Malaysian Indian Congress

Short description: Malaysian political party

Malaysian Indian Congress

Malay name| Kongres India Se-Malaysia
كوڠݢريس اينديا سمليسيا
Chinese name| 馬來西亞印度國民大會
马来西亚印度国民大会
Mǎláixīyà Yìndù Guómín Dàhuì
Tamil name| மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ்
Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras
Abbreviation| MIC / ம.இ.கா
President| Vigneswaran Sanasee
Secretary-General| Rajasekaran Thiyagarajan
Spokesperson| Thinalan Rajagopalu
Deputy President| Saravanan Murugan
Vice-President| Mohan Thangarasu
Murugiah Thopasamy
Asojan Muniyandy
Vell Paari Tun S.Samy Vellu
Kohilan Pillai Appu

Youth Leader| Raven Kumar Krishnasamy
Woman Leader| Mohana Muniandy Raman
Putera Leader
Puteri Leader| Kishva Ambigapathy
Puvaneswary Rajaram
Founder| John Thivy
Founded| 4 August 1946
Preceded by| Malayan Indian Congress
Headquarters| 6th floor, Menara Manicavasagam, No. 1, Jalan Rahmat, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Newspaper| MIC Times
Tamil Malar
Makkal Osai
Youth wing| MIC Youth Movement
Women's wing| MIC Women's Movement
Men's youth wing| MIC Putera Movement
Women's youth wing| MIC Puteri Movement
Ideology| Malaysian Indian interests
Social conservatism
Dravidian movement
National affiliation| All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (1948–1953)
Alliance (1954–1973)
Barisan Nasional (since 1973)
Allied coalitions:
Perikatan Nasional (2020–2022)
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (since 2020)
Unity Government with PH-BN-GPS-GRS-Warisan (since November 2022)
Colours|  Green and white
Anthem| Saathanai Namathu Kaiyile
Dewan Negara:|

3 / 70

Dewan Rakyat:|

1 / 222

Dewan Undangan Negeri:|

5 / 606

Party flag
Website
www.mic.org.my

The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC; Tamil: மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ், romanized: Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras; formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress) is a Malaysian political party. It is one of the founding members of the coalition Barisan Nasional, previously known as the Alliance, which was in power from when the country achieved independence in 1957 until the elections in 2018. The party was among the first to fight for Malayan Independence and is one of the oldest parties in Malaysia.

The MIC was established in August 1946 to advocate for Indian independence from British colonial rule. After India gained its independence, MIC turned its focus to the struggle for the independence of Malaya (now Malaysia), which was achieved in 1957. It positioned itself to represent the Indian community in Malaya in the post-World War II development of the country. The MIC, the United Malays National Organisation and the Malaysian Chinese Association formed the National Alliance in 1954. The National Alliance incorporated additional parties and became the Barisan Nasional in 1973.

The MIC was once the largest party representing the Indian community,[further explanation needed] but has performed poorly in elections since 2008, losing out to Pakatan Harapan, which also represents majority of the Indian community.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 John Thivy and Indian nationalism
* 1.2 Baba Budh Singh Ji, Ramanathan, and opposition to the Malayan Union
* 1.3 K.L. Devaser and a focus on Malayan independence
* 1.4 V. T Sambanthan and becoming a Tamil party
* 1.5 Manickavasagam and non-political ventures
* 1.6 Samy Vellu and emphasis on education
* 2 Central Working Committee
* 3 List of party leaders
* 3.1 Presidents of the Malayan Indian Congress (1946–1963)
* 3.2 Presidents of the Malaysian Indian Congress (1963–present)
* 4 Elected representatives
* 4.1 Dewan Negara (Senate)
* 4.1.1 Senators
* 4.2 Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
* 4.2.1 Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
* 4.3 Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
* 4.3.1 Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
* 5 General election results
* 6 State election results
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## History

File:Headquarters of MIC.JPGMIC Headquarters

### John Thivy and Indian nationalism

John Thivy, the founder of the MIC, met Mahatma Gandhi at London while studying law. He was inspired by Gandhi's ideology and Nehru's vision and became determined to fight for Indian independence. He became actively involved in the Indian nationalist movement and returned to Malaya.[1] He founded the Malaya Indian Congress (renamed Malaysian Indian Congress after the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963) in August 1946, and was party president until 1947. The word 'Congress' in the party's name refers to the Indian National Congress, the party Mahatma Gandhi led to fight for Indian independence.

### Baba Budh Singh Ji, Ramanathan, and opposition to the Malayan Union

After India gained independence in 1947, the MIC changed its focus and started to fight for the independence of Malaya.[2] Baba Budh Singh Ji became president of MIC in 1947. After World War II, the British had established the Malayan Union, unifying the Malay Peninsula under a single government to simplify administration. Although a majority of the Indian community supported the Malayan Union, the MIC did not.[3] The Malayan Union was dissolved in 1948 after widespread Malay protests and replaced with the Federation of Malaya.[4] The MIC later joined the All-Malaya Council of Joint Action under Tun Tan Cheng Lock in opposition to the Federation of Malaya Agreement.

K. Ramanathan became president in 1950. By this time, the MIC was the leading party representing Indians in Malaya.[5] Ramanathan advocated for the relaxation of the language proficiency test as a prerequisite for citizenship for Indians, and urged Indians to obtain federal citizenship.[6]

### K.L. Devaser and a focus on Malayan independence

The MIC's fourth President, Kundan Lal Devaser, served from 1951 to 1955. It was during his period that MIC started to focus on the fight for Malayan independence.[7]

Under Devaser, the MIC contested the 1952 Kuala Lumpur Municipal Elections in alliance with the Independence of Malaya Party, Dato' Onn bin Jaafar and other non-communal organisations. The election ended with a failure for MIC as their coalition was defeated by the Alliance Party. The defeat showed MIC that it stood a better chance of gaining influence by joining the Alliance. In 1954 the MIC joined the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association in the Alliance, securing a place for Indians in the administration.[6] The party's broader membership was less enthusiastic than the MIC leadership about joining the Alliance but were willing to support the move if the party could secure concessions from the Alliance on inter-communal issues, particularly on education.[8]

Devaser was primarily popular among the urban-based Indian elite, and lacked wider grassroots support. For the first eight years, MIC leaders were either of North Indian or Malayalee origin, a minority among Malayan Indians. The majority of Indians in Malaya at that time were Tamils, most of whom were labourers in plantations. Indian plantation workers experienced enforced segregation because of plantation compound housing. The plantation labour system also worked against the integration of Indian workers into society and perpetuated racial and occupational differentiation. Plantation workers were unable to acquire the skills required to move to better-paying jobs.[citation needed]

Migrant plantation workers were both marginalised and polarised in Malaya. Their wages were tied to rubber prices, falling when the rubber price fell, and were about 50c per day. Devaser came under heavy criticism from the Tamil media for not addressing the pressing issues facing the community. Some in the party felt that there was a need for a leader with a stronger relationship with the party's grassroots. In March 1955, the local daily Tamil Murasu urged Tamils to boycott the MIC.[9] This was followed by a call for change in MIC's leadership, led by Tamil MIC leaders, and Devaser stepped down.[6] The MIC then faced the challenge of reconciling the political aspirations of the middle class with the needs of the working class, who at the time comprised 84% of the plantation workforce.

### V. T Sambanthan and becoming a Tamil party

In May 1955, Tun V. T. Sambanthan was elected as the fifth President of the Malayan Indian Congress. Sambanthan started a recruitment campaign among plantation workers, relying on the patronage of Hinduism in its popular South Indian form, increased use of the Tamil language, and encouraging Tamil cultural activities. He personally toured plantations and encouraged Tamils to join the MIC.[6] This led to a fragmentation of the Indian community, with traditionalists and the lower middle class becoming prominent in the party while upper-class professionals and the intelligentsia moved away from it. Two paths to leadership emerged in the Indian community, via politics or via trade union activism, with very little interaction between them.[citation needed]

Under Sambanthan's leadership, the MIC effectively became a Tamil party. Sambanthan served as president of the MIC until 1971 and was largely responsible for the transformation of the party to a conservative and traditionalist party emphasising Indian culture, religion and language.[citation needed] It was the weakest of the three main political parties, with the smallest electorate (7.4% in 1959) and had little support from the Indian community at large.

The Indian community was geographically dispersed and divided and comprised less than 25% of the population in any constituency. The MIC's overriding concern was therefore to remain a partner in the Alliance and obtain whatever concessions it could from the dominant UMNO. This led the MIC to compromise on priorities such as the political and economic rights of workers.[10]

Sambanthan sold approximately half of his father's 2.4 km2 rubber estate and donated part of the money to the MIC. He was not uniformly popular but was able to gradually unite a party that had significant internal divides. During his presidency, in 1957, Malaysian independence was achieved. Sambanathan was involved in the negotiations with the British government's Reid Commission to draw up the new Malayan constitution. In 1963 Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak merged with the Federation of Malaya to form the Federation of Malaysia, and the MIC renamed itself the Malaysian Indian Congress.

Sambanathan was forced to retire in favour of V. Manickavasagam in 1973 after a rebellion by five MIC leaders including Samy Vellu.

### Manickavasagam and non-political ventures

Manickavasagam served as president of MIC from 1973 to 1978. During this period, Malaysia's New Economic Policy was being developed, and the MIC convened two economic conferences in an unsuccessful effort to advocate for the interests of Indians.[11]

It was during this period that the MIC, as member of the Alliance, became part of the Barisan Nasional. The party sponsored the Nesa Multipurpose Cooperative and the MIC Unit Trust as part of its programme for economic ventures. It also set up the MIC Education Fund for members' children and the Malaysian Indian Scholarship Fund for higher education as well as acquiring an Institute for training Indians in technical and trade skills.

Manickavasagam appointed several new representatives to leadership positions, including Subramaniam Sathasivam, Datuk K. Pathmanaban, a Harvard MBA holder, and several others. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience. Subramaniam was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to become deputy president and succeed him, but the party elected Samy Vellu as Deputy President instead, by a narrow margin of 26 votes.

### Samy Vellu and emphasis on education

Samy Vellu became MIC president in 1979 and served until 2010. Under his leadership, in 1984, the MIC founded the Maju Institute of Education Development (MIED) to offer educational opportunities and financial support to Indian students in Malaysia.[12] Since its establishment, more than 10,000 students have obtained loans and scholarships totaling about RM60 million MIED fund as of 2013.[13] In 2001, the MIC and MIED launched an AIMST University with the stated goal of helping Indians acquire professional training. Vellu was the founding chancellor of the university. By 2018, the university had achieved a score of 4 on the Malaysian Higher Education Institution's 5-point rating scale.[14] However, AIMST's commitment to training Indian students has been questioned.[15]

Vellu was succeeded by G. Palanivel who served from 2010 to 2014. Subramaniam was then elected, initially in an acting role, serving from 2014 to 2018. As of 2019[update], the party is led by Vigneswaran Sanasee.

## Central Working Committee

* President: Vigneswaran Sanasee
* Deputy President: Saravanan Murugan
* 1st Vice-president: T. Mohan
* 2nd Vice-president: T. Murugiah
* 3rd Vice-president: M. Asojan
* 4th Vice-president: Vell Paari
* 5th Vice-president: Kohilan Pillay Appu
* Secretary-General: R. T. Rajasekaran
* Treasurer-General: Tan Sri Ramasamy
* Information Chief: R.Thinalan

* Executive Secretary: T.Kumaressan
* Youth Leader: Raven Kumar Krishnasamy
* Deputy Youth Leader: Andrew David
* Women Leader: Mohana Muniandy Raman
* Deputy Women Leader: Vickneswary Babuji
* Putera Leader: Dr. A. Kishva
* Deputy Putera Leader: Dr. Shatesh Kumar Sangar
* Puteri Leader: R. Shaliny
* Deputy Puteri Leader: S. Teeba

|

44 Central Working Committee Members:

1. M. Veeran
2. K. Subramaniam
3. D. Tharma Kumaran
4. K. Balasundaram
5. P. Kamalanathan
6. K. Parthiban
7. D. Vincent
8. S. Tamilvanan
9. S. Suppayah
10. M. Mathuraiveran
11. S. Marathamuthu
12. N. Maneanay @ Muneandy
13. Dr. T. Novalan
14. G. Sivah
15. M. Karuppanan
16. K. Sathasivam
17. R. Supramaniam
18. R. Rajandran
19. G. Raman
20. M. Rajandran
21. Dr. S. Ananthan
22. V. Arumugam
23. J. Dhinagaran
24. S. Rajah
25. V. Elango
26. R. Vidyananthan
27. L. Manickam
28. Dr. A. Mangleswaran
29. S. Renugopal
30. V. P. Shanmugam
31. Peer Mohamad Bin Kadir
32. C. Sivaraajh
33. K. Ramalingam
34. S. Murugavelu
35. A. Sakthivel
36. N. Sivakumar
37. Siva Subramaniam
38. R. Balasubramaniam
39. A. Krishnaveny
40. R. Inbavally
41. K. Arvind
42. K. Kesavan
43. N. Saraswati
44. R. Nelson

Source:[16]

## List of party leaders

### Presidents of the Malayan Indian Congress (1946–1963)

Order  | Name[17] | Term of office  | Notes

|
|
|

1  | John Thivy | 4 August 1946  | 1947  |
2  | Baba Budh Singh Ji | 1947  | 1950  |
3  | K. Ramanathan Chettiar | 1950  | 1952  |
4  | Kundan Lal Devaser | 1952  | May 1955  |
5  | V. T. Sambanthan | May 1955  | 16 September 1963  |

### Presidents of the Malaysian Indian Congress (1963–present)

Order  | Name[17] | Term of office  | Time in office  | Notes

|
|
|
|

5  | V. T. Sambanthan | 16 September 1963  | 30 June 1973  | 9 years, 287 days  |
6  | V. Manickavasagam | 30 June 1973  | 12 October 1978  | 5 years, 104 days  |
7  | Samy Vellu | 12 October 1979  | 6 December 2010  | 31 years, 55 days  |
8  | Palanivel Govindasamy | 6 December 2010  | 23 June 2013  | 2 years, 199 days  |
–  | Subramaniam Sathasivam | 23 June 2013 | 25 June 2015 | 2 years, 2 days | Acting President
9  | Subramaniam Sathasivam | 25 June 2015  | 15 July 2018  | 3 years, 20 days  |
10  | Vigneswaran Sanasee | 15 July 2018  | Incumbent | 7 years, 297 days  |

## Elected representatives

### Dewan Negara (Senate)

#### Senators

1. Vell Paari Samy Vellu – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2. Mohamed Haniffa Abdullah – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3. Nelson Renganathan – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

### Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

#### Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

As of 2019[update], MIC has only 1 MP in the House of Representatives.

State  | No.  | Parliament Constituency  | Member  | Party

|
|
|
|

Template:Country data Perak | P072 | Tapah | M. Saravanan Murugan | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading"| | MIC
Total | Perak (1)

### Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

#### Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Johor State Legislative Assembly

3 / 56

Malacca State Legislative Assembly

1 / 28

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly

0 / 36

Perlis State Legislative Assembly

0 / 15

|  Kedah State Legislative Assembly

0 / 36

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly

0 / 45

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

0 / 33

|  Penang State Legislative Assembly

0 / 40

Perak State Legislative Assembly

0 / 59

Pahang State Legislative Assembly

1 / 42

|  Selangor State Legislative Assembly

0 / 56

Sabah State Legislative Assembly

0 / 73

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

0 / 82

|
|
|

State  | No.  | Federal Constituency  | No.  | State Constituency  | Member  | Party

|
|
|
|
|
|

Template:Country data Pahang | P089  | Bentong | N35 | Sabai | V Arumugam | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading"| | MIC
Template:Country data Malacca | P135  | Alor Gajah | N7 | Gadek | Shanmugam Ptcyhay | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading"| | MIC
Template:Country data Johor | P151  | Sekijang | N4 | Kemelah | Saraswathy Nallathanby | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading"| | MIC
P153  | Sembrong | N31 | Kahang | Vidyananthan Ramanadhan | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading"| | MIC
P154  | Mersing  | N33 | Tenggaroh | Raven Kumar Krishnasamy | bgcolor="Template:Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading"| | MIC
Total  | Pahang (1), Malacca (1), Johor (3)

## General election results

Election  | Total seats won  | Seats contested  | Total votes  | Share of votes  | Outcome of election  | Election leader

|
|
|
|
|
|

1955  |

2 / 52

| 2  | 26,868  | 2.68%  | 2 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | V. T. Sambanthan
1959  |

3 / 104

| 3  | 15,711  | 1.02%  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | V. T. Sambanthan
1964  |

3 / 104

| 3  | 19,269  | 1.60%  | ; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | V. T. Sambanthan
1969  |

2 / 144

| 3  |  |  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | V. T. Sambanthan
1974  |

4 / 144

| 5  |  |  | 2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | V. Manickavasagam
1978  |

3 / 154

| 5  |  |  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | V. Manickavasagam
1982  |

4 / 154

| 5  |  |  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
1986  |

6 / 177

| 7  | 104,701  | 2.21%  | 2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
1990  |

6 / 180

| 7  |  |  | ; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
1995  |

7 / 192

|  |  |  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
1999  |

7 / 193

|  |  |  | ; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
2004  |

9 / 219

|  | 221,546  | 3.2%  | 2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
2008  |

3 / 222

| 9  | 179,422  | 2.21%  | 6 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Samy Vellu
2013  |

4 / 222

| 9  | 286,629  | 2.59%  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Palanivel Govindasamy
2018  |

2 / 222

| 9  | 167,061  | 1.39%  | 2 seats; Opposition coalition,
later Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | S. Subramaniam
2022  |

1 / 222

| 10  | 172,176  | 1.11%  | 1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Vigneswaran Sanasee

## State election results

State election | State Legislative Assembly

|

Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2/3 majority |

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2013 |  |

0 / 36

|  |  |

0 / 40

0 / 59

0 / 42

0 / 56

1 / 36

1 / 28

3 / 56

|  |

5 / 18

2018 |  |

0 / 36

|  |  |

0 / 40

0 / 59

0 / 42

0 / 56

1 / 36

0 / 28

2 / 56

|  |

3 / 18

2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

1 / 28

|  |  |

1 / 1

2022  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

3 / 56

|  |

3 / 4

2022  |

0 / 15

|  |  |  |  |

0 / 59

1 / 42

|  |  |  |  |  |

1 / 4

## See also

* Politics of Malaysia
* List of political parties in Malaysia

## References

1. ↑ Timothy J. Lomperis, ed (2000). From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 217. ISBN 9789971693916. https://books.google.com/books?id=1j_qCQAAQBAJ&q=MIC+under+John+Thivy&pg=PA212.
2. ↑ Andrew C. Willford, ed (2007). Cage of Freedom: Tamil Identity and the Ethnic Fetish in Malaysia. NUS Paper. p. 26. ISBN 9789971693916. https://books.google.com/books?id=HphXHA4_sYQC&q=MIC+under+John+Thivy&pg=PA26.
3. ↑ "History – MIC". Malaysian Indian Congress. http://www.mic.org.my/about/history/.
4. ↑ Lau, Albert (1991). The Malayan Union controversy 1942-1948. Singapore: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195889649. OCLC 22117633.
5. ↑ Rajagopal, Shanthiah; Fernando, Joseph Milton (2018-04-27). "The Malayan Indian Congress and Early Political Rivalry among Indian Organisations in Malaya, 1946–1950". Kajian Malaysia 36 (1): 25–42. doi:10.21315/km2018.36.1.2.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Kailasam, A. (2015-01-01). "Political expediencies and the process of identity construction: The quest for indian identity in Malaysia". Kajian Malaysia 33: 1–18. http://web.usm.my/km/33(1)2015/km33012015_01.pdf.
7. ↑ "MIC – The Hidden History". http://malaysianindian1.blogspot.my/2008/02/mic-hidden-history.html.
8. ↑ Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar (1981). The Indian minority and political change in Malaya, 1945-1957. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195804732. OCLC 8080662.
9. ↑ "Archives". https://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=/2007/7/16/focus/18293824&sec=focus.
10. ↑ Koh, Sin Yee (2016). "Unpacking 'Malaysia' and 'Malaysian Citizenship': Perspectives of Malaysian-Chinese Skilled Diasporas". in Christou, A.; Mavroudi, E. (in en). Dismantling Diasporas: Rethinking the Geographies of Diasporic Identity, Connection and Development. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-14958-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=YbS1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133.
11. ↑ Anbalakan, K. (2003-01-01). "The NEP and Further Marginalization of the Indians". Kajian Malysia 21: 379–398. http://web.usm.my/km/KM 21,2003/21-16.pdf.
12. ↑ "Corporate Profile – Maju Institute Of Educational Development." (in en-US). https://mied.com.my/?page_id=1069.
13. ↑ "Mied". http://www.mied.com.my/index.php.
14. ↑ SEE, BERNARD (2018-11-24). "Varsity to keep chasing excellence" (in en). https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/11/24/varsity-to-keep-chasing-excellence-aimst-striving-for-score-of-five-to-achieve-excellent-university.
15. ↑ "MIC turns 70, but AIMST intake of Indian students 'shocking'" (in en-US). 2016-08-02. http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/mic-turns-70-but-aimst-intake-of-indian-students-shocking/.
16. ↑ "Central Working Committee". Malaysian Indian Congress. https://www.mic.org.my/mic-leadership/central-working-committee/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Past Presidents of MIC – MIC". http://www.mic.org.my/about/past-presidents-of-mic/.

* Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
* Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Today.
* The Star (2 August 2006): "Education a Key MIC Thrust"; M. Krishnamoorthy

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