Minangkabau language

Short description: Austronesian language, spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra

Minangkabau

Minang
Baso Minangkabau
بهاس منڠكربو
Pronunciation| [ˈbaso mi.naŋˈka.bau]
Native to| Indonesia
Malaysia
Region| West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Aceh (Indonesia)
Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia)
Ethnicity| Minangkabau
Aneuk Jamèë
Mukomuko
Kampar
Kuantan
Pesisir

Native speakers

| 5.5 million (2007)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* disputed:
Malayo-Sumbawan or Greater North Borneo
* Malayic
* Minangkabau

Dialects|

* West Sumatran Minangkabau
* Jamee
* Kampar ?
* Kuantan ?
* Pesisir
* Mukomuko
Agam-Tanah Datar
Lima Puluh Kota
Pancung Soal
Rokan
Rantau varieties (in Jambi and North Sumatra)

Writing system

| Latin (Minangkabau Latin alphabet)
Minangkabau script
Official status
Regulated by| Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (in Indonesia)
Language codes
ISO 639-1| `min`
ISO 639-3| `min`
Glottolog| `mina1268`[2]

Areas where Minangkabau is significantly spoken

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Minangkabau (Baso Minangkabau, Jawi: بهاس منڠكربو, IPA: [ˈbaso mi.naŋˈka.bau]), simply known as Minang, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, the southern and western coast of Aceh, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.[3] The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where it is known as the Aneuk Jamee dialect.

Minangkabau is similar to Malay. The relationship between the languages is characterized in different ways. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct (Malayic) language.[4]

Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions.[5] The Minangkabau language is still commonly spoken amongst the Minangkabau people, and it is used amongst the widespread Minangkabau diaspora. The Minangkabau language is deemed as "informal" in the urban regions of Padang, with the Indonesian language being preferred instead in formal institutions. Youth in the city frequently uses a mixture of conversational Minang and Indonesian slang.

Minangkabau language in Arabic script on Minangkabau royal seal from the 19th century

## Contents

* 1 Geographic distribution
* 2 Dialects
* 3 Phonology
* 3.1 Consonants
* 3.2 Vowels
* 4 Example
* 4.1 Sentences
* 4.2 Numerals
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Geographic distribution

Minangkabau is the native language of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra.[3] There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau, the southern and western coast of Aceh, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi.[3] Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra, the language is also a lingua franca. The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh.

Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra (Ranah Minang, Tanah Minang, or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan; this Negeri Sembilan Malay, known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi, is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang.

## Dialects

The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by a river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar.[6] In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect (Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak 'our [people's] language') is often used and has become a kind of standard.

The Tapan language, spoken in the town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup.[7] The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group.[7][8]

The Minangic subgroup is characterized by the following word-final sound changes.[8]

* *V[hi]ŋ > V[hi]ăŋ
* *us > uĭh
* *at > eʔ
* *as > eh
* *is > ih

## Phonology

The sound inventory of Minangkabau is listed below:[9]

### Consonants

| Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ |
Plosive/
Affricate  | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʃ ⟨c⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨k⟩, ⟨ʼ⟩
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | dʒ ⟨j⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ |
Fricative  |  | s ⟨s⟩ |  |  | h ⟨h⟩
Lateral  |  | l ⟨l⟩ |  |  |
Rhotic  |  | r ⟨r⟩ |  |  |
Semivowel  | w ⟨w⟩ |  | j ⟨y⟩ |  |

### Vowels

Monophthongs  | Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

Close  | i ⟨i⟩ |  | u ⟨u⟩
Mid  | e ⟨e⟩ |  | o ⟨o⟩
Open  |  | a ⟨a⟩ |
Diphthongs  | Front  | Back

|
|

Close  | iə̯⁓ie̯ ⟨ia⟩ | uə̯⁓uo̯ ⟨ua⟩, ui̯ ⟨ui⟩
Mid  | eə̯ ⟨ea⟩ | oə̯ ⟨oa⟩
Open  | ai̯ ⟨ai⟩, au̯ ⟨au⟩

## Example

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Minangkabau:

> Sadonyo urang lahia mardeka jo punyo martabaik jo hak-hak nan samo. Nyo diagiah aka jo hati nurani sarato handaknyo babaua samo nan lainnyo dalam samangaik badunsanak.[10]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

### Sentences

English  | Minangkabau  | Indonesian

|
|

How are you now?  | Baʼa kaba sanak kini? | Bagaimana kabar anda sekarang?
I'm well. How about you?  | Lai elok-elok se nyo. Sanak baʼa? | Saya baik-baik saja. Anda bagaimana?
What is your name?  | Sia namo sanak? | Siapa nama kamu?
My name is ...  | Namo ambo ... | Nama saya ...
Thank you.  | Tarimo kasih. | Terima kasih.
The trees in the jungle don't have the same height, moreover the people. (Proverb)  | Sadang kayu di rimbo 'ndak samo tinggi, apo lai manusia. (Pribaso)  | Sedangkan pohon di hutan tidak sama tinggi, apalagi manusia. (Peribahasa)
"As the frog swims, so he/she swims too." (He/she is doing something without having a goal.)  | "Co a koncek baranang co itu inyo" baʼarti mangarajokan suatu tapi indak punyo tujuan. | "Bagaimana katak berenang seperti itulah dia" berarti mengerjakan sesuatu tanpa punya tujuan.
Don't throw the rubbish here! (Command)  | Indak buliah mambuang sarok di siko! (Parintah)  | Dilarang membuang sampah di sini! (Perintah)
Do not touch! You will burn your hand.  | Ijan dipacik! Beko tangan angku tabaka. | Jangan disentuh! Nanti tanganmu terbakar.

### Numerals

Number  | Minangkabau  | Indonesian  | English

|
|
|

1  | cieʼ | satu | one
2  | duo | dua | two
3  | tigo | tiga | three
4  | ampeʼ | empat | four
5  | limo | lima | five
6  | anam | enam | six
7  | tujuah | tujuh | seven
8  | lapan | (de)lapan | eight
9  | sambilan | sembilan | nine
10  | sapuluah | sepuluh | ten
11  | sabaleh | sebelas | eleven
15  | limo baleh | lima belas | fifteen
50  | limo puluah | lima puluh | fifty
100  | saratuih | seratus | one hundred/a hundred
150  | saratuih limo puluah | seratus lima puluh | one hundred and fifty
500  | limo ratuih | lima ratus | five hundred
#,000  | ribu | ribu | thousand
#,000,000  | juta | juta | million
#,000,000,000  | milliar | milliar | billion

## See also

* Minangkabau people
* Overseas Minangkabau

## References

1. ↑ Minangkabau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Minangkabau". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mina1268.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kajian Serba Linguistik : Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Bahasa (2000)
4. ↑ Khaidir Anwar (1976), "Minangkabau, Background of the main pioneers of modern standard Malay in Indonesia" (in en), Archipel 12 (1): 77–93, doi:10.3406/arch.1976.1296, https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1976_num_12_1_1296
5. ↑ Sophie Elizabeth Crouch (2009) (in en), Voice and verb morphology in Minangkabau, a language of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Master's thesis, https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_886558_2/component/file_886556/content
6. ↑ Nadra, Reniwati, and Efri Yades, Daerah Asal dan Arah Migrasi Orang Minangkabau di Provinsi Jambi Berdasarkan Kajian Variasi Dialektikal (2008)
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kurniati, S., Putri, Y. P., Wichmann, S., & Gil, D. (2011). Tapan: An Exploration in Malayic Subgrouping. Paper presented at the 15th International Symposium on Malay Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 15).
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gil, D. & McKinnon, T. (2015). Excrescent Nasals in Malayic Dialects of Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (13-ICAL).
9. ↑ Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University.
10. ↑ "Parnyataan Umum tantang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia" (in min). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/udhr/publishingimages/60udhr/documents/udhrtranslations/Minangnese.pdf.

## Further reading

* Nurlela Adnan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur, Pusat Bahasa (Indonesia), Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT. 2001 – Indonesian-Minangkabau dictionary (Kamus bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau), 841 pages.
* Marjusman Maksan, Yulina Kasim, Tamsin Medan, Syamsir Arifin, Basri, A. Razak Sikumbang, 1984, Geografi Dialek Bahasa Minangbakau, Jakarta, Pusat Pembinaan Dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 1984.
* Tata Bahasa Minangkabau, Gerard Moussay (original title La Langue Minangkabau, translated from French by Rahayu S. Hidayat), ISBN 979-9023-16-5.

## External links

|  Minangkabau edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

|

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minangkabau language.

|

* Rosetta Project: Minangkabau Swadesh List

Template:Minangkabau

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Indonesia

Western languages

| Malayo-Sumbawan|

* Indonesian
* Bahasa Binan
* Slang
* Acehnese
* Balinese
* Bamayo
* Duano'
* Haji
* Iban
* Kangean
* Kendayan
* Keninjal
* Kubu
* Lubu
* Loncong
* Madurese
* Malay
* Bangka
* Banjar
* Bengkulu
* Berau
* Col/Lembak
* Jambi
* Kaur
* Jaring Halus
* Kerinci
* Kutai
* Larantuka
* Minangkabau
* Palembang
* Pekal
* Pontianak
* Mualang
* Sasak
* Seberuang
* Sumbawan
* Sundanese
* Baduy
* Bantenese

|

Javanese|

* Javanese
* Banyumasan
* Osing
* Tenggerese

Celebic|

* Andio
* Bada
* Bahonsuai
* Balaesang
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Behoa
* Boano
* Bobongko
* Bonerate
* Bungku
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Kalao
* Kaili
* Kaimbulawa
* Kamaru
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Laiyolo
* Lauje
* Liabuku
* Mbelala
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Moma
* Muna
* Napu
* Padoe
* Pancana
* Pendau
* Rahambuu
* Rampi
* Saluan
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Pamona
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tukang Besi
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Topoiyo
* Tomini
* Totoli
* Uma
* Waru
* Wawonii
* Wolio
* Wotu

Lampungic|

* Komering
* Lampung

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands|

* Batak
* Alas
* Batak Angkola
* Batak Dairi
* Batak Karo
* Batak Mandailing
* Batak Simalungun
* Batak Toba
* Enggano
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nias
* Simeulue
* Sikule

South Sulawesi|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Bentong
* Budong-Budong
* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Coastal Konjo
* Dakka
* Duri
* Embaloh
* Enrekang
* Highland Konjo
* Kalumpang
* Lemolang
* Maiwa
* Makassarese
* Malimpung
* Mamasa
* Mamuju
* Mandar
* Panasuan
* Pannei
* Selayar
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah
* Tae’
* Talondo’
* Taman
* Toraja-Sa’dan
* Ulumanda’

Barito|

* Ampanang
* Bajaw
* Bakumpai
* Deyah
* Kohin
* Lawangan
* Ma'anyan
* Malang
* Ngaju
* Ot Danum
* Ot Siang
* Tunjung
* Witu
* Pakau

Kayan–Murik|

* Aoheng
* Aput
* Bahau
* Hovongan
* Kayan
* Krio
* Modang
* Punan Merah
* Segai

Land Dayak|

* Bakati’
* Biatah
* Bukar Sadong
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Laraʼ
* Nyadu’
* Rejangese
* Ribun
* Sanggau
* Sara
* Semandang
* Beginci
* Gerai
* Tringgus

North Bornean|

* Bah-Biau
* Basap
* Bukat
* Bukitan
* Kelabit
* Kenyah
* Mainstream
* Lengilu
* Lun Bawang
* Murut
* Okolod
* Selungai
* Sembakung
* Tagol
* Punan Merap
* Punan Tubu
* Sa'ban
* Sajau
* Tidung
* Burusu
* Kalabakan
* Nonukan

Philippine languages|

| Central Philippine|

* Tausug

|

Gorontalo-Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontaloan
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangirese
* Talaud

Central-Eastern languages

| Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola-Kompane
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

|

Central Maluku|

* Alune
* Amahai
* Ambelau
* Asilulu
* Banda
* Bati
* Benggoi
* Boano
* Bobot
* Buru
* Geser
* Haruku
* Hitu
* Hoti
* Huaulu
* Hulung
* Kaibobo
* Kamarian
* Laha
* Larike-Wakasihu
* Latu
* Liana-Seti
* Lisabata-Nuniali
* Lisela
* Loun
* Luhu
* Mangole
* Manipa
* Manusela
* Masiwang
* Naka'ela
* Nuaulu
* Nusa Laut
* Paulohi
* Salas
* Saleman
* Saparua
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Sepa-Teluti
* Sula
* Taliabo
* Teor-Kur
* Tulehu
* Watubela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Flores–Lembata|

* Alorese
* Kedang
* Lamaholot
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Lamalera
* Lamatuka
* Levuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Lewotobi
* South Lembata
* West Lembata
* Sika

Halmahera-
Cenderawasih|

* Ambai
* Ansus
* Arguni
* Bedoanas
* Biak
* Busami
* Dusner
* Erokwanas
* Irarutu
* Iresim
* Kuri
* Kurudu
* Munggui
* Marau
* Meoswar
* Mor
* Pom
* Papuma
* Roon
* Serui-Laut
* Tandia
* Wabo
* Waropen
* Wandamen
* Woi
* Yaur
* Yeretuar

Kei-Tanimbar|

* Fordata
* Kei
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin
* Yamdena

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Sumba–Flores|

* Anakalangu
* Baliledo
* Bima
* Dhao
* Ende
* Gaura
* Hawu
* Kambera
* Kéo
* Kodi
* Komodo
* Lamboya
* Li'o
* Mamboru
* Manggarai
* Nage
* Ngadha
* Palu'e
* Pondok
* Rajong
* Rembong
* Riung
* Rongga
* So'a
* Kepo'
* Wae Rana
* Wanukaka
* Wejewa

Timor–Babar|

* Tetum
* Uab Meto
* Amarasi
* Baikeno
* Bekais
* Bilba
* Dai
* Dawera-Daweloor
* Dela-Oenale
* Dengka
* East Damar
* Emplawas
* Helong
* Imroing
* Kisar
* Leti
* Lole
* Luang
* Masela
* Nila
* North Babar
* Ringgou
* Romang
* Serili
* Serua
* Southeast Babar
* Tela'a
* Termanu
* Te'un
* Tii
* West Damar
* Wetar

Western Oceanic|

* Anus
* Bonggo
* Kayupulau
* Liki
* Masimasi
* Ormu
* Podena
* Kaptiau
* Sobei
* Tarpia
* Tobati
* Wakde
* Yamna

Other|

* Kowiai

Papuan languages

| North Halmahera|

* Galela
* Gamkonora
* Loloda
* Modole
* Pagu
* Sahu
* Tabaru
* Ternate
* Tidore
* Tobelo
* Waioli
* West Makian

|

Timor–Alor–Pantar|

* Abui
* Adang
* Blagar
* Bunak
* Kaera
* Kafoa
* Kamang
* Klon
* Kui
* Kula
* Nedebang
* Oirata
* Retta
* Sawila
* Teiwa
* Wersing
* Western Pantar

* Abun
* Aghu
* Airoran
* Asmat
* Auye
* Bagusa
* Baham
* Baropasi
* Bauzi
* Bayono-Awbono
* Berik
* Betaf
* Bimin
* Bonerif
* Burate
* Burmeso
* Burumakok
* Buruwai
* Citak
* Dabe
* Dao
* Demisa
* Demta
* Dineor
* Ekari
* Faiwol
* Grand Valley Dani
* Hattam
* Hupla
* Iha
* Isirawa
* Itik
* Iwur
* Jofotek-Bromnya
* Kalabra
* Kamberau
* Kamoro
* Kanum
* Karas
* Kauwera
* Kehu
* Keijar
* Kofei
* Kombai
* Kombai–Wanggom
* Komyandaret
* Koneraw
* Kopka
* Kopkaka
* Korowai
* Kuwani
* Kwerba Mamberamo
* Kwerba
* Kwesten
* Kwinsu
* Maklew
* Mander
* Mandobo
* Mawes
* Maybrat
* Meax
* Meninggo
* Mian
* Moi
* Mombum
* Momina
* Momuna
* Moni
* Moraid
* Mpur
* Muyu
* Nafri
* Nakai
* Nduga
* Ngalum
* Nggem
* Ninggerum
* Nisa-Anasi
* Oksapmin
* Orya
* Pisa
* Samarokena
* Saponi
* Sauri
* Sause
* Saweru
* Sawi
* Sawila
* Seget
* Sempan
* Sentani
* Setaman
* Shiaxa
* Silimo
* Skou
* Sougb
* Suganga
* Tabla
* Tangko
* Tause
* Tefaro
* Tehit
* Telefol
* Tifal
* Trimuris
* Tsaukambo
* Tunggare
* Urapmin
* Vitou
* Walak
* Wambon
* Wano
* Wares
* Western Dani
* Wolani
* Woria
* Yali
* Yawa
* Yelmek
* Yonggom

Other languages

| Creoles and Pidgins|

| Malay-based creoles|

* Ambonese Malay
* Baba Malay
* Bandanese Malay
* Bacanese Malay
* Balinese Malay
* Betawi
* Gorap
* Kupang Malay
* Manado Malay
* Makassar Malay
* North Moluccan Malay
* Papuan Malay

|

Other creoles and pidgins|

* Javindo
* Petjo
* Mardijker
* Pidgin Iha
* Pidgin Onin
* Portugis
* Bidau Creole Portuguese

|

Sinitic languages|

* Cantonese
* Hakka
* Fujianese
* Hokkien
* Medan
* Riau
* Tiochiu
* Hainanese
* Hinghwa
* Fuzhounese
* Mandarin

Afroasiatic languages|

* Modern Standard Arabic

Dravidian languages|

* Tamil

Germanic languages|

* English
* Dutch (historical)

Romance languages|

* French
* Portuguese

Indo-Iranian languages|

* Persian

Sign languages|

* Indonesian Sign Language
* Kata Kolok

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Malaysia

Main|

| Official|

* Malaysian

|

Recognised|

* English
* comparison with British English

Significant
minority|

| Chinese|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Cantonese
* Malaysian Cantonese
* Eastern Min
* Fuqing
* Fuzhou
* Hokkien
* Mandarin Chinese
* Malaysian Mandarin
* Pu-Xian Min
* Penang Hokkien
* Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
* Yue Chinese

|

Indian|

* Dravidian
* Malayalam
* Tamil
* Malaysian Tamil
* Telugu
* Indo-European
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Punjabi
* Urdu

Families|

* Austroasiatic
* Aslian
* Austronesian
* North Bornean
* Land Dayak
* Malayic
* Philippine
* Sama–Bajaw
* Tai-Kadai
* Tai

Creoles|

* Chavacano
* Kristang
* Manglish
* Other Malay trade and creole languages

Natives &
Indigenous|

| Nationwide|

* Banjar
* Buginese
* Javanese
* Malay
* Malayic
* Minangkabau

|

Peninsular
Malaysia|

* Baba Malay
* Batek
* Baweanese
* Cheq Wong
* Chetty Malay
* Duano’
* Jah Hut
* Jahai
* Jakun
* Jedek
* Kedah Malay
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay
* Kenaboi1
* Kensiu
* Kintaq
* Kristang
* Lanoh
* Mah Meri
* Minangkabau
* Minriq
* Mintil
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Mos
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Perak Malay
* Rawa Malay
* Sabüm1
* Semai
* Semaq Beri
* Semelai
* Semnam
* Southern Thai
* Temiar
* Temoq2
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Wila'1

East
Malaysia|

* Abai
* Bahau
* Bajaw
* Balau
* Belait
* Berawan
* Biatah
* Bintulu
* Bonggi
* Bookan
* Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
* Brunei Bisaya
* Bukar Sadong
* Bukitan
* Coastal Kadazan
* Cocos Malay
* Daro-Matu
* Dumpas
* Dusun
* Eastern Kadazan
* Gana’
* Iban
* Ida'an
* Iranun
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kajaman
* Kalabakan
* Kanowit
* Kayan
* Kelabit
* Kendayan
* Keningau Murut
* Kinabatangan
* Kiput
* Klias River Kadazan
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Kuijau
* Lahanan
* Lelak1
* Lengilu1
* Lotud
* Lun Bawang
* Mainstream Kenyah
* Maranao
* Melanau
* Molbog
* Momogun
* Murik Kayan
* Narom
* Nonukan Tidong
* Okolod
* Paluan
* Papar
* Punan Bah-Biau
* Punan Batu2
* Penan
* Remun
* Sa'ban
* Sabah Bisaya
* Sabah Malay
* Sama
* Sarawak Malay
* Sebop
* Sebuyau
* Sekapan
* Selungai Murut
* Sembakung
* Seru1
* Serudung
* Sian
* Suluk
* Sungai
* Tagol
* Timugon
* Tombonuwo
* Tring
* Tringgus
* Tutoh
* Ukit2
* Uma’ Lasan

Mixed & Others|

* Rojak
* Tanglish
* Esperanto

Immigrants|

* African
* Arab
* Bangladeshi
* Burmese
* Cambodian
* East Timorese
* Filipino
* Indonesian
* comparison with Malaysian
* Iranian
* Japanese
* Korean
* Laotian
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Sri Lankan
* Thai
* Vietnamese

Signs|

| Main|

* Malaysian Sign Language
* Manually Coded Malay

|

By states|

* Penang Sign Language
* Selangor Sign Language

* 1 Extinct languages
* 2 Nearly extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Singapore

Official languages|

* English
* Malay
* Mandarin
* Tamil

Creole languages|

* Baba Malay
* Chitty Malay
* Kristang
* Singlish
* Singdarin

Other languages|

| East Asian|

* Cantonese
* Hakka
* Japanese
* Hokkien
* Korean
* Teochew

|

South Asian|

* Hindi
* Nepali
* Punjabi
* Sinhala

Austronesian|

* Banjarese
* Buginese
* Javanese
* Baweanese
* Minangkabau
* Orang Seletar

Other|

* Arabic
* Armenian
* Thai

Sign languages|

* Singaporean Sign Language

Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau language. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Minangkabau_language&oldid=4303753"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template