenarians as part of the plans for the country's independence anniversary. After her funeral, her birth certificate and passport were declared conclusive evidence by Baxadir Yangibayev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, where she lived and died.
Maria Lucimar Pereira[192][193][194] | 1890-09-03  | 2022-05-21  | 131  | Brazil | A member of the Kaxinawa tribe, an indigenous people of Brazil and Peru. Indigenous name: Parã Banu Bake Huni Kui. Staff for Brazil's National Institute of Social Security found that Pereira had a birth certificate stating her year of birth as 1890. However, this certificate was only approved in 1985, late in her life. Exaggerated longevity claims may be common in Pereira's village, as four out of the 80 inhabitants in the village are over 90 years old.

### Other

* The Assamese polymath Sankardev (1449–1568) allegedly lived to the age of 118.[lower-alpha 9]
* Albrecht von Haller allegedly collected examples of 62 people ages 110–120, 29 ages 120–130, and 15 ages 130–140.[196]
* A 1973 National Geographic article on longevity reported, as a very aged people, the Burusho–Hunza people in the Hunza Valley of the mountains of Pakistan.[161]
* Swedish death registers contain detailed information on thousands of centenarians going back to 1749; the maximum age at death reported between 1751 and 1800 was 147.[197]
* Cases of extreme longevity in the United Kingdom were listed by James Easton in 1799, who covered 1,712 cases documented between 66 BC and 1799, the year of publication;[198] Charles Hulbert also edited a book containing a list of cases in 1825.
* A periodical The Aesculapian Register, written by physicians and published in Philadelphia in 1824, listed a number of cases, including several purported to have lived over 130. The authors said the list was taken from the Dublin Magazine.[199]
* Deaths officially reported in the Russian Empire in 1815 listed 1,068 centenarians, including 246 supercentenarians (50 at age 120–155 and one even older).[71] Time magazine considered that, by the Soviet Union, longevity had elevated to a state-supported "Methuselah cult".[200] The USSR insisted on its citizens' unrivaled longevity by claiming 592 people (224 male, 368 female) over age 120 in a 15 January 1959 census[201] and 100 citizens of the Russian SSR alone aged 120 to 156 in March 1960.[202] According to the opinion of Time magazine, in Georgia such claims were fostered by Georgian-born Joseph Stalin 's apparent hope that such longevity might rub off on him.[200] Zhores A. Medvedev, who demonstrated that all 500-plus claims failed birth-record validation and other tests,[200] said that Stalin "liked the idea that [other] Georgians lived to be 100".[202]
* An early 1812 Peterburgskaya Gazeta reports a man between ages 200 and 225 in the diocese of Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro, Ukraine).[71]
* An anonymous lady lived for 116 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh until her death in 2018.

## Medieval era

### Poland

* Piast Kołodziej, King of Poland, died in 861 at the alleged age of 120 (740 AD/861 AD).[77]

### Wales

* Welsh bard Llywarch Hen (Heroic Elegies) died c. 500 in the parish of Llanvor, traditionally about age 150.[71]

### England

* Edgar Ætheling, English prince who was briefly King of England after the death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in late 1066. Edgar is said to have died shortly after 1126, when William of Malmesbury wrote that he "now grows old in the country in privacy and quiet".[203] However, two pipe rolls exist from the years 1158 and 1167 which list Edgar. The historian Edward Augustus Freeman stated that this referred either to Edgar (aged at least 115), to a son of his, or to another person who bore the title Ætheling.[204]

## Practices

### Diets

According to a 2021 review, there is no clinical evidence that any dietary practice contributes to longevity.[205]

### Alchemy

Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity include alchemy.

* Nicolas Flamel (early 1330s – c. 1418) was a 14th-century scrivener who developed a reputation as alchemist and creator of an "elixir of life" that conferred immortality upon himself and his wife Perenelle. His arcanely inscribed tombstone is preserved at the Musée de Cluny in Paris.
* Fridericus (Ludovicus) Gualdus (Federico Gualdi [it; it]), author of "Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom", lived in Venice in the 1680s. His age was reported in a letter in a contemporary Dutch newspaper to be over 400. By some accounts, when asked about a portrait he carried, he said it was of himself, painted by Titian (who died in 1576), but gave no explanation and left Venice the following morning.[206][207] By another account, Gualdus left Venice due to religious accusations and died in 1724.[208] The "Compass der Weisen" alludes to him as still alive in 1782 and nearly 600 years old.[206]

### Fountain of Youth

This section is an excerpt from Fountain of Youth[ edit ]

## See also

* Ageing
* Ambrosia
* Amrita
* Cup of Jamshid
* Genetics
* Holy Grail
* Iðunn
* List of longest-reigning monarchs
* List of oldest living people
* List of the verified oldest people
* Magu (deity)
* Oldest people
* Peaches of Immortality
* Pill of Immortality
* Research into centenarians
* Supercentenarian

## Notes

1. ↑ It was reported by the New York Times that Veglin was arrested on July 20, 1876.[70]
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Last reported age
3. ↑ The oldest woman in the USSR according to the Novosti Press Agency (1970) was supposed to have been Ashura Omarova from Daghestan, aged 195.[86]
4. ↑ Zoe claimed to be 155 years old in 1962.
5. ↑ Opanyin was said to be 159 years old in 2011.
6. ↑ Like most rural Ethiopians, Ebba did not possess a birth certificate and his age cannot, therefore, be verified.[98][99]
7. ↑ The source used for Numan states he died at 140. This would mean that the information would have to come from 2005 and not a source dated from 2007.
8. ↑ "Estimated" age[120]
9. ↑ The traditional date of Sankardev's birth, generally considered correct, is in the month of Ashwin-Kartika (October) 1449. Assuming the middle of October as his birthdate in that year, his life span was 118 years, 10 months and a few days.[195]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ni, Maoshing (2006). Secrets of Longevity. Chronicle Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8118-4949-4. https://archive.org/details/secretsoflongevi00nima. "Chuan xiong ... has long been a key herb in the longevity tradition of China, prized for its powers to boost the immune system, activate blood circulation, and relieve pain."
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fulder, Stephen (1983). An End to Ageing: Remedies for Life. Destiny Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-89281-044-4. https://archive.org/details/endtoageingremed00fuld. "Taoist devotion to immortality is important to us for two reasons. The techniques may be of considerable value to our goal of a healthy old age, if we can understand and adapt them. Secondly, the Taoist longevity tradition has brought us many interesting remedies."
3. ↑ Hokisson, Paul Y. (January 2010). "Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun?". Insights: The Newsletter of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship 30 (6): 3. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=insights#page=4.
4. ↑ Kohn, Livia (2001). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Three Pines Press. pp. 4, 84. ISBN 978-1-931483-00-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=2AURAQAAIAAJ&q="longevity+tradition". Retrieved 2020-09-25.
5. ↑ Anderson, Stacy L.; Sebastiani, Paola; Dworkis, Daniel A.; Feldman, Lori; Perls, Thomas T. (1 April 2012). "Health Span Approximates Life Span Among Many Supercentenarians: Compression of Morbidity at the Approximate Limit of Life Span". The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 67A (4): 395–405. doi:10.1093/gerona/glr223. PMID 22219514. PMC 3309876. http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/67A/4/395.full. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
6. ↑ B. M. Weon; J. H. Je (17 June 2008). "Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan". Biogerontology 10 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4. PMID 18560989.
7. ↑ "Galapagos tortoise in the database AnAge". http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Chelonoidis_nigra.
8. ↑ "Bowhead whale in the database AnAge". http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Balaena_mysticetus.
9. ↑ Sullivan, Danny (25 May 2021). "Aging experts hail new study, which finds that solving the decline in our ability to recover as we age may hold the key to dramatically extending human lifespan". Longevity Technology. https://www.longevity.technology/targeting-resilience/. "Extrapolation of this data shows a complete loss of human body resilience at around 120-150 years of age – indicating the current limit of human lifespan"
10. ↑ Willingham, Emily (25 May 2021). "Humans Could Live up to 150 Years, New Research Suggests". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/humans-could-live-up-to-150-years-new-research-suggests/.
11. ↑ (Jasher 5:21)
12. ↑ (Jasher 5:7)
13. ↑ Hill, Carol A. (2003-12-04). "Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55: 239. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2003/PSCF12-03Hill.pdf. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
14. ↑ Etz, Donald V. (1994). "The Numbers of Genesis V 3–31: A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications". Vetus Testamentum 43 (2): 171–87. doi:10.1163/156853393X00034.
15. ↑ Morris, Henry M. (1976). The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. p. 159. "Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born!"
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Notes on Genesis 5:5". Zondervan NIV Study Bible. 2002. pp. 12–13. "Three kings in a Sumerian list (which also contains exactly ten names) are said to have reigned 72,000 years each."
17. ↑ Goehlert, Vincent (November 1887). "Statistical Observations upon Biblical Data". The Old Testament Student (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 7 (3): 76–83. doi:10.1086/469948.
18. ↑ Romans 5:12, ""Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned ...""
19. ↑ Pilch, John J. (1999). The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible. Liturgical Press. pp. 144–146.
20. ↑ Vail, Isaac Newton (1902). The Waters Above the Firmament: Or The Earth's Annular System. Ferris and Leach. p. 97.
21. ↑ Craig, William Lane (December 15, 2019). "#660 The Genealogies of Genesis 1-11". https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/the-genealogies-of-genesis-1-11.
22. ↑ Gnuse 2014, p. 173.
23. ↑ "Scolastica Oliveri". http://www.grg.org/CalmentFraud.html.
24. ↑ Thompson, Phyllis (2005). Sadhu Sundar Singh: A Biography of the Remarkable Indian Disciple of Jesus. Armour. pp. 77, 80–3. ISBN 978-981-4138-55-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=G5-cwrn-SBcC&q="sadhu+sundar+singh"+hermit+300&pg=PA80. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
25. ↑ "Surah Al-'Ankabut - 14" (in en). https://quran.com/al-ankabut/14.
26. ↑ al-Kittani, Abdul Hayye (2006). "Fahres-ul-Faharis wal Athbat". Chains of Narration. 2. United Kingdom: Minhaj-al-Quran International. p. 928. http://www.minhajuk.org/pdf/ijazat.pdf.
27. ↑ "The Twelfth Imam, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (Al-Mahdi-Sahibuz Zaman) (The hidden Imam who is expected to return)". 12 May 2015. https://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/twelfth-imam-muhammad-ibn-al-hasan-al-mahdi.
28. ↑ Horner, IB (1975). "The nineteenth chronicle: that of the Lord Vipassin". The Minor Anthologies Of The Pali Canon: Part III: Chronicle Of Buddhas (Buddhavamsa) and Basket Of Conduct (Cariyapitaka). Oxford: Pali Text Society. pp. 74–7. ISBN 978-0-86013-072-7.
29. ↑ Davids, TWR; Davids, R (1878). "The successive bodhisats in the times of the previous Buddhas". Buddhist birth-stories; Jataka tales. The commentarial introduction entitled Nidana-Katha; the story of the lineage. London: George Routledge & Sons. pp. 115–44. https://archive.org/stream/buddhistbirth00daviuoft#page/n151/mode/1up.
30. ↑ Hongzhi, Li (April 2001). Falun Gong (4th trans. ed.). http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/flg_2.htm.
31. ↑ "Valmiki Ramayana Balakanda sarga 1 shloka 97" (in en). https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/baala/sarga1/balasans1.htm#Verse97.
32. ↑ "Valmiki Ramayana Balakanda sarga 20 shloka 10" (in en). https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/baala/sarga20/balasans20.htm#Verse10.
33. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CVIII" (in en). https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03108.htm.
34. ↑ "Lord Krishna Birth and Death Time" (in en). http://www.drikpanchang.com/dashavatara/lord-krishna/krishna-date-of-birth.html.
35. ↑ "SPIRITUAL SCIENCE MUSEUM". http://spiritualsciencemuseum.org/Home/Master/185/Devraha-Baba.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams. Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-19-513435-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C&pg=PA145. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Varishthananda, Swami (November 2007). "Varanasi: The City of Saints, Sages, and Savants". Prabuddha Bharata 112 (11): 632–3. http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2007/PB_2007_November.pdf.
38. ↑ Medhasananda, Swami (2003). Varanasi At the Crossroads. Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 1042. ISBN 978-81-87332-18-3.
39. ↑ Feuerstein, Georg (2014). The Psychology of Yoga: Integrating Eastern and Western Approaches for Understanding the Mind. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2921-3.
40. ↑ Bennett, John G. (27 March 2016). Long Pilgrimage: The Life and Teaching of the Shivapuri Baba. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5306-2431-7.
41. ↑ Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6
42. ↑ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 980. ISBN 978-81-269-0859-2. OCLC 190873070. https://www.worldcat.org/title/190873070.
43. ↑ Singh Madra, Amandeep (2016). Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 333. ISBN 978-1-137-11998-8. OCLC 1083462581. https://www.worldcat.org/title/1083462581.
44. ↑ Harbans Singh (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 234. ISBN 0-8364-2883-8. OCLC 29703420. https://www.worldcat.org/title/29703420.
45. ↑ Chotani, Mini (June 2, 2021). "ਦਸਮੇਸ਼ ਪਿਤਾ ਕੋਲੋਂ ਬਾਬਾ ਬੀਰਮ ਦਾਸ ਦਾ ਕ੍ਰਿਪਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਲੈਣ ਲਈ ਆਉਣਾ ਤੇ ਇਸ 'ਤੇ ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਜਵਾਬ". https://dailypost.in/news/sikh-world/guru-jis-response/.
46. ↑ "baba biram das ji maharaj". http://punjabijanta.com/religion-faith-spirituality/baba-biram-das-ji-maharaj/.
47. ↑ Jagajīta Siṅgha (Santa.) (1999) (in Punjabi). Mahāṃpurakhāṃ de wacittara jīwana te paraupakāra Bābā Karama Siṅgha Jī Hotī Maradāna wāle, Bābā Āiā Siṅgha Jī, srī māna Santa Jawālā Siṅgha Jī. Bhā. Catara Siṅgha Jīwana Siṅgha. ISBN 9788176012874. https://books.google.com/books?id=f7bXAAAAMAAJ.
48. ↑ Abbot George Burke (Swami Nirmalananda Giri) (August 2017). "Untold Stories of Mahavatar Babaji of Yogananda's 'Autobiography of a Yogi'". https://ocoy.org/untold-stories-mahavatar-babaji/.
49. ↑ "Who is Babaji?". https://www.babajiskriyayoga.net/english/about-babaji.htm.
50. ↑ Worshiping the Three Sage Kings and Five Virtuous Emperors - The Imperial Temple of Emperors of Successive Dynasties in Beijing. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. 2007. ISBN 978-7-119-04635-8.
51. ↑ Li, Mengyu (2008). "The Unique Values of Chinese Traditional Cultural Time Orientation: In Comparison with Western Cultural Time Orientation". The University of Rhode Island. http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2008v17n1/07 Mengyu Li.pdf.
52. ↑ "Saints & Sages Part I: Founding Ancestor Peng 彭祖爺 – Purple Cloud". https://purplecloudinstitute.com/saints-sages-part-i-founding-ancestor-peng-彭祖爺/.
53. ↑ Ching, Julia; R. W. L. Guisso (1991). Sages and filial sons: mythology and archaeology in ancient China. The Chinese University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-962-201-469-5.
54. ↑ Manetho; Syncellus, George. Fragments (Fr. 3). https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Manetho/History_of_Egypt/1*.html#Fragment_3. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
55. ↑ "Lucian: Macrobii - translation". https://www.attalus.org/translate/macrobii.html.
56. ↑ "Epimenides". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 8. Henry G. Allen. 1890. p. 482. https://books.google.com/books?id=6SaalkfxgkAC&q=epimenides+"nearly+three+hundred+years"&pg=PA482.
57. ↑ Aston, William (1896). Nihongi. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 109–137. https://archive.org/details/nihongichronicl00astogoog. "ashton nihongi."
58. ↑ Brownlee, John S. (August 14, 1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-88920-997-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=P1OZUmnLTdoC&q=emperor+Kōan+age&pg=PA30. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
59. ↑ Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&q=Kōan+427&pg=PA487. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
60. ↑ Yang, S. C (1999). The South and North Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 978-1-56591-105-5.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Jacobson, Thorkild (1939). The Sumerian King List. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69–77.
62. ↑ Hasel, Gerhard F. (1978). "The Genealogies of Gen. 5 and 11 and Their Alleged Babylonian Background". Andrews University Seminary Studies (Andrews University Press) 16: 366–7. Citing Finkelstein, J. J. (1963). "The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 17 (2): 39–51. doi:10.2307/1359063.
63. ↑ Lễ hội Việt Nam. Văn hóa Hương Trang. https://books.google.com/books?id=sHTBPxSU2LwC&dq=kinh+dương+vương+lên+ngôi+năm+nào&pg=PA438.
64. ↑ "18 vị vua Hùng là ai ?". Báo Pháp luật Tp. Hồ Chí Minh. https://plo.vn/18-vi-vua-hung-la-ai-post334995.html.
65. ↑ "5,000-Year-Old Man Found Living In India's Uttar Pradesh? (Watch Video)". 25 August 2015. https://www.india.com/viral/5000-year-old-man-found-living-in-indias-uttar-pradesh-watch-video-519108/.
66. ↑ Leksand F:1 1668–1691, p. 77
67. ↑ "Wonders of Mebegon Village (Burma): Historical Record of an Event Never Revealed Before by Ashin Kunsal Kassapa (2005-08-02)". 2 August 2005. https://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/9749365283.html.
68. ↑ "Special Report-A man who is 1105 years old–and still alive | the Personal Longevity Program". 24 September 2013. https://personal-longevity.com/2013/09/24/special-report-a-living-man-who-is-1105-years-old/#sthash.VKjO63Yc.dpbs.
69. ↑ "Doorgevingen Wizzars". 19 March 2020. https://www.crystal-owl.com/doorgevingen-wizzars.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 "The oldest man yet". New York Times. July 20, 1876. http://immortalityresearchcenter.com/veryold/ColesteinVeglin615.pdf.
71. ↑ 71.00 71.01 71.02 71.03 71.04 71.05 71.06 71.07 71.08 71.09 71.10 71.11 71.12 71.13 71.14 Hulbert, Charles (1825). "Instances of Human Longevity in Europe". Museum Europæum; or, Select antiquities ... of nature and art, in Europe. pp. 451–7.
72. ↑ Thornbury, Walter (1878). "Shoreditch". Old and New London. 2. Centre for Metropolitan History. pp. 194–195. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45090. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Wright, Geoffrey N. (1996). Discovering Epitaphs. Osprey Publishing. pp. 25–6. ISBN 978-0-7478-0324-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=D-QaQQjKMgcC&pg=PA25.
74. ↑ 74.00 74.01 74.02 74.03 74.04 74.05 74.06 74.07 74.08 74.09 74.10 74.11 74.12 74.13 74.14 74.15 "Seed of the Woman - App.I". Custance.org. http://www.custance.org/Library/SOTW/APPENDIXES/App_I.html.
75. ↑ Vulliamy, Colwyn Edward (1925). Unknown Cornwall. John Lane. p. 220. https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=active&q=gwithian+chester+marchant+1676. Retrieved 14 August 2014. "Cornish people seem to live to great ages, though some of the records of longevity should, perhaps, be treated with a certain reserve. C. S. Gilbert gives a long list of centenarians, and supercentenarians, including a woman named Chester  [sic] Marchant who lived in Gwithian, and who, in 1676, according to one Mr. Scawen, reached the astounding age of 164 years."
76. ↑ Jenner, Henry (2012). "I. The Story of the Cornish Language". A Handbook of the Cornish Language: Chiefly in Its Latest Stages, with Some Account of Its History and Literature (Reprint ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-108-04702-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QA3qY3APYXQC&q="cheston"+"marchant"+"gwithian"+-wikipedia&pg=PA16. Retrieved 16 January 2016. "It is recorded by Dr. Borlase that Cheston Marchant, who died at Gwithian in 1676 aged 164 (!), could speak nothing but Cornish."
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 Prichard, James C. (1836). Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. 1. London: Houlston and Stoneman. pp. 11–5 ff. https://custance.org/Library/Volume5/Part_I/chapter1.html.
78. ↑ Easton, James (1799). Human longevity. Salisbury: Salisbury [Eng.] J. Easton; [etc., etc.]. p. 14. https://archive.org/details/humanlongevityr00eastgoog.
79. ↑ Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick (February–May 1862). "The Old Countess of Desmond". The Dublin Review (London: Thomas Richardson and Son) 51: 78. https://books.google.com/books?id=xWnqaPtA0AoC&q="dublin+review"&pg=PA51. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
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99. ↑ Withnall, Adam (2013-09-13). "Is this '160-year-old' Ethiopian man the world's oldest ever" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/is-this-160yearold-ethiopian-man-the-world-s-oldest-ever-person-8814763.html.
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102. ↑ "Manila Standard - Google News Archive Search". https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19990616&id=S5QVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3203,1785760&hl=fi.
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132. ↑ "136-year-old Ezidi woman can't return home to Iraq's Sinjar due to presence of PKK". 4 August 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/136-year-old-ezidi-woman-cant-return-home-to-iraq-s-sinjar-due-to-presence-of-pkk/2961411.
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193. ↑ "Documento mostra que indígena no AC tem 129 anos, 12 a mais que a mulher mais velha do mundo". 6 June 2020. https://g1.globo.com/ac/acre/noticia/2020/06/06/documento-mostra-que-indigena-no-ac-tem-129-anos-12-a-mais-que-a-mulher-mais-velha-do-mundo.ghtml.
194. ↑ "Indígena que teria 131 anos morre no interior do AC: 'mais antiga matriarca de todos os territórios do povo Huni kui'" (in pt-br). 22 May 2022. https://g1.globo.com/ac/acre/noticia/2022/05/22/indigena-que-teria-131-anos-morre-no-interior-do-ac-mais-antiga-matriarca-de-todos-os-territorios-do-povo-huni-kui.ghtml.
195. ↑ Neog, Maheswar (1980). Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 98, 100. https://books.google.com/books?id=DcReZM-rI0MC.
196. ↑ Dunglison, Robley (1851). Medical Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science. Blanchard & Lea. p. 525. https://archive.org/details/101515255.nlm.nih.gov.
197. ↑ Lundström, Hans; Castanova, V. (March 2000). Record Longevity in Swedish Cohorts Born Since 1700. https://www.demogr.mpg.de/Papers/Books/Monograph2/record.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
198. ↑ Easton, James, Human longevity: recording the name, age, place of residence, and year of the decease of 1712 persons who attained a century and upwards, from A.D.66 to 1799, comprising a period of 1733 years. With anecdotes of the most remarkable. Salisbury: James Easton, 1799.
199. ↑ The aesculapian register: 1824. 1. 1824. p. 155.
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## Bibliography

* Boia, Lucian (2004). Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-154-9.
* Gnuse, Robert (2014), Misunderstood Stories: Theological Commentary on Genesis 1-11, Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, ISBN 978-1-62564-007-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=V20NBQAAQBAJ
* Thoms, William J. (1879). The Longevity of Man. Its Facts and Its Fictions. With a prefatory letter to Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S. on the limits and frequency of exceptional cases. London: F. Norgate.

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