Minangkabau language

Short description: Austronesian language, spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra

Minangkabau

Baso Minangkabau
بَاسُوْ مِيْنڠكَابَاوْ
بَهَاسَ مِيْنَاڠكَابَاوْ
Native to| Indonesia (West Sumatra)
Region| West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Aceh (Indonesia)
Ethnicity| Minangkabau, Aneuk Jamee

Native speakers

| 5.5 million (2007)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* disputed:
Malayo-Sumbawan or Greater North Borneo
* Malayic
* Minangkabau

Dialects|

* West Sumatran Minangkabau, Aneuk Jamee, Padang, Mukomuko, Kubu Baru, Kuantan Singingi, Singkarak, Rawa

Writing system

| Latin
Minangkabau script
Official status

Official language in

| Template:Country data West Sumatra (West Sumatra)

Recognised minority
language in

(North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Jakarta and West Java)
Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Selangor, Perak)
Singapore[citation needed]
Netherlands[citation needed]

Regulated by| Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa
Language codes
ISO 639-1| `min`
ISO 639-3| `min`
Glottolog| `mina1268`[2]

Map of Minangkabau language in Sumatra is shown by light and dark olive

Minangkabau (Minangkabau: Baso Minangkabau, Jawi script: بَاسُوْ مِيْنڠكَابَاوْ; Indonesian: Bahasa Minangkabau) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.[3] The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where the language is called Aneuk Jamee.

Due to the huge proximity between Minangkabau and Malay, there is some controversy regarding the relationship between the two. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct (Malayic) language.[4]

Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions.[5]

Minangkabau language in Arabic script on Minangkabau royal seal from the 19th century

## Contents

* 1 Geographic distribution
* 2 Dialects
* 3 Phonology
* 4 Example
* 4.1 Sentences
* 4.2 Numerals
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Geographic distribution

Minangkabau is the native language of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra.[3] There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi.[3] Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra, the language is also a lingua franca. The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh.

Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra (Ranah Minang, Tanah Minang, or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan; this Negeri Sembilan Malay, known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi, is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang.

## Dialects

The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by a river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar.[6] In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect (Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak 'our [people's] language') is often used and has become a kind of standard.

The Tapan language, spoken in the town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup.[7] The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group.[7][8]

The Minangic subgroup is characterized by the following word-final sound changes.[8]

* *V[hi]ŋ > V[hi]ăŋ
* *us > uĭh
* *at > eʔ
* *as > eh
* *is > ih

## Phonology

The sound inventory of Minangkabau is listed below:[9]

Consonants  | Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ |
Plosive/
Affricate  | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʃ ⟨c⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨k⟩, ⟨ʼ⟩
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | dʒ ⟨j⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ |
Fricative  |  | s ⟨s⟩ |  |  | h ⟨h⟩
Lateral  |  | l ⟨l⟩ |  |  |
Rhotic  |  | r ⟨r⟩ |  |  |
Semivowel  | w ⟨w⟩ |  | j ⟨y⟩ |  |
Vowels  | Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

Close  | i ⟨i⟩ |  | u ⟨u⟩
Mid  | e ⟨e⟩ |  | o ⟨o⟩
Open  |  | a ⟨a⟩ |

Diphthongs: [iə̯], [uə̯], [ui̯], [ai̯], [au̯].

## Example

### Sentences

English  | Minangkabau  | Indonesian

|
|

How are you now?  | Baʼa kaba sanak kini? | Bagaimana kabar anda sekarang?
I'm well. How about you?  | Lai elok-elok se nyo. Sanak baʼa? | Saya baik-baik saja. Anda bagaimana?
What is your name?  | Sia namo sanak? | Siapa nama kamu?
My name is ...  | Namo ambo ... | Nama saya ...
Thank you.  | Tarimo kasih. | Terima kasih.
The trees in the jungle don't have the same height, moreover the people. (Proverb)  | Sadang kayu di rimbo 'ndak samo tinggi, apo lai manusia. (Pribaso)  | Adalah pohon di hutan tidak sama tinggi, apalagi manusia. (Peribahasa)
"As the frog swims, so he/she swims too." (He/she is doing something without having a goal.)  | "Co a koncek baranang co itu inyo" baʼarti mangarajokan suatu tapi indak punyo tujuan. | "Bagaimana katak berenang seperti itulah dia" berarti mengerjakan sesuatu tanpa punya tujuan.
Don't throw the rubbish here! (Command)  | Indak buliah mambuang sarok di siko! (Parintah)  | Dilarang membuang sampah di sini! (Perintah)
Do not touch! You will burn your hand.  | Ijan dipacik! Beko tangan angku tabaka. | Jangan disentuh! Nanti tanganmu terbakar.

### Numerals

Number  | Minangkabau  | Indonesian  | English

|
|
|

1  | cieʼ | satu | one
2  | duo | dua | two
3  | tigo | tiga | three
4  | ampeʼ | empat | four
5  | limo | lima | five
6  | anam | enam | six
7  | tujuah | tujuh | seven
8  | lapan | (de)lapan | eight
9  | sambilan | sembilan | nine
10  | sapuluah | sepuluh | ten
11  | sabaleh | sebelas | eleven
15  | limo baleh | lima belas | fifteen
50  | limo puluah | lima puluh | fifty
100  | saratuih | seratus | one hundred/a hundred
150  | saratuih limo puluah | seratus lima puluh | one hundred and fifty
500  | limo ratuih | lima ratus | five hundred
#,000  | ribu | ribu | thousand
#,000,000  | juta | juta | million
#,000,000,000  | milliar | milliar | billion

## See also

* Minangkabau people
* Overseas Minangkabau

## References

1. ↑ Minangkabau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Minangkabau". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mina1268.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kajian Serba Linguistik : Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Bahasa (2000)
4. ↑ Khaidir Anwar (1976), "Minangkabau, Background of the main pioneers of modern standard Malay in Indonesia" (in en), Archipel 12 (1): 77–93, doi:10.3406/arch.1976.1296, https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1976_num_12_1_1296
5. ↑ Sophie Elizabeth Crouch (2009) (in en), Voice and verb morphology in Minangkabau, a language of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Master's thesis, https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_886558_2/component/file_886556/content
6. ↑ Nadra, Reniwati, and Efri Yades, Daerah Asal dan Arah Migrasi Orang Minangkabau di Provinsi Jambi Berdasarkan Kajian Variasi Dialektikal (2008)
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kurniati, S., Putri, Y. P., Wichmann, S., & Gil, D. (2011). Tapan: An Exploration in Malayic Subgrouping. Paper presented at the 15th International Symposium on Malay Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 15).
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gil, D. & McKinnon, T. (2015). Excrescent Nasals in Malayic Dialects of Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (13-ICAL).
9. ↑ Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University.

## Further reading

* Nurlela Adnan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur, Pusat Bahasa (Indonesia), Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT. 2001 - Indonesian-Minangkabau dictionary (Kamus bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau), 841 pages.
* Marjusman Maksan, Yulina Kasim, Tamsin Medan, Syamsir Arifin, Basri, A. Razak Sikumbang, 1984, Geografi Dialek Bahasa Minangbakau, Jakarta, Pusat Pembinaan Dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 1984.
* Tata Bahasa Minangkabau, Gerard Moussay (original title La Langue Minangkabau, translated from French by Rahayu S. Hidayat), ISBN:979-9023-16-5.

## External links

|  Minangkabau edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

|

* Rosetta Project: Minangkabau Swadesh List

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau language. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Minangkabau_language&oldid=2953203"