National conservatism

Short description: Strand of conservatism

Part of a series on

Nationalism

Development

* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Anthem
* Colours
* Flag
* Flower
* Epic
* God
* Identity
* Language
* Music
* Myth
* Sport
* Symbol
* Treasure

Core values

* Autonomy
* National identity
* Self-determination
* Solidarity

Types

* African
* Alt-right
* Banal
* Blind
* Bourgeois
* Business
* Civic
* Indian
* American
* Communist
* Conservative
* Democracy
* Constitutional patriotism
* Corporate
* Cultural
* Cyber-
* Ecological
* Economic
* Ethnic
* European
* Expansionist
* Integral
* Left-wing
* Liberal
* Moderate
* Mystic
* National-anarchist
* National Bolshevik
* National syndicalist
* Nazism
* Neo-
* New
* Pan-
* Plurinationalist
* Post-
* Racial
* Arab
* Black
* Korean
* White
* Religious
* Sikh
* Christian
* Hindu
* Islamic
* Resource
* Revolutionary
* Right-wing
* Romantic
* Technological
* Territorial
* Transnationalism
* Ultranationalism

Organizations

List of nationalist organizations

Related concepts

* Anationalism
* Anti-nationalism
* Cosmopolitanism
* Diaspora politics
* Gender and nationalism
* Globalism
* Historiography and nationalism
* Internationalism
* Irredentism
* National indifference
* Revanchism
* Seasonal or cultural festival
* Trumpism

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Conservatism

Variants

* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* National
* Neo
* New Right
* One-nation
* Paleo
* Reactionary
* Social
* Traditionalist

Concepts

* Familism
* Family values
* Private property
* Rule of law
* Communitarianism
* Civil Society
* Solidarity

People

* Burke
* De Maistre
* De Chateaubriand
* Von Metternich

Organizations

* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists
in Europe
* European People's Party
* International Democrat Union

Religious conservatism

* Christian Democracy (in Europe)
* Christian right
* Christian fundamentalism
* Jewish right
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Traditionalist Catholic

National variants

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Serbia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Related topics

* Aristocracy
* Capitalism
* Centre-right politics
* Corporatism
* Counter-revolutionary
* Fascism
* Liberalism
* Monarchism
* Neoliberalism
* Old Right (United States)
* Radical centrism
* Radical right
* Europe
* United States
* Reactionary
* Right-wing politics
* Toryism

*   *

* v
* t
* e

National conservatism is a variant of conservatism that prioritizes the defense of national and cultural identity, often based on a theory of the family as a model for the state.[1] It is oriented towards upholding national sovereignty, which includes opposing illegal immigration or immigration per se and having a strong military.[2][3][4][5]

National conservatism departs from economic liberalism and libertarianism and takes a more pragmatic approach to regulatory economics and protectionism.[6][7][8][9] It opposes the basic precepts of enlightenment liberalism such as individualism and the universality of human rights, and in America and Europe is majoritarian populist.[10] National-conservative parties often have roots in rural environments, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal-conservative parties.[11]

In Europe, national conservatives usually embrace some form of Euroscepticism.[12][13][14] In post-communist central and eastern Europe specifically, most conservative parties since 1989 have followed a national conservative ideology.[15] Most notable is Viktor Orbán in Hungary, who has explicitly described his Fidesz's ideology as being national conservative in character and whose government is involved in the funding and spread of national conservative institutions across Europe and the United States, such as the Danube Institute, the Mathias Corvinus Collegium, The European Conservative magazine and the National Conservatism Conference.[3][4][16][17][18][19][20] In the United States, Trumpism can be considered a variety of national conservatism,[21][22][23] which also gives its name to the National Conservatism Conference, organised by the Edmund Burke Foundation.[24]

## Contents

* 1 Ideology
* 1.1 Social policies
* 1.2 Economic policies
* 1.3 Foreign policy
* 1.4 Regionalist varieties
* 1.5 Geography and demographics
* 1.5.1 Eastern Europe
* 2 List of national conservative political parties
* 2.1 Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
* 2.2 Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
* 2.3 National conservative groups in the European Parliament
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Ideology

National conservatism focuses on "threats to moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberalism's relativism".[25]: 1089 It rejects the basic precepts of enlightenment liberalism, such as individualism and the universality of human rights. In America and Europe, national conservatives are majoritarian populists and advocate for fewer limits on the power of elected representatives to "smash the liberal state".[10] It opposes modernity, secularism, liberalism, socialism, communism and anarchism, instead valuing Europe’s Christian heritage and "defending" Western civilization.[25]: 1099 [25]: 1093 National conservatism is silent on classical conservative thought expressed by Michael Oakeshott and Edmund Burke.[25]: 1099 In The Virtue of Nationalism, Yoram Hazony criticizes Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke for creating a "dream world" in which the "Jewish and Christian world" have "no place to exist".[21] National conservatism disagrees with liberalism and socialism over the interpretation of key historical developments, such as the Enlightenment, modernization, and emancipation, and key political events like those that occurred in 1789, 1968, and 1989. National conservatism distances itself from fascism, viewing it—along with liberalism and socialism—as aspects of modernity that "disconnect human designs from normative order", instead calling for the "restoration and order" of social, moral, and political structures.[25]: 1099 Patrick Deneen argues that the "current elite" should be replaced with "a better aristocracy brought about by a muscular populism" to advance the "common good", with the common good loosely defined as "integration" that includes the reunification of church and state.[21] In his 2022 book Social:Conservatism: A Rediscovery, Hazony, who has been considered by some observers as one of the intellectuals behind the re-launch of national conservatism, wrote that "in the political arena, conservatism refers to a standpoint that regards the recovery, restoration, elaboration, and repair of national and religious traditions as the key to maintaining a nation and strengthening it through time."[26][27][28][29]

### Social policies

Ideologically, national conservatism is not uniform; adherents have broadly expressed support for nationalism, patriotism, cultural assimilationism, and monoculturalism. At the same time, there is expressed opposition to internationalism, racial politics, multiculturalism, and globalism.[30][31][32] National conservatives adhere to a form of cultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation of national identity as well as cultural identity. As a result, many favor assimilation into the dominant culture, restrictions on immigration and strict law and order policies.[4][3]

National conservative parties support traditional family values, gender roles, and the public role of religion,[3][33] being critical of the separation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientist Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition."[33] It opposes the "1968 agenda" of gender-related emancipation.[25]: 1099

### Economic policies

National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of corporatism, mixed economy, and protectionism to a more laissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives,[34] for whom free market economic policies, deregulation, and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economically liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalised social, cultural and national conservatives."[34]

National conservatism developed its economic alternative to liberalism through political representatives in post-communist Europe, most notably Poland and Hungary, and the emergence of "pro-worker conservatism" in the United States.[25]: 1095 Throughout the 1990s, economic positions of national conservatives were largely fusionist.[25]: 1097 The works of Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin have served as building blocks for the modern national conservative movement's socio-economic policies. Strauss's indictment of capitalism as 'economism' through the reduction of individual needs to consumption plays a role in national conservative thought, which argues for solidarism and an increased statist role in the economy to bring about a moralizing "financial nationalism" in opposition to communism and the individualism of liberalism.[25]: 1097–1098 Depending on the country, this can include increased support of protectionism; increased state social spending for "pro-worker" and "pro-family" conservatism; the re-nationalization of banks and strategic enterprises; and opposing tax breaks.[25]: 1098–1099 It supports "social nativism" in East Asian state-led development as a socio-economic policy paradigm.[25]: 1093

### Foreign policy

National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towards militarism, unilateralism, and isolationism. They reject the internationalism and multilateralism that have characterized the modern age.[35][36] They often have a negative view of the United Nations, feeling that its multinational agenda erodes their unique national identity,[35][36] as well as the European Union and other international organizations.[21]

### Regionalist varieties

Main article: Social:Regionalism (politics)

Regional parties can be nationalist or national conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs. South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national conservative" parties there represent its German-speaking majority and identify with neighbouring Austria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.

### Geography and demographics

National conservatism has gained ground across the Western world in recent decades, but has been particularly strong in certain countries and among certain demographic groups. Costas Panayotakis has argued that the economic inequality engendered by neoliberalism contributed to the rise of national conservatism.[37]

In the 2020s, national conservatism was described as causing a "new global divide", particularly in the Western world. Several very close elections pitted a national conservative candidate against a liberal candidate, with national conservative candidates sometimes winning. These included the 2024 United States presidential election (Donald Trump defeated Kamala Harris by 1.5%) and the 2025 Polish presidential election (Karol Nawrocki defeated Rafał Trzaskowski by 1.8%).[38] On the other hand, in the 2025 Romanian presidential election centrist Nicușor Dan defeated the far-right national conservative George Simion by 7.2%, though the Financial Times still described this as a close election.[39]

#### Eastern Europe

National conservatism has gained notable ground in post-communist Eastern Europe (east of the former Iron Curtain). The national conservative and far-right Alternative for Germany is strongest in former East Germany.[40] The Law and Justice party in Poland is strongest in Poland B, with Poland considered a post-communist European country.[41]

Russia, under the rule of Vladimir Putin, has waged an irredentist invasion of Ukraine since 2022. Putin has implemented and espoused national conservatism through his affiliated United Russia party.[42][43][44]

## List of national conservative political parties

### Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservatism:

* Albania: Democratic Party of Albania,[15] Republican Party of Albania,[citation needed] Legality Movement Party
* Andorra: Andorra Forward
* Argentina: Democratic Party,[45] NOS
* Armenia: Conservative Party, Constitutional Rights Union, For Social Justice, Prosperous Armenia, Republican Party of Armenia,[46] Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party, 5165 National Conservative Movement Party
* Austria: Freedom Party of Austria,[47] Alliance for the Future of Austria[48]
* Australia: Pauline Hanson's One Nation[49]
* Belarus: BPF Party, Conservative Christian Party – BPF
* Belgium: Flemish Interest[50]
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Action,[citation needed] Party of Democratic Progress[15]
* Brazil: Liberal Party, Progressistas,[51] Brazilian Labour Party, Patriota
* Bulgaria: Revival,[citation needed] There is Such a People, VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,[citation needed] National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, Union of Democratic Forces,[15] Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria,[15] Democratic Party,[15] Conservative Bulgaria, Conservative Union of the Right, Reload Bulgaria
* Cambodia: Cambodian People's Party,[52] FUNCINPEC
* Chile: Republican Party (Chile, 2019)
* Croatia: Homeland Movement,[citation needed] Croatian Sovereignists,[citation needed] Croatian Democratic Union,[53] Croatian Party of Rights, Home and National Rally
* Cyprus: Solidarity Movement[citation needed]
* Czech Republic: ANO 2011,[54] Motorists for Themselves
* Denmark: Danish People's Party,[55] The New Right,[56] Denmark Democrats
* Estonia: Conservative People's Party of Estonia,[citation needed] Isamaa[15]
* Finland: Finns Party[57]
* France: National Rally,[58] France Arise,[citation needed] Movement for France,[citation needed] Action Française,[59] Reconquête, Identity–Liberties
* Georgia: Conservative Party of Georgia, Alliance of Patriots of Georgia, Georgian Dream
* Germany: Alternative for Germany,[60] The Republicans,[61] German Social Union[citation needed]
* Greece: Independent Greeks,[citation needed] Greek Solution,[62] New Right,[63] National Hope
* Hungary: Fidesz,[15][64] Christian Democratic People's Party,[65] Our Homeland Movement, Independent Smallholders Party,[65] Jobbik[66]
* India: Bharatiya Janata Party,[67] Hindu Mahasabha[68]
* Indonesia: Great Indonesia Movement Party,[69] Golkar[70]
* Ireland: Independent Ireland, Irish Freedom Party
* Israel: Likud,[71][72] Yamina
* Italy: Brothers of Italy,[citation needed] Lega, Forza Italia (faction – Protagonist Italy), South Tyrolean Freedom[73]
* Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[74][75], Conservative Party of Japan, Sanseito
* Kenya: Jubilee Party
* Latvia: National Alliance[citation needed]
* Liechtenstein: Progressive Citizens' Party[76]
* Lithuania: Homeland Union,[15] Order and Justice,[citation needed] People and Justice Union[citation needed], National Alliance
* Luxembourg: Alternative Democratic Reform Party[citation needed]
* Malaysia: United Malays National Organisation[77]
* Moldova: Democracy at Home Party
* Monaco: Monegasque National Union
* Montenegro: New Serb Democracy,[citation needed]
* Myanmar: Union Solidarity and Development Party[78]
* Nepal: Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Netherlands: Forum for Democracy,[79]
* North Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE,[15][80] VMRO – People's Party,[citation needed] MAAK – Conservative Party,[citation needed] TMRO
* Norway: Progress Party,[81] The Democrats[82]
* Pakistan: Pakistan Muslim League (N)[83]
* Panama: Panameñista Party[84]
* Paraguay: Colorado Party[85]
* Philippines: Nacionalista Party[86]
* Poland: United Right, (Law and Justice[15][87] and United Poland[88]), Confederation Liberty and Independence (factions,[89][90] mainly National Movement[91]), Right Wing of the Republic[91]
* Portugal: CDS – People's Party,[92] Chega[93]
* Romania: National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party[94] and United Romania Party), Alliance for the Union of Romanians,[95][96] People's Movement Party,[97][98][99][100][101][102] Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, Romanian National Conservative Party
* Russia: All-Russia People's Front[103][104] (United Russia[105] and Rodina[106]), Great Russia, Russian All-People's Union[107]
* Serbia: Democratic Party of Serbia,[15][citation needed] Serbian Radical Party, Serbian Patriotic Alliance,[citation needed] United Serbia, Serbian People's Party, People's Peasant Party, New Serbia, Better Serbia, Fatherland, People's Freedom Movement, Serbian Party Oathkeepers, Serbian Right, Obraz, Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia
* Singapore: People's Action Party[108]
* Slovakia: Slovak National Party,[citation needed] Republic, We Are Family[citation needed]
* Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[15]
* South Korea: People Power Party[109]
* Spain: Vox[citation needed]
* Sweden: Sweden Democrats[110]
* Switzerland: Swiss People's Party,[111] Federal Democratic Union[citation needed]
* Taiwan: Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party),[112] New Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union
* Thailand: Palang Pracharath Party,[113] United Thai Nation Party[114]
* Turkey: People's Alliance[115] (Justice and Development Party,[116] Nationalist Movement Party[117] and Great Union Party), Nation Alliance (factions, mainly Good Party[123]) and Homeland Party, National Path Party, Key Party, Victory Party, Nation Party, New Turkey Party
* Ukraine: Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, People's Front,[citation needed] Svoboda,[124] National Corps, Right Sector[125]
* United Kingdom: Democratic Unionist Party,[citation needed] Traditional Unionist Voice,[citation needed] Reform UK, UK Independence Party[126]
* United States: Republican Party (factions)[127]
* Uruguay: Open Cabildo

### Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

* Armenia: Law and Unity
* Australia: Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party
* Belgium: Rexist Party,[128] Vlaams Blok[129]
* Brazil: Brazilian Integralist Action[130]
* Canada: Union Nationale[131]
* Czech Republic: Realists
* Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak National Democracy,[132] Party of National Unity[133]
* France: Rally for the Republic[134]
* Germany: German National People's Party,[135] Deutsche Rechtspartei,[136] The Blue Party,[137] German People's Union[138]
* Hungary: Hungarian Democratic Forum,[64][65] Unity Party[139]
* India: Bharatiya Jana Sangh[140]
* Iran: Rastakhiz Party[141] * Israel: National Union (Hatikva), Union of Right-Wing Parties
* Italy: National Alliance,[142][143] The Right[144]
* Moldova: Șor Party
* Norway: Fatherland League[145]
* Poland: National Democracy,[146] League of Polish Families,[147][148] Kukiz'15[149]
* Portugal: National Union[150]
* Romania: Conservative Party,[15][151][152][153][154][155][156]
* Slovakia: Slovak People's Party,[157] Slovak National Party, People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Conservative Democrats of Slovakia[158]
* South Africa: National Party[159]
* South Korea: Democratic Republican Party[160] Democratic Justice Party, New Korea Party, Liberty Korea Party[161]
* Spain: CEDA,[162] People's Alliance[163]
* Yugoslavia: Yugoslav Radical Union, Yugoslav National Movement[164]

### National conservative groups in the European Parliament

* European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European Conservatives and Reformists
* Patriots.eu, Patriots for Europe
* Europe of Sovereign Nations Europe of Sovereign Nations

## See also

* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
* European Alliance for Freedom
* Europe of Nations and Freedom
* Hindutva
* Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
* Nationalism
* Nazism
* Neo-nationalism
* Opposition to immigration
* Paleoconservatism
* Right-wing populism
* Souverainism
* Traditionalist conservatism
* Ultraconservatism
* Ultranationalism

## References

1. ↑ Heywood, Andrew (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-137-60604-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=esobMQAACAAJ.
2. ↑ Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. OUP Oxford. 2013. ISBN 978-0199585977. https://books.google.com/books?id=IZo2AAAAQBAJ.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sibarium, Aaron (2019-08-15). "National Conservatism: A Guide for the Perplexed". https://www.the-american-interest.com/2019/08/15/national-conservatism-a-guide-for-the-perplexed/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gallagher, Brenden (2019-08-11). "The national conservatism movement just began—does it have a future?". https://www.dailydot.com/debug/national-conservatism/.
5. ↑ Littlejohn, Brad (Summer 2023). "National Conservatism, Then and Now". https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/national-conservatism-then-and-now.
6. ↑ ANDREW., HEYWOOD (2018). ESSENTIALS OF POLITICAL IDEAS : for a level.. [S.l.]: PALGRAVE. ISBN 978-1137611673. OCLC 1005867754.
7. ↑ Berkowitz, Peter, ed (2004). Varieties of conservatism in America. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0817945725. OCLC 839305105. https://archive.org/details/varietiesofconse00pete.
8. ↑ Dahms, Harry F., ed (7 November 2014). Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Bingle, UK. ISBN 9781784412227. OCLC 896728569.
9. ↑ "National Conservatism - ECPS". https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/national-conservatism.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The American and Russian right are aligning". The Economist. March 20, 2025. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2025/03/20/the-american-and-russian-right-are-aligning. "Within the West, the international coalition of nationalist conservatives, stretching from Trumpism in America to bolsonarismo in Brazil to Orbanism in Hungary, rejects the basic precepts of enlightenment liberalism, like individualism and the universality of human rights. ... The nationalist conservative movement in America and Europe, however, is couched in majoritarian populism—expressing the democratic will of people while imposing ever-fewer limits on the authority of their elected representatives. In America the goal is to smash the liberal state."
11. ↑ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopecek (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-317-08503-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=zMsoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178.
12. ↑ Traynor, Ian (4 April 2006). "The EU's weary travellers". The Guardian. http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/ian_traynor/2006/04/post_15.html.
13. ↑ Heywood, Andrew (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-137-60604-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=esobMQAACAAJ.
14. ↑ Mandal, V. C. (2007). Dictionary of Public Administration. Sarup & Sons. p. 306. ISBN 978-81-7625-784-8. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Hs0xJORVIHwC.
15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 Bakke, Elisabeth (2010), "Central and East European party systems since 1989", Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 (Cambridge University Press): p. 79
16. ↑ Ferraresi, Mattia (2024-01-29). "Nationalists Claim They Want to Redefine Conservatism, but They're Not Sure What It Is" (in en-US). https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/10/nationalism-conservatism-hungary-viktor-orban/.
17. ↑ O'Sullivan, John (2018-04-09). "Hungary Embraces National Conservatism" (in en-US). https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/04/hungary-embraces-national-conservatism/.
18. ↑ Chotiner, Isaac (2021-08-10). "Why Conservatives Around the World Have Embraced Hungary's Viktor Orbán" (in en-US). The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-conservatives-around-the-world-have-embraced-hungarys-viktor-orban. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
19. ↑ O'Sullivan, John (2018-04-09). "Hungary Embraces National Conservatism - Danube Institute" (in en). https://danubeinstitute.hu/en/research/hungary-embraces-national-conservatism.
20. ↑ Adu, Aletha; Walker, Peter (15 May 2023). "Who are 'national conservatives' and what do they want?". https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/may/14/who-are-national-conservatives-and-what-do-they-want.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 ""National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism". The Economist (London). February 15, 2024. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism.
22. ↑ Meaney, Thomas. "Trumpism After Trump: Will the movement outlive the man?" (in en). Harper's Magazine February 2020. ISSN 0017-789X. https://harpers.org/archive/2020/02/trumpism-after-trump/. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
23. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (2019-07-17). "Trump and the dead end of conservative nationalism" (in en). https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696543/national-conservatism-conference-2019-trump.
24. ↑ "Overview". https://nationalconservatism.org/about.
25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 "The Two Faces of the 'Global Right': Revolutionary Conservatives and National-Conservatives". Critical Sociology (SAGE Publications) 48 (6): 1089–1107. September 2022. doi:10.1177/08969205211057020. ISSN 0896-9205.
26. ↑ Hazony, Yoram (2022). Conservatism: A Rediscovery. Forum. ISBN 978-1800752337.
27. ↑ Luban, Daniel (2019-07-26). "The Man Behind National Conservatism: Yoram Hazony has written the closest thing to a manifesto for intellectuals on the right.". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. https://newrepublic.com/article/154531/man-behind-national-conservatism. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
28. ↑ Robinson, Peter M. (2022-06-22). "Yoram Hazony Rediscovers Conservatism" (in en). https://www.hoover.org/research/yoram-hazony-rediscovers-conservatism.
29. ↑ Baker, Gerard (2024-01-18). "Yoram Hazony and the Future of Conservatism - Opinion: Free Expression - WSJ Podcasts" (in en). https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/opinion-free-expression/yoram-hazony-and-the-future-of-conservatism/608f3665-664f-4e01-b2e8-268c7b636ab5.
30. ↑ Ferraresi, Mattia (April 10, 2020). "Nationalists Claim They Want to Redefine Conservatism, but They're Not Sure What It Is". Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company). https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/10/nationalism-conservatism-hungary-viktor-orban/. "standing "in stark opposition to political theories grounded in race." Thus, in addition to formulating their political theses around ideas of nationality and values, the national conservatives also include ideas about race, culture, and religion to define their outlooks.".
31. ↑ Franklin, Peter (9 March 2023). "National conservatism has a future in Britain". UnHerd (London). https://unherd.com/thepost/national-conservatism-has-a-future-in-britain/.
32. ↑ MacDougald, Park (July 19, 2019). "What the Hell Is 'National Conservatism' Anyway?". New York Magazine (New York City: New York Media). https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/what-the-hell-is-national-conservativism-anyway.html.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Rosenberger, Sieglinde, Europe is swinging towards the right - What are the effects on women? , University of Vienna, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 National Questions, National Review, Vol. 49, Issue 12, 30 June 1997, pp. 16-17
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Littlejohn, Brad. "National Conservatism, Then and Now". National Affairs (United States: National Affairs, Inc.). https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/national-conservatism-then-and-now.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Dueck, Colin (January 22, 2021). "Conservative Nationalism and US Foreign Policy". American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/articles/conservative-nationalism-and-us-foreign-policy/.
37. ↑ Panayotakis, Costas (June 1, 2020). "Neoliberalism, the Left and the Rise of the Far Right: On the Political and Ideological Implications of Capitalism's Subordination of Democracy". Democratic Theory 7 (1): 48–72. doi:10.3167/dt.2020.070104. ISSN 2332-8894. https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/7/1/dt070104.xml.
38. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (June 2, 2025). "Caught Between Two Wests: New Global Divide Runs Straight Through Poland". https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/02/world/europe/poland-president-election-results.html. "The country’s government is centrist, with deep ties to Brussels. Its new president is a Trump-backed nationalist. That reflects a broader struggle."
39. ↑ "Europe’s far right is hammering at the door of power". May 25, 2025. https://www.ft.com/content/9daa499c-994e-4e1f-be29-82fab1f0958e.
40. ↑ Ghodsee, Kristen (2017). Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism. Duke University Press. pp. xix–xx, 134, 197–99. ISBN 978-0822369493. https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover.
41. ↑ Kowalczyk, Krzysztof (15 March 2014). "Typologia polskich partii politycznych według kryterium programowego" (in Polish). Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne (1): 73–99. doi:10.14746/ssp.2014.1.6. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/154447005.pdf. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
42. ↑ Hirsch, Michael (12 March 2022). "Putin's Thousand-Year War". Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/12/putins-thousand-year-war/.
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154. ↑ "Ovidiu Raețchi (PNL): Ludovic Orban a ajuns să meargă pe drumul toxic al lui Viktor Orban". 4 July 2021. https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/ovidiu-raetchi-pnl-ludovic-orban-a-ajuns-sa-mearga-pe-drumul-toxic-al-lui-viktor-orban-1585733.
155. ↑ "Pronostic. Alegerile din 2024, pe scena politică românească: Conservatorii PNL și PMP, contra progresiștii de la USR-PLUS". 21 March 2021. https://evz.ro/pronostic-alegerile-din-2024-pe-scena-politica-romaneasca-conservatorii-pnl-si-pmp-contra-progresistii-de-la-usr-plus.html.
156. ↑ "Rareş Bogdan: Nu suntem de acord cu înfierea copiilor de către cupluri ale minorităţilor sexuale, pentru că lucrul ăsta e o chestie care schimbă lumea/ Dacă cineva crede că va putea nouă să ne răpească bucuria de a spune "mamă", "tată", se înşală". 21 March 2021. https://www.g4media.ro/rares-bogdan-nu-suntem-de-acord-cu-infierea-copiilor-de-catre-cupluri-ale-minoritatilor-sexuale-pentru-ca-lucrul-asta-e-o-chestie-care-schimba-lumea-daca-cineva-crede-ca-va-putea-noua-sa-ne-rapeasc.html.
157. ↑ Camus, Jean-Yves (2016). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 242.
158. ↑ Bátora, Jozef (11 June 2010), "Hungary is the main issue in the Slovakian elections", Toute l'Europe, http://www.touteleurope.eu/fr/nc/print/organisation/institutions/conseil-europeen/analyses-et-opinions/analyses-vue-detaillee/afficher/fiche/4431/t/44339/from/2852/breve/jozef-batora-hungary-is-the-main-issue-in-the-slovakian-elections.html?cHash=eaab4d2426, retrieved 31 January 2012
159. ↑ Krabill, Ron (2010). Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid. University of Chicago Press. p. 51. https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab.
160. ↑ 《현대 한국정치 이론: 역사 현실 1945 ~ 2011》240p ~ 265p
161. ↑ Jun-Hyeok Kwak (11 June 2013). "Nationalism and Democracy Revisited". Soongsil University. http://kaisnet.or.kr/resource/down/11_1_06.pdf.
162. ↑ Blinkhorn, Martin (2002), Democracy and Civil War in Spain 1932-1939, Routledge, p. 140
163. ↑ Dudek, Carolyn Marie (2005). EU Accession and Spanish Regional Development. Peter Lang. p. 47.
164. ↑ Kuljić, Todor (2017). Post-Yugoslav Memory Culture. Lambert. p. 14.

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