Marriage of convenience

Short description: Marriage for practical reasons (not love)

Not to be confused with Predatory marriage.

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A marriage of convenience is a marriage contracted for reasons other than that of love and commitment. Instead, such a marriage is entered into for personal gain, or some other sort of strategic purpose, such as a political marriage. Cases where those married do not intend to live together as a couple, and typically married only for one of them to gain the right to reside in a country, are considered to be sham marriages. In many cultures, it is usual for parents to decide their adult children's marriages; this is called an arranged marriage.

In ancient Roman Egypt (30 BCE to 395 CE), brother-sister marriages were common, comprising an estimated 15–21% of unions, often to keep property within the family.[1]

Marriages of convenience that are sham, and arranged marriages that are forced, are against the law in many jurisdictions.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Legal loophole
* 2 Homosexuality
* 3 Metaphorical usage
* 4 Political marriage
* 5 Literature
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Legal loophole

Operation by officers from the UK Border Agency at Oxford Registry Office on 8 June 2010 to stop a suspected sham marriage

Marriages of convenience are often contracted to exploit legal loopholes of various sorts. A couple may wed for one of them to gain citizenship or right of abode, for example, as many countries around the world will grant such rights to anyone married to a resident citizen. In the United States, this practice is known as a green card marriage. In Australia, there have been marriages of convenience to bring attention to the government's Youth Allowance laws. On 31 March 2010 two students were publicly and legally married on the University of Adelaide's lawn so that they could both receive full Youth Allowance.[3] In the United States during the era of the Vietnam War, some couples were wed during the man's time of exposure to the military draft; the couple agreed to no contact, followed by an annulment at the end of the (typically one year) marriage. Advertisements were commonly placed in student newspapers to this effect. Because they exploit legal loopholes, sham marriages of convenience often have legal consequences. For example, U.S. Immigration (USCIS) can punish this with a US$250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence.[4][5][6]

The term "contract marriage" is used by U.S. military personnel to describe marrying mainly in order to receive extra pay and housing benefits that the couple would not otherwise be entitled to.

## Homosexuality

Another common reason for marriages of convenience is to hide one partner's homosexuality in places where being openly gay is punishable or potentially detrimental.[7] A sham marriage of this type, sometimes called a lavender marriage,[8] is usually performed to keep the appearance of heterosexuality[clarification needed] to prevent negative consequences of LGBT discrimination.[9] Such marriages may have one heterosexual and one gay partner, or two gay partners: a lesbian and a gay man married to each other.[10] In the case where a gay man marries a woman, the woman is sometimes said to be his "beard", while in the case where a lesbian marries a man, the man is sometimes said to be her "merkin".

## Metaphorical usage

The phrase "marriage of convenience" is used metaphorically to mean any partnership between groups or individuals for their mutual (and sometimes illegitimate) benefit, or between groups or individuals otherwise unsuited to working together. An example would be a "national unity government", as existed in Israel during much of the 1980s or in the United Kingdom during World War II. More specifically, cohabitation refers to a political situation which can occur in countries with a semi-presidential system (especially France), where the president and the prime minister belong to opposed political camps.

## Political marriage

Marriages of convenience, often termed marriages of state, have always been commonplace in royal, aristocratic, and otherwise powerful families, to make alliances between two powerful houses. Examples include the marriages of Agnes of Courtenay, her daughter Sibylla, Jeanne d'Albret, and Catherine of Aragon. Marriage equality played a major role in princely families, less in England and Scotland than in the monarchies of the continent. Even among the non-ruling nobility, great importance was attached to marriages appropriate to their status.

## Literature

The topic was treated literary through Thomas Mann's 1909 novel Royal Highness, which describes a young unworldly and dreamy prince who forces himself into a marriage of convenience that ultimately becomes happy. The story was modeled after Mann's own romance and marriage to Katia Mann in February 1905, which was to be blessed with six children, although it was not reasons of state or equality that motivated this marriage of convenience, but rather the author's homosexuality which made him want acceptance and starting a family (along with, incidentally, the prospect of a rich dowry) at a time when homosexuality was still punishable and ostracized. However, his love for boys remained, but was lived out platonically.[11]

## See also

* Abuse
* Basic Allowance for Housing
* Child abuse
* Child neglect
* Child marriage
* Forced marriage
* Lavender marriage
* Marriage of state
* Arranged marriage

## References

1. ↑ Rowlandson, Jane; Takahashi, Ryosuke (November 2009). "Brother-Sister Marriage and Inheritance Strategies in Greco-Roman Egypt". Journal of Roman Studies 99: 105. doi:10.3815/007543509789744963. https://doi.org/10.3815/007543509789744963.
2. ↑ Law Offices of Susan V. Perez. "A Bad Marriage is Not the Same as a Sham Marriage". https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/a-bad-marriage-is-not-the-same-as-a-sham-marriage-28481.
3. ↑ Hood, Lucy, "Students marry to highlight youth allowance inconsistencies", The Advertiser, Adelaide, Australia, April 1, 2010
4. ↑ US Department of Justice, "1948 Marriage Fraud—8 U.S.C. § 1325(c) and 18 U.S.C. § 1546", US Attorneys Manual, Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual.

> The Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments Act of 1986 amended § 1325 by adding § 1325(c), which provides a penalty of five years' imprisonment and a $250,000 fine for any "individual who knowingly enters into a marriage for the purpose of evading any provision of the immigration laws."

5. ↑ USCIS, "11 Arrested, Indicted in Multi-State Operation Targeting Visa and Mail Fraud" .

> "The maximum sentences for the above charges are:

>     * Conspiracy: 5 years in prison and a $250,000 fine
>     * Mail fraud: 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine
>     * Wire fraud: 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine
>     * False statement in immigration matter: 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine"

6. ↑ Fraudulent marriage is any marriage that has been entered into with the sole purpose of circumventing the law. According to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), Act 255 [8 U.S.C 1325], the consequences of entering into a marriage in order to evade the law include incarceration for up to five years, a fine of up to $250,000, or both.
7. ↑ Ren, Zhengjia; Qu, Wei; Guo, Zibin (December 2021). "A Grounded Theory Exploration of the Stages of Relationship Development in Marriages of Convenience in China". Family Process 60 (4): 1347–1363. doi:10.1111/famp.12626. ISSN 1545-5300. PMID 33403661.
8. ↑ Newson, Felicity (1 Oct 1996). "Sex Secrets of Hollywood". Liverpool Echo: p. 26. "Garland's marriage to Vincente Minnelli is described as a classic lavender marriage which enabled both partners to have guilt-free bisexual flings."
9. ↑ Akram, Ayesha (16 June 2006). "Gay, lesbian Muslims seek out marriages of convenience". The Leader-Post. Religion News Service (Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada): p. G6. https://religionnews.com/2006/06/16/gay-lesbian-muslims-seek-out-marriages-of-convenience/.
10. ↑ O'Meara, Maeve (19 Oct 1985). "Old-fashioned girls who marry new-fashion boys". The Sydney Morning Herald: p. 16.
11. ↑ Hermann Kurzke, Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography, chapter XIII: Homoeroticism in midlife, Princeton University Press (2002).

## Further reading

* Jones, James A., "The Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments: Sham Marriages or Sham Legislation?", Florida State University Law Review, 1997
* Seminara, David, "Hello, I Love You, Won't You Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon", Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, D.C., November 2008
* Winston, Ali, "Marrying For Love?: You'll Have To Prove It" , City Limits News, New York, Jul 28, 2008
* Winter, Jana, "Exclusive: Aide to Harry Reid Lied to Feds, Submitted False Documents About Sham Marriage", Fox News, October 25, 2010
* Academic article on political discourse & policies on forced and fraudulent marriages in the Netherlands: Bonjour & De Hart 2013, "A proper wife, a proper marriage. Constructions of 'us' and 'them' in Dutch family migration policy", European Journal of Women's Studies
* Hill, S. "The European Economic Area and Marriages of Convenience", Thomas Bingham Chambers, London, April 2, 2015
* Eli Coleman PhD (1989) The Married Lesbian, Marriage & Family Review, 14:3-4, 119-135, DOI: 10.1300/J002v14n03_06

## External links

* NYC Family Law Firm

* v
* t
* e

Types of marriages

Age|

* Adult
* Child
* Teen

Arranged|

* Flash
* Forced
* Abduction
* Raptio
* Heqin
* Miai
* Shotgun
* Tongyangxi

Ceremonial|

* Betrothal
* Handfasting
* Wedding
* Las Vegas
* Proxy
* Quaker

Circumstantial
basis|

| Death|

* Posthumous
* Chinese ghost marriage
* Widow inheritance
* Ghost marriage in South Sudan
* Levirate
* Yibbum
* Widow conservation

|

Financial|

* Flash
* Hypergamy
* Naked
* Peer
* Tongyangxi
* Trial

Convenience|

* Lavender
* Sham
* Green card
* Marriage allowance
* Predatory

Other|

* Exchange
* Watta satta
* Heqin
* Love
* Sologamy
* Sororate

De facto|

* Common-law
* Nikah 'urfi
* Plaçage

Endogamy|

* Consanguine
* Avunculate
* Cousin
* Middle Eastern
* Homogamy
* Royal intermarriage

Exogamy|

* Human–animal
* Hypergamy
* Inter-caste
* Interethnic
* International
* Interracial
* Interfaith
* Mixed-orientation
* Morganatic

Legal scenarios|

* Civil
* Concubinage
* Covenant
* Customary
* Nikah 'urfi
* Plaçage
* Fleet
* Monogamy
* Serial monogamy
* Remarriage
* Temporary
* Hollywood
* Nikah mut'ah
* Wedlease
* Voidable
* Putative
* Void

Non-monogamous|

* Group
* Line
* Open
* Plural
* Bigamy
* Polygamy
* Polyandry
* Polygyny

Religious|

* Christian
* Catholic
* Josephite
* Eastern Orthodox
* Mormon
* Clerical marriage
* Islamic
* Misyar
* Nikah mut'ah
* Nikah 'urfi
* Levirate
* Yibbum
* Natural
* Self-uniting
* Widow conservation
* Yogic

Sexless|

* Mariage blanc

Other|

* Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
* Boston
* Walking

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