Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism comprises all social, political, and militant ideologies and movements that have professed or idealized Nazism, whether in whole or in part, since the end of World War II in 1945. Neo-Nazi individuals and organizations employ their ideology to promote what they perceive as the racial or ethnic supremacy (often White supremacy) of their own group; to incite or engage in hatred or discrimination against demographic minorities (often antisemitism and Islamophobia); and, in some cases, to establish a fascist state (e.g., "Fourth Reich").[1][2] Also common in neo-Nazi circles is engagement in historical negationism and propagation of conspiracy theories—not limited to absolving or glorifying the Nazi Party or those who inspired or are thought to have inspired Adolf Hitler and other prominent Nazi figures—such as Holocaust denial and Jewish war; White genocide and Great Replacement; and "cultural" Marxism.

While mainly concentrated in the Western world, neo-Nazism is a global phenomenon and has organized representation in several international networks. However, it is not exclusive to people of European origin—many similar supremacist movements among local racial or ethnic groups in non-Western regions have been observed adhering to tenets of or inspired by neo-Nazi ideology. Much of this manifests in adopting original Nazi ideological doctrine and practices, including racism, ultra-nationalism, ableism, homophobia, and conspiratorial anti-communism, among others.

Neo-Nazis regularly display Nazi symbols and express admiration for the actions of Hitler's Germany before and during World War II. In a number of Western and non-Western countries (and especially in Germany), neo-Nazism is prohibited by laws specifically targeting Nazi ideology, in addition to general laws against hatred and discrimination. Likewise, among these countries, Nazi-related symbols are also banned as part of a long-running effort of de-Nazification that began with the Allies of World War II.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 1.1 Esotericism
* 1.2 Ecology and environmentalism
* 2 History
* 2.1 Germany and Austria (1945–1950s)
* 2.2 "Universal National Socialism" (1950s–1970s)
* 2.3 Holocaust denial and subcultures (1970s–1990s)
* 2.4 Lifting of the Iron Curtain (1990s–present)
* 3 Analogous European movements
* 4 Issues
* 4.1 Ex-Nazis in mainstream politics
* 4.2 Contemporary right-wing populism
* 5 Around the world
* 5.1 Europe
* 5.1.1 Albania
* 5.1.2 Armenia
* 5.1.3 Belarus
* 5.1.4 Belgium
* 5.1.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 5.1.6 Bulgaria
* 5.1.7 Croatia
* 5.1.8 Czech Republic
* 5.1.9 Denmark
* 5.1.10 Estonia
* 5.1.11 Finland
* 5.1.12 France
* 5.1.13 Germany
* 5.1.14 Greece
* 5.1.15 Hungary
* 5.1.16 Italy
* 5.1.17 Ireland
* 5.1.18 Latvia
* 5.1.19 Lithuania
* 5.1.20 Netherlands
* 5.1.21 Poland
* 5.1.22 Russia
* 5.1.23 Serbia
* 5.1.24 Slovakia
* 5.1.25 Spain
* 5.1.26 Sweden
* 5.1.27 Switzerland
* 5.1.28 Ukraine
* 5.1.29 United Kingdom
* 5.2 Asia
* 5.2.1 China
* 5.2.2 Indonesia
* 5.2.3 Iran
* 5.2.4 Iraq
* 5.2.5 Israel
* 5.2.6 Japan
* 5.2.7 Mongolia
* 5.2.8 Taiwan
* 5.2.9 Turkey
* 5.3 Americas
* 5.3.1 Brazil
* 5.3.2 Canada
* 5.3.3 Chile
* 5.3.4 Costa Rica
* 5.3.5 Cuba
* 5.3.6 Mexico
* 5.3.7 Peru
* 5.3.8 United States
* 5.3.8.1 Societal Acceptance
* 5.3.8.1.1 Elite and Political Legitimization
* 5.3.8.2 Ideology
* 5.3.8.3 Organizations and individuals
* 5.3.8.4 Between freedom of speech and national security threats
* 5.3.9 Uruguay
* 5.4 Africa
* 5.4.1 South Africa
* 5.5 Oceania
* 5.5.1 Australia
* 5.5.2 New Zealand
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Definition

The term neo-Nazism describes any post-World War II militant, social or political movements seeking to revive the ideology of Nazism in whole or in part.[4][5]

The term 'neo-Nazism' can also refer to the ideology of these movements, which may borrow elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalism, anti-communism, racism, ableism, xenophobia, homophobia, antisemitism, up to initiating the Fourth Reich. Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is the incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler.

Neo-Nazism is considered a particular form of far-right politics and right-wing extremism.[6]

### Esotericism

See also: Religion:Esoteric neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazi writers have posited a spiritual, esoteric doctrine of race, which moves beyond the primarily Darwinian-inspired materialist scientific racism popular mainly in the Anglosphere during the 20th century. Figures influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism, such as Miguel Serrano and Julius Evola (writers who are described by critics of Nazism such as the Southern Poverty Law Center as influential within what it presents as parts of "the bizarre fringes of National Socialism, past and present"),[7] claim that the Hyperborean ancestors of the Aryans were in the distant past, far higher beings than their current state, having suffered from "involution" due to mixing with the "Telluric" peoples; supposed creations of the Demiurge. Within this theory, if the "Aryans" are to return to the Golden Age of the distant past, they need to awaken the memory of the blood. An extraterrestrial origin of the Hyperboreans is often claimed. These theories draw influence from Gnosticism and Tantrism, building on the work of the Ahnenerbe. Within this racist theory, Jews are held up as the antithesis of nobility, purity and beauty.

### Ecology and environmentalism

Neo-Nazism generally aligns itself with a blood and soil variation of environmentalism, which has themes in common with deep ecology, the organic movement and animal protectionism.[8][9] This tendency, sometimes called "ecofascism", was represented in the original German Nazism by Richard Walther Darré who was the Reichsminister of Food from 1933 until 1942.[10]

## History

### Germany and Austria (1945–1950s)

The final leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) was Martin Bormann, who died on 2 May 1945 during the Battle of Berlin. As his remains were not discovered until 1973, fringe theories claimed that he survived and fled to South America (as did numerous Nazis).[11][12] Similar theories assert that Hitler faked his death and lived for a number of years in South America.[13]

The Allied Control Council officially dissolved the NSDAP on 10 October 1945, marking the end of "Old" Nazism. A process of denazification began, and the Nuremberg trials took place, where many major leaders and ideologues were condemned to death by October 1946, others committed suicide.

Otto Ernst Remer, Wehrmacht general and leader of the postwar Socialist Reich Party

In both the East and West, surviving ex-party members and military veterans assimilated to the new reality and had no interest in constructing a "neo-Nazism". However, during the 1949 West German elections a number of Nazi advocates such as Fritz Rössler had infiltrated the national conservative Deutsche Rechtspartei, which had five members elected. Rössler and others left to found the more radical Socialist Reich Party (SRP) under Otto Ernst Remer. At the onset of the Cold War, the SRP favoured the Soviet Union over the United States.[citation needed] In Austria, national independence had been restored, and the Verbotsgesetz 1947 explicitly criminalised the NSDAP and any attempt at restoration. West Germany adopted a similar law to target parties it defined as anti-constitutional; Article 21 Paragraph 2 in the Basic Law, banning the SRP in 1952 for being opposed to liberal democracy.

As a consequence, some members of the nascent movement of German neo-Nazism joined the Deutsche Reichspartei of which Hans-Ulrich Rudel was the most prominent figure. Younger members founded the Wiking-Jugend modelled after the Hitler Youth. The Deutsche Reichspartei stood for elections from 1953 until 1961 fetching around 1% of the vote each time. Rudel befriended French-born Savitri Devi, who was a proponent of Esoteric Nazism. In the 1950s she wrote a number of books, such as Pilgrimage (1958), which concerns prominent Third Reich sites, and The Lightning and the Sun (1958), in which she claims that Hitler was an avatar of the God Vishnu. She was not alone in this reorientation of Nazism towards its Thulean-roots; the Artgemeinschaft, founded by former SS member Wilhelm Kusserow, attempted to promote a new paganism.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017} In the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) a former member of SA, Wilhelm Adam, founded the National Democratic Party of Germany. It reached out to those attracted by the Nazi Party before 1945 and provide them with a political outlet, so that they would not be tempted to support the far-right again or turn to the anti-communist Western Allies. Joseph Stalin wanted to use them to create a new pro-Soviet and anti-Western strain in German politics.[14] According to top Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonov, Stalin even suggested that they could be allowed to continue publishing their own newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter.[14] While in Austria, former SS member Wilhelm Lang founded an esoteric group known as the Vienna Lodge; he popularised Nazism and occultism such as the Black Sun and ideas of Third Reich survival colonies below the polar ice caps.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}

Otto Strasser, leader of the German Social Union, returned from exile to Germany in the mid-1950s.

With the onset of the Cold War, the allied forces had lost interest in prosecuting anyone as part of the denazification.[15] In the mid-1950s this new political environment allowed Otto Strasser, an NS activist on the left of the NSDAP, who had founded the Black Front to return from exile. In 1956, Strasser founded the German Social Union as a Black Front successor, promoting a Strasserite "nationalist and socialist" policy, which dissolved in 1962 due to lack of support. Other Third Reich associated groups were the HIAG and Stille Hilfe dedicated to advancing the interests of Waffen-SS veterans and rehabilitating them into the new democratic society. However, they did not claim to be attempting to restore Nazism, instead functioning as lobbying organizations for their members before the government and the two main political parties (the conservative CDU/CSU and the Nazis' one-time archenemies, the Social Democratic Party)

Many bureaucrats who served under the Third Reich continued to serve in German administration after the war. According to the Simon Wiesenthal Center, many of the more than 90,000 Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.[16][17] Not until the 1960s were the former concentration camp personnel prosecuted by West Germany in the Belzec trial, Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, Treblinka trials, Chełmno trials, and the Sobibór trial.[18] However, the government had passed laws prohibiting Nazis from publicly expressing their beliefs.

### "Universal National Socialism" (1950s–1970s)

Neo-Nazism found expression outside of Germany, including in countries who fought against the Third Reich during the Second World War, and sometimes adopted pan-European or "universal" characteristics, beyond the parameters of German nationalism. The two main tendencies, with differing styles and even worldviews, were the followers of the American Francis Parker Yockey, who was fundamentally anti-American and advocated for a pan-European nationalism, and those of George Lincoln Rockwell, an American conservative.[nb 1]{{Citation needed|date=December 2017} Yockey, a neo-Spenglerian author, had written Philosophy:Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics (1949) dedicated to "the hero of the twentieth century" (namely, Adolf Hitler) and founded the European Liberation Front. He was interested more in the destiny of Europe; to this end, he advocated a National Bolshevik-esque red-brown alliance against American culture and influenced 1960s figures such as SS-veteran Jean-François Thiriart. Yockey was also fond of Arab nationalism, in particular Gamal Abdel Nasser, and saw Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution as a positive, visiting officials there. Yockey's views impressed Otto Ernst Remer and the radical traditionalist philosopher Julius Evola. He was constantly hounded by the FBI and was eventually arrested in 1960, before committing suicide. Domestically, Yockey's biggest sympathisers were the National Renaissance Party, including James H. Madole, H. Keith Thompson and Eustace Mullins (protégé of Ezra Pound) and the Liberty Lobby of Willis Carto.

In Franco's Spain, certain SS refugees most notably Otto Skorzeny, Léon Degrelle and the son of Klaus Barbie became associated with CEDADE (Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa), an organisation which disseminated Third Reich apologetics out of Barcelona. They intersected with neo-Nazi advocates from Mark Fredriksen in France to Salvador Borrego in Mexico. In the post-fascist Italian Social Movement splinter groups such as Ordine Nuovo and Avanguardia Nazionale, involved in the "Years of Lead" considered Nazism a reference. Franco Freda created a "Nazi-Maoism" synthesis.

### Holocaust denial and subcultures (1970s–1990s)

Holocaust denial, the claim that six million Jews were not deliberately and systematically exterminated as an official policy of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler, became a more prominent feature of neo-Nazism in the 1970s. Before this time, Holocaust denial had long existed as a sentiment among neo-Nazis, but it had not yet been systematically articulated as a theory with a bibliographical canon. Few of the major theorists of Holocaust denial (who call themselves "revisionists") can be uncontroversially classified as outright neo-Nazis (though some works such as those of David Irving forward a clearly sympathetic view of Hitler and the publisher Ernst Zündel was deeply tied to international neo-Nazism), however, the main interest of Holocaust denial to neo-Nazis was their hope that it would help them rehabilitate their political ideology in the eyes of the general public. Did Six Million Really Die? (1974) by Richard Verrall and The Hoax of the Twentieth Century (1976) by Arthur Butz are popular examples of Holocaust denial material.

The radicalisation of Flemish activist group Vlaamse Militanten Orde in the 1970s energised international neo-Nazism.

Key developments in international neo-Nazism during this time include the radicalisation of the Vlaamse Militanten Orde under former Hitler Youth member Bert Eriksson. They began hosting an annual conference; the "Iron Pilgrimage"; at Diksmuide, which drew kindred ideologues from across Europe and beyond. As well as this, the NSDAP/AO under Gary Lauck arose in the United States in 1972 and challenged the international influence of the Rockwellite WUNS. Lauck's organisation drew support from the National Socialist Movement of Denmark of Povl Riis-Knudsen and various German and Austrian figures who felt that the "National Democratic" parties were too bourgeois and insufficiently Nazi in orientation. This included Michael Kühnen, Christian Worch, Bela Ewald Althans and Gottfried Küssel of the 1977-founded ANS/NS which called for the establishment of a Germanic Fourth Reich. Some ANS/NS members were imprisoned for planning paramilitary attacks on NATO bases in Germany and planning to liberate Rudolf Hess from Spandau Prison. The organisation was officially banned in 1983 by the Minister of the Interior.

During the late 1970s, a British subculture came to be associated with neo-Nazism; the skinheads. Portraying an ultra-masculine, crude and aggressive image, with working-class references, some of the skinheads joined the British Movement under Michael McLaughlin (successor of Colin Jordan), while others became associated with the National Front's Rock Against Communism project which was meant to counter the SWP's Rock Against Racism. The most significant music group involved in this project was Skrewdriver, led by Ian Stuart Donaldson. Together with ex-BM member Nicky Crane, Donaldson founded the international Blood & Honour network in 1987. By 1992 this network, with input from Harold Covington, had developed a paramilitary wing; Combat 18, which intersected with football hooligan firms such as the Chelsea Headhunters. The neo-Nazi skinhead movement spread to the United States, with groups such as the Hammerskins. It was popularised from 1986 onwards by Tom Metzger of the White Aryan Resistance. Since then it has spread across the world. Films such as Romper Stomper (1992) and American History X (1998) would fix a public perception that neo-Nazism and skinheads were synonymous.

Serrano identified Aryan-Hyperborean blood as the "light of the Black Sun", a symbol found at SS-cult site Wewelsburg Castle.

New developments also emerged on the esoteric level, as former Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano built on the works of Carl Jung, Otto Rahn, Wilhelm Landig, Julius Evola and Savitri Devi to bind together and develop already existing theories. Serrano had been a member of the National Socialist Movement of Chile in the 1930s and from the early days of neo-Nazism, he had been in contact with key figures across Europe and beyond. Despite this, he was able to work as an ambassador to numerous countries until the rise of Salvador Allende. In 1984 he published his book Adolf Hitler: The Ultimate Avatar. Serrano claimed that the Aryans were extragalactic beings who founded Hyperborea and lived the heroic life of Bodhisattvas, while the Jews were created by the Demiurge and were concerned only with coarse materialism. Serrano claimed that a new Golden Age can be attained if the Hyperboreans repurify their blood (supposedly the light of the Black Sun) and restore their "blood-memory". As with Savitri Devi before him, Serrano's works became a key point of reference in neo-Nazism.

### Lifting of the Iron Curtain (1990s–present)

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With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union during the early 1990s, neo-Nazism began to spread its ideas in the East, as hostility to the triumphant liberal order was high and revanchism a widespread feeling. In Russia, during the chaos of the early 1990s, an amorphous mixture of KGB hardliners, Orthodox neo-Tsarist nostalgics (i.e., Pamyat) and explicit neo-Nazis found themselves strewn together in the same camp. They were united by opposition to the influence of the United States, against the liberalising legacy of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika and on the Jewish question, Soviet Zionology merged with a more explicit anti-Jewish sentiment. The most significant organisation representing this was Russian National Unity under the leadership of Alexander Barkashov, where black-uniform clad Russians marched with a red flag incorporating the Swastika under the banner of Russia for Russians. These forces came together in a last gasp effort to save the Supreme Soviet of Russia against Boris Yeltsin during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. As well as events in Russia, in newly independent ex-Soviet states, annual commemorations for SS volunteers now took place; particularly in Latvia, Estonia and Ukraine.

Members of the National Bolshevik Party. "Nazbols" tailor ultra-nationalist themes to a native Russian environment while still employing Nazi aesthetics.

The Russian developments excited German neo-Nazism who dreamed of a Berlin–Moscow alliance against the supposedly "decadent" Atlanticist forces; a dream which had been thematic since the days of Remer. Zündel visited Russia and met with ex-KGB general Aleksandr Stergilov and other Russian National Unity members. Despite these initial aspirations, international neo-Nazism and its close affiliates in ultra-nationalism would be split over the Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, as part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The split would largely be along ethnic and sectarian lines. The Germans and the French would largely back the Western Catholic Croats (Lauck's NSDAP/AO explicitly called for volunteers, which Kühnen's Free German Workers' Party answered and the French formed the "Groupe Jacques Doriot"), while the Russians and the Greeks would back the Orthodox Serbs (including Russians from Barkashov's Russian National Unity, Eduard Limonov's National Bolshevik Front and Golden Dawn members joined the Greek Volunteer Guard). Indeed, the revival of National Bolshevism was able to steal some of the thunder from overt Russian neo-Nazism, as ultra-nationalism was wedded with veneration of Joseph Stalin in place of Adolf Hitler, while still also flirting with Nazi aesthetics.

## Analogous European movements

Outside Germany, in other countries which were involved with the Axis powers and had their own native ultra-nationalist movements, which sometimes collaborated with the Third Reich but were not technically German-style National Socialists, revivalist and nostalgic movements have emerged in the post-war period which, as neo-Nazism has done in Germany, seek to rehabilitate their various loosely associated ideologies. These movements include neo-fascists and post-fascists in Italy; Vichyites, Pétainists and "national Europeans" in France; Ustaše sympathisers in Croatia; neo-Chetniks in Serbia; Iron Guard revivalists in Romania; Hungarists and Horthyists in Hungary and others.[19]

## Issues

### Ex-Nazis in mainstream politics

The 1980s dispute between Austrian president Kurt Waldheim and the World Jewish Congress caused an international incident.

In Finland multiple veterans of the Waffen-SS served as ministers and party chairmen.[20][21][22][23] Leader of the National Socialist Union of Finland (SKSL) Yrjö Ruutu was a leading member of post-war Socialist Unity Party.[24] Heikki Waris, board member of SKSL served as the Minister of Social Affairs in the Von Fieandt Cabinet in 1957.[25] Many more ex-Nazis were elected as members of parliament, like former SKSL Yrjö Kilpeläinen and Unto Varjonen[24] and Torsten Aminoff of People's Community Society.[26]

### Contemporary right-wing populism

Some critics have sought to draw a connection between Nazism and modern right-wing populism in Europe, but the two are not widely regarded as interchangeable by most academics. In Austria, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) served as a shelter for ex-Nazis almost from its inception.[27] In 1980, scandals undermined Austria's two main parties and the economy stagnated. Jörg Haider became leader of the FPÖ and offered partial justification for Nazism, calling its employment policy effective. In the 1994 Austrian election, the FPÖ won 22 percent of the vote, as well as 33 percent of the vote in Carinthia and 22 percent in Vienna; showing that it had become a force capable of reversing the old pattern of Austrian politics.[28]

Historian Walter Laqueur writes that even though Haider welcomed former Nazis at his meetings and went out of his way to address Schutzstaffel (SS) veterans, the FPÖ is not a fascist party in the traditional sense, since it has not made anti-communism an important issue, and it does not advocate the overthrow of the democratic order or the use of violence. In his view, the FPÖ is "not quite fascist", although it is part of a tradition, similar to that of 19th-century Viennese mayor Karl Lueger, which involves nationalism, xenophobic populism, and authoritarianism.[29] Haider, who in 2005 left the Freedom Party and formed the Alliance for Austria's Future, was killed in a traffic accident in October 2008.[30]

Barbara Rosenkranz, the Freedom Party's candidate in Austria's 2010 presidential election, was controversial for having made allegedly pro-Nazi statements.[31] Rosenkranz is married to Horst Rosenkranz, a key member of a banned neo-Nazi party, who is known for publishing far-right books. Rosenkranz says she cannot detect anything "dishonourable" in her husband's activities.[32]

## Around the world

### Europe

#### Albania

Brerore and the Albanian Third Position (ATP) are neo-Nazi groups based in Albania with the ATP also having reach into Kosovo and Northern Macedonia.[33][34][35] Albanian football clubs are also sometimes linked to right-wing extremism. For example Ultras Tirona club uses Nazi symbols in stadiums and they have unfurled banners praising the Albanian SS Division. Some of the ATP's members are also members of Tirana Fanatiks football ultra hooligan club.[36][37]

#### Armenia

The Armenian-Aryan Racialist Political Movement is a National Socialist movement in Armenia. It was founded in 2021 and supports Aryanism, Antisemitism, and White supremacy.[38]

#### Belarus

There has been a Nazi presence in Belarus since at least 1933 in the form of the Belarusian National Socialist Party [be; de; it; de; Weißruthenische Nationalsozialistische Partei; it; Partito Nazionalsocialista Bielorusso]. Neo-Nazi White Legion (Белы Легіён) attempted a bombing of a Soviet Victory Monument in Minsk.[39] In 2020, Dynamo Minsk fans unfurled a banner during a match with a picture of Rudolf Hess and the text "For us, your life is an iconic example of loyalty". White Power Skinhead groups include "White Willpower" (Белая Воля, Byelaya Volya) and Support88. In 2004 a magazine by the name of the Belarusian Resistance (Беларускі Рэзыстанс, Byelaruski Rezystans) with editor-in-chief Siarhej Iorsh was first published, with the focus of the magazine being rehabilitating the Belarusians who fought the Red Army.[39][40][41]

Since the independence of Belarus, the far-right in Belarus has systematically rehabilitated Belarusian nazi collaborators both in the internet and real life. For example in 2014, the right-wing organization Young Front demonstrated with banners depicting General Michał Vituška, nazi collaborator and anti-Soviet partisan. In 2018, the biggest alcohol company in the country Bulbash United posted a picture of General Francišak Kušal, a prominent Nazi collaborator, and a text praising him attached to it on their webpage. It drew both condemnation and praise from the netizens of Belarus. Aliaksei Dzermant is the founder of Kryuskaja Draugija Druvingau, Belarusian branch of the neo-Nazi pagan Allgermanische Heidnische Front. Dzermant is also the founder of the modern successor of the Belarusian Nazi Party.[39]

#### Belgium

A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw (Blood, Soil, Honour and Loyalty), was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network (Blood and Honour). The group rose to public prominence in September 2006, after 17 members were arrested under the December 2003 anti-terrorist laws and laws against racism, antisemitism and supporters of censorship. According to Justice Minister Laurette Onkelinx and Interior Minister Patrick Dewael, the suspects (11 of whom were members of the military) were preparing to launch terrorist attacks in order to "destabilize" Belgium.[42] According to the journalist Manuel Abramowicz, of the Resistances,[43] the extremists of the radical right have always had as its aim to "infiltrate the state mechanisms", including the army in the 1970s and the 1980s, through Westland New Post and the Front de la Jeunesse.[44]

A police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks (in Leopoldsburg near the Dutch border, Kleine-Brogel, Peer, Brussels (Royal military school) and Zedelgem) as well as 18 private addresses in Flanders. They found weapons, munitions, explosives and a homemade bomb large enough to make "a car explode". The leading suspect, B.T., was organizing the trafficking of weapons and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far-right movement De Nationale Alliantie.[45]

#### Bosnia and Herzegovina

The neo-Nazi white nationalist organization Bosanski Pokret Nacionalnog Ponosa (Bosnian Movement of National Pride) was founded in Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 2009. Its model is the Waffen-SS Handschar Division, which was composed of Bosniak volunteers.[46] It proclaimed its main enemies to be "Jews, Roma, Serbian Chetniks, the Croatian separatists, Josip Broz Tito, Communists, homosexuals and blacks".[47] Its ideology is a mixture of Bosnian nationalism, National Socialism and white nationalism. It says "Ideologies that are not welcome in Bosnia are: Zionism, Islamism, communism, capitalism. The only ideology good for us is Bosnian nationalism because it secures national prosperity and social justice..."[48] The group is led by a person nicknamed Sauberzwig, after the commander of the 13th SS Handschar. The group's strongest area of operations is in the Tuzla area of Bosnia.

#### Bulgaria

On 13 February of every year since 2003, Bulgarian neo-Nazis and like-minded far-right nationalists gather at Sofia to honor Hristo Lukov, a late World War II general known for his antisemitic and pro-Nazi stance. From 2003 to 2019, the annual event was hosted by Bulgarian National Union.[49][50][51]

Bulgaria is also home to a neo-Nazi group called the White Front that is "linked to an extremely violent fringe of neo-Nazis" that have defaced synagogues with antisemitic posters. White Front also countered Sofia Pride by plastering around homophobic posters claiming homosexuality is connected to pedophilia.[52][53]

#### Croatia

Young boy wearing a shirt with a Black Legion sign at a Thompson concert Graffiti depicting the U symbol of the Ustashe during the Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia

Neo-Nazis in Croatia base their ideology on the writings of Ante Pavelić and the Ustaše, a fascist anti-Yugoslav separatist movement.[54] The Ustaše regime committed a genocide against Serbs, Jews and Roma. At the end of World War II, many Ustaše members fled to the West, where they found sanctuary and continued their political and terrorist activities (which were tolerated due to Cold War hostilities).[55][56]

In 1999, Zagreb's Square of the Victims of Fascism was renamed Croatian Nobles Square, provoking widespread criticism of Croatia's attitude towards the Holocaust.[57] In 2000, the Zagreb City Council again renamed the square into Square of the Victims of Fascism.[58] Many streets in Croatia were renamed after the prominent Ustaše figure Mile Budak, which provoked outrage amongst the Serbian minority. Since 2002, there has been a reversal of this development, and streets with the name of Mile Budak or other persons connected with the Ustaše movement are few or non-existent.[59] A plaque in Slunj with the inscription "Croatian Knight Jure Francetić" was erected to commemorate Francetić, the notorious Ustaše leader of the Black Legion. The plaque remained there for four years, until it was removed by the authorities.[59][60]

In 2003, Croatian penal code was amended with provisions prohibiting the public display of Nazi symbols, the propagation of Nazi ideology, historical revisionism and holocaust denial but the amendments were annulled in 2004 since they were not enacted in accordance with a constitutionally prescribed procedure.[61] Nevertheless, since 2006 Croatian penal code explicitly prohibits any type of hate crime based on race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religion or national origin.[62]

There have been instances of hate speech in Croatia, such as the use of the phrase Srbe na vrbe! ("[Hang] Serbs on the willow trees!"). In 2004, an Orthodox church was spray-painted with pro-Ustaše graffiti.[63][64] During some protests in Croatia, supporters of Ante Gotovina and other at the time suspected war criminals (all acquitted in 2012) have carried nationalist symbols and pictures of Pavelić.[65] On 17 May 2007, a concert in Zagreb by Thompson, a popular Croatian singer, was attended by 60,000 people, some of them wearing Ustaše uniforms. Some gave Ustaše salutes and shouted the Ustaše slogan "Za dom spremni" ("For the homeland – ready!"). This event prompted the Simon Wiesenthal Center to publicly issue a protest to the Croatian president.[66][67][68][69][70] Cases of displaying Ustashe memorabilia have been recorded at the Bleiburg commemoration held annually in Austria.[71]

#### Czech Republic

The neo-Nazi Workers' Party of Social Justice (DSSS) was shut down because a court found that it tried to replace democracy with a "National Socialist system", which is illegal in the Czech Republic. Former DSSS leaders Tomáš Vandas and Jiří Štěpánek continue their political activities in “Bezpečné ulice” (Safe Streets) political initiative. In 2011 Vandas was found guilty of defaming minorities but was granted amnesty by the Czech President Václav Klaus. Predecessor of the DSSS, Workers' Party (DS) sent party members and skinheads to patrol Romani ghettoes, and these patrols were joined by non-Romani neighbors, along with the DS youth organization Dělnická mládež, and extremist groups such as the National Party and National Resistance. These patrols led to anti-Romani pogroms in multiple cities, and molotov cocktails were thrown into Romani apartments, most famously in the 2009 Vítkov arson attack.[72]

Numerous Romani houses were burned down in the 2013 Czech Anti-Roma protests that were supported by Czech neo-Nazi groups.[73][74] In České Budějovice, for example, hundreds of neo-Nazis shouted "Heil Hitler" and gave nazi salutes as they rampaged through a Romani neighborhood, torching houses.[75]

In mid-September 2025, an anti-racist demonstration in Frýdek-Místek was attacked by 30 armed neo-Nazis, leaving multiple demonstrators injured, one in critical condition.[76]

The Czech MP Filip Turek has been accused of "adoring" Nazis by the Czech president Petr Pavel. Turek has, among other things, said that it should be considered a mitigating factor that the victims of the Vítkov arson attack were Romani. Turek was pictured doing a nazi salute, collects Nazi memorabilia, and supports the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn. He also called the Christchurch mosque shooting a "cleaning up of New Zealand", called Obama a "nigger" and stated "White men built and, thank God, continue to build this world as we know it. Is there really a retard who finds this unnatural?" Turek was proposed to be the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Babis coalition.[77]

#### Denmark

The National Socialist Movement of Denmark was formed in 1991, and was formally a neo-Nazi party, that would actively promote the Nazi ideology in Denmark. The party did not gain any political influence, and were regarded as a failed political project by neo-Nazi expert Frede Farmand.[78] Long time party leader Johnni Hansen was replaced by Esben Rohde Kristensen in 2010, which resulted in a large amount of party members leaving the party. While the party never has been formally dissolved, there has been very little activity from its core member since 2010.[79] Former neo-Nazi Daniel Carlsen formed the small national party Party of the Danes in 2011, which officially rejected Nazism, but were none the less categorized as such by professor in politics Peter Nedergaard.[80][81] It was dissolved in 2017 after its founder Daniel Stockholm announced retirement from politics.[82]

#### Estonia

Standartenführer (Colonel) in the SS and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Alfons Rebane was reburied in Estonia with full military honors in 1999. In 2004 a memorial to Rebane was unveiled in northern Estonia and the event was attended by members of parliament. Russia's chief rabbi, Berel Lazar condemned the event as serving to escalate neo-Nazism and anti-Semitism.[83] In 2018 a memorial for Rebane was installed in Mustla where he lived.[84]

In 2006, Roman Ilin, a Jewish theatre director from St. Petersburg, Russia, was attacked by neo-Nazis when returning from a tunnel after a rehearsal. Ilin subsequently accused Estonian police of indifference after filing the incident.[85] When a dark-skinned French student was attacked in Tartu, the head of an association of foreign students claimed that the attack was characteristic of a wave of neo-Nazi violence. An Estonian police official, however, stated that there were only a few cases involving foreign students over the previous two years.[86] In November 2006, the Estonian government passed a law banning the display of Nazi symbols.[87]

The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur's Report noted that community representatives and non-governmental organizations devoted to human rights had pointed out that neo-Nazi groups were active in Estonia—particularly in Tartu—and had perpetrated acts of violence against non-European minorities.[88]

A leading figure in the former neo-Nazi Estonian Independence Party (EIP) Risto Teinonen [et; fi; Risto Teinonen; fi; Risto Teinonen] was allegedly organizing neo-Nazi military training camps in Estonia. Teinonen is an open neo-Nazi, he has organized parties on the anniversary of the Wannsee Conference and on Hitler's birthday where he has appeared in a Nazi uniform. Teinonen was also a member of a political clique funded by the antisemitic nationalist organization National Patriotic Front "Memory".[89][90][91][92] Teinonen's Finnish associate Johan Bäckman (VKK) has also been accused of recruiting far-right individuals that have gone on to take part in the military camps of the neo-Nazi Russian Imperial Movement (RIM).[93][94][95][96] RIM also has a training club in Estonia. Both Bäckman and ethnic Russian associates of the RIM were deported from Estonia as persona non gratas.[97][98]

The neo-Nazi terrorist organization Feuerkrieg Division was found and operates in the country, with some members of the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) having been linked to the Feuerkrieg Division.[99][100][101] Estonia also has an Active Club chapter that was allegedly founded with the support of Estonian Atomwaffen member. In 2024, three Active Club Estonia members were convicted of far-right vigilantism. According to an Estonian Internal Security Service report Active Club Estonia is "a group mainly engaged in promoting Tesak-style vigilante operations in Estonia".[102][103][104] In January 2025, Harju court found Feuerkrieg Division to be a terrorist organization and several members were sentenced to prison terms.[105] Atomwaffen Division Finland maintained particularly close relations with the Feuerkrieg Division in Estonia.[106] Feuerkrieg also co-operated with the Eastern European terrorist group Maniac Murder Cult.[107]

As of 2026, former EIP chairman Sven Kivisildnik serves in Pärnu City Council on the EKRE list. Valmar Veste, also EKRE, is slated to become the mayor of Pärnu in 2026. Veste is known for operating a company importing and selling Thor Steinar brand clothing, considered closely associated with neo-Nazism by the Verfassungschutz.[108][109][110][111]

In 2024 an Estonian neo-Nazi and a member of Estonian chapter of neo-Nazi Russian National Unity Allan Hantsom was convicted of vandalizing the car of the Interior Minister Lauri Laanemets.[112]

#### Finland

Pekka Siitoin, Finnish neo-Nazi, occultist, and Satanist[113][114]

In Finland, neo-Nazism is often connected to the 1930s and 1940s fascist and pro-Nazi Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), its youth movement Blues-and-Blacks and its predecessor Lapua Movement. Post-war fascist groups such as Patriotic People's Movement (1993), Patriotic Popular Front, Patriotic National Movement, Blue-and-Black Movement and many others consciously copy the style of the movement and look up to its leaders as inspiration. A Finns Party councillor and police officer in Seinäjoki caused controversy by wearing the fascist blue-and-black uniform.[115][116][117]

During the Cold War, all partied deemed fascist were banned according to the Paris Peace Treaties and all former fascist activists had to find new political homes.[118] Despite Finlandization, many continued in public life. Three former members of the Waffen SS served as ministers; the Finnish SS Battalion officers Sulo Suorttanen (Centre Party) and Pekka Malinen (People's Party) as well as Mikko Laaksonen (Social Democrat), a soldier in the Finnish SS-Company, formed of pro-Nazi defectors.[22][23] Chairman of the Constitutional Right Party Ilpo Järvinen was likewise an SS-Company veteran.[20][21]

Neo-Nazi activism was limited to small illegal groups like the clandestine Nazi occultist group led by Pekka Siitoin who made headlines after arson and bombing of the printing houses of the Communist Party of Finland. His associates also sent letter bombs to leftists, including to the headquarters of the Finnish Democratic Youth League.[119] Another group called the "New Patriotic People's Movement" bombed the left-wing Kansan Uutiset newspaper and the embassy of communist Bulgaria.[120][121][122]

Member of the Nordic Realm Party Seppo Seluska was convicted of the torture and murder of a gay Jewish person.[123][124][125]

The skinhead culture gained momentum during the late 1980s and peaked during the late 1990s. In 1991, Finland received a number of Somali immigrants who became the main target of Finnish skinhead violence in the following years, including four attacks using explosives and a racist murder. Asylum seeker centres were attacked, in Joensuu skinheads would force their way into an asylum seeker centre and start shooting with shotguns. At worst Somalis were assaulted by 50 skinheads at the same time.[126][127]

The most prominent neo-Nazi group is the Nordic Resistance Movement, which is tied to multiple murders, attempted murders and assaults of political enemies was found in 2006 and proscribed in 2019.[128] The second biggest Finnish party, the Finns Party politicians have frequently supported far-right and neo-Nazi movements such as the Finnish Defense League, Soldiers of Odin, Nordic Resistance Movement, Rajat Kiinni (Close the Borders), and Suomi Ensin (Finland First).[129] In the 1990s and 2000s, before the breakthrough of the Finns Party, a few neo-Nazi candidates enjoyed success, like Janne Kujala of Finland - Fatherland (founded as Aryan Germanic Brotherhood) and Jouni Lanamäki who was previously associated with the Nordic Reich Party.[130][131] Pekka Siitoin of the National Democratic Party was the fifth most popular candidate in Naantali city council elections.[132]

The NRM, Finns party and other far-right nationalist parties organize an annual torch march demonstration in Helsinki in memory of the Finnish SS-battalion on the Finnish independence day which ends at the Hietaniemi cemetery where members visit the tomb of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and the monument to the Finnish SS Battalion.[133][134] The event is protested by antifascists, leading to counterdemonstrators being violently assaulted by NRM members who act as security. The demonstration attracts close to 3,000 participants according to the estimates of the police and hundreds of officers patrol Helsinki to prevent violent clashes.[135][136][137][138]

#### France

French neo-fascist groups adopted the Celtic cross as an ambiguous "Christian and pagan" symbol in the 1940s.

In France, the most enthusiastic collaborationists during the German occupation of France had been the National Popular Rally of Marcel Déat (former SFIO members) and the French Popular Party of Jacques Doriot (former French Communist Party members). These two groups, like the Germans, saw themselves as combining ultra-nationalism and socialism. In the south there existed the vassal state of Vichy France under the military "Hero of the Verdun", Marshal Philippe Pétain whose Révolution nationale emphasised an authoritarian Catholic conservative politics. Following the liberation of France and the creation of the Fourth French Republic, collaborators were prosecuted during the épuration légale and nearly 800 put to death for treason under Charles de Gaulle.

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the main concern of the French radical right was the collapse of the French Empire, in particular the Algerian War, which led to the creation of the OAS. Outside of this, individual fascistic activists such as Maurice Bardèche (brother-in-law of Robert Brasillach), as well as SS-veterans Saint-Loup and René Binet, were active in France and involved in the European Social Movement and later the New European Order, alongside similar groups from across Europe. Early neo-fascist groups included Jeune Nation, which introduced the Celtic cross into use by radical right groups (an association which would spread internationally). A "neither East, nor West" pan-Europeanism was most popular among French fascistic activists until the late 1960s, partly motivated by feelings of national vulnerability following the collapse of their empire; thus the Belgian SS-veteran Jean-François Thiriart's group Jeune Europe also had a considerable French contingent.

It was the 1960s, during the Fifth French Republic, that a considerable upturn in French neo-fascism occurred; some of it in response to the Protests of 1968. The most explicitly pro-Nazi of these was the FANE of Mark Fredriksen. Neo-fascist groups included Pierre Sidos' Occident, the Ordre Nouveau (which was banned after violent clashes with the Trotskyist LCR) and the student-based Groupe Union Défense. A number of these activists such as François Duprat were instrumental in founding the Front National under Jean-Marie Le Pen; but the FN also included a broader selection from the French hard-right, including not only these neo-fascist elements, but also Catholic integrists, monarchists, Algerian War veterans, Poujadists and national-conservatives. Others from these neo-fascist micro-groups formed the Parti des forces nouvelles working against Le Pen.

Within the FN itself, Duprat founded the FANE-backed Groupes nationalistes révolutionnaires faction, until his 1978 assassination. The subsequent history of the French hard right has been the conflict between the national-conservative controlled FN and "national revolutionary" (fascistic and National Bolshevik) splinter or opposition groups. The latter include groups in the tradition of Thiriart and Duprat, such as the Parti communautaire national-européen, Troisième voie, the Nouvelle Résistance of Christian Bouchet,[139] Unité Radicale and most recently Bloc identitaire. Direct splits from the FN include the 1987 founded FANE-revival Parti nationaliste français et européen, which was disbanded in 2000. Neo-Nazi organizations are outlawed in the Fifth French Republic, yet a significant number of them still exist.[140]

#### Germany

Neo-Nazi demonstration in Leipzig, Germany, in October 2009

Following the failure of the National Democratic Party of Germany in the election of 1969, small groups committed to the revival of Nazi ideology began to emerge in Germany. The NPD splintered, giving rise to paramilitary Wehrsportgruppe. These groups attempted to organize under a national umbrella organization, the Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists.[141] Neo-Nazi movements in East Germany began as a rebellion against the Communist regime; the banning of Nazi symbols helped neo-Nazism to develop as an anti-authoritarian youth movement.[142] Mail order networks developed to send illegal Nazi-themed music cassettes and merchandise to Germany.[143]

Turks in Germany have been victims of neo-Nazi violence on several occasions. In 1992, two young girls were killed in the Mölln arson attack along with their grandmother; nine others were injured.[144][145] In 1993, five Turks were killed in the Solingen arson attack.[146] In response to the fire Turkish youth in Solingen rioted chanting "Nazis out!" and "We want Nazi blood". In other parts of Germany police had to intervene to protect skinheads from assault.[147] The Hoyerswerda riots and Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots targeting migrants and ethnic minorities living in Germany also took place during the 1990s.[141]

Between 2000 and 2007, eight Turkish immigrants, one Greek German and a German policewoman were murdered by the neo-Nazi National Socialist Underground.[148] The NSU has its roots in the former East German area of Thuringia, which The Guardian identified as "one of the heartlands of Germany's radical right". The German intelligence services have been criticized for extravagant distributions of cash to informants within the far-right movement. Tino Brandt publicly boasted on television that he had received around €100,000 in funding from the German state. Though Brandt did not give the state "useful information", the funding supported recruitment efforts in Thuringia during the early 1990s. (Brandt was eventually sentenced to five and a half years in prison on for 66 counts of child prostitution and child sexual abuse).[149]

Police were only able to locate the killers when they were tipped off following a botched bank robbery in Eisenach. As the police closed in on them, the two men committed suicide. They had evaded capture for 13 years. Beate Zschäpe, who had been living with the two men in Zwickau, turned herself in to the German authorities a few days later. Zschäpe's trial began in May 2013; she was charged with nine counts of murder. She pleaded "not guilty". According to The Guardian, the NSU may have enjoyed protection and support from certain "elements of the state". Anders Behring Breivik, a fan of Zschäpe's, reportedly sent her a letter from prison in 2012.[149]

According to the annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service (Verfassungsschutz) for 2012, at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000 neo-Nazis.[150] In January 2020, Combat 18 was banned in Germany, and raids directed against the organization were made across the country.[151] In March 2020, United German Peoples and Tribes, which is part of Reichsbürger, a neo-Nazi movement that rejects the German state as a legal entity, was raided by the German police.[152] Holocaust denial is a crime, according to the German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch § 86a) and § 130 (public incitement).

#### Greece

Flag of the Golden Dawn

The far-right political party Golden Dawn (Χρυσή Αυγή – Chrysi Avyi) is generally labelled neo-Nazi, although the group rejects this label.[153] A few Golden Dawn members participated in the Bosnian War in the Greek Volunteer Guard (GVG) and were present in Srebrenica during the Srebrenica massacre.[154][155] The party has its roots in Papadopoulos' regime.

There is often collaboration between the state and neo-Nazi elements in Greece.[156] In 2018, during the trial of sixty-nine members of the Golden Dawn party, evidence was presented of the close ties between the party and the Hellenic Police.[157]

Golden Dawn has spoken out in favour of the Assad regime in Syria,[158] and the Strasserist group Black Lily have claimed to have sent mercenaries to Syria to fight alongside the Syrian regime, specifically mentioning their participation in the Battle of al-Qusayr.[159] In the 6 May 2012 legislative election, Golden Dawn received 6.97% of the votes, entering the Greek parliament for the first time with 21 representatives, but when the elected parties were unable to form a coalition government a second election was held in June 2012. Golden Dawn received 6.92% of the votes in the June election and entered the Greek parliament with 18 representatives.

Since 2008, neo-Nazi violence in Greece has targeted immigrants, leftists and anarchist activists. In 2009, certain far-right groups announced that Agios Panteleimonas in Athens was off limits to immigrants. Neo-Nazi patrols affiliated with the Golden Dawn party began attacking migrants in this neighborhood. The violence continued escalating through 2010.[156] In 2013, after the murder of anti-fascist rapper Pavlos Fyssas, the number of hate crimes in Greece declined for several years until 2017. Many of the crimes in 2017 have been attributed to other groups like the Crypteia Organisation and Combat 18 Hellas.[157]

Golden Dawn was banned in 2020 for multiple violent crimes and murders. However, multiple successor parties emerged and secured representation in the Hellenic parliament. Given that many of Spartans' members of parliament have previously been associated with either Golden Dawn or Kasidiaris' party Greeks for the Fatherland, which was banned from participating in the 2023 elections, Spartans has been seen as a continuation of Golden Dawn.[160]

On June 28, 2025 Thanos Plevris was appointed the new migration minister. Plevris has previously burned Turkish flags together with the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn, advocated shooting migrants and promoted “purity” of the "Greek race".[161][162][163][164] The Central Board of Jewish Communities had earlier voiced concerns about Plevris since he had defended the statement that Auschwitz should be re-opened for Jewish inmates, arguing that advocating for the extermination of the Jewish people should be legal.[161]

#### Hungary

"Hungaria Skins" with a flag evoking the Arrow Cross in 1997

In Hungary, the historical political party which allied itself ideologically with German National Socialism and drew inspiration from it, was the Arrow Cross Party of Ferenc Szálasi. They referred to themselves explicitly as National Socialists and within Hungarian politics this tendency is known as Hungarism. After the Second World War, exiles such as Árpád Henney kept the Hungarist tradition alive. Following the fall of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1989, which was a Marxist–Leninist state and a member of the Warsaw Pact, many new parties emerged. Amongst these was the Hungarian National Front of István Győrkös, which was a Hungarist party and considered itself the heirs of Arrow Cross-style National Socialism (a self-description they explicitly embraced).{{Citation needed|date=June 2017} moved closer to a national bolshevist and neo-Eurasian position, aligned with Aleksandr Dugin, cooperating with the Hungarian Workers' Party. Some Hungarists opposed this and founded the Pax Hungarica Movement.

In 2008-2009 four Hungarian neo-Nazis killed six Romanis and seriously injured five with guns, grenades and Molotov cocktails.[165]

In modern Hungary, Jobbik was regarded by some scholars as a neo-Nazi party; for example, it had been termed as such by Randolph L. Braham.[166] The party denied being neo-Nazi, although "there is extensive proof that the leading members of the party made no effort to hide their racism and anti-Semitism."[167] Rudolf Paksa, a scholar of the Hungarian far-right, described Jobbik as "anti-Semitic, racist, homophobic and chauvinistic" but not as neo-Nazi because it does not pursue the establishment of a totalitarian regime.[167] Historian Krisztián Ungváry writes that "It is safe to say that certain messages of Jobbik can be called open neo-Nazi propaganda. However, it is quite certain that the popularity of the party is not due to these statements."[168]

However, since 2014 Jobbik has moderated into center-right pro-European conservative party according to multiple sources.[169] The radical right-wing members of Jobbik disappointed with the more moderate direction defected and formed the Our Homeland Movement (MHM).[170] MHM has been described as neo-fascist and they have celebrated the Arrow Cross nazis of the Second World War.[171][172] In the 2024 European Parliament election MHM successfully secured representation, while the moderate Jobbik party failed to gain a seat.[171]

#### Italy

The Italian group Ordine Nuovo, banned in 1974, drew influence from the Waffen-SS and Guénonian Traditionalism via Julius Evola.

During the 1950s, the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement moved closer to bourgeois conservative politics on the domestic front, which led to radical youths founding hardline splinter groups, such as Pino Rauti's Ordine Nuovo (later succeeded by Ordine Nero) and Stefano Delle Chiaie's Avanguardia Nazionale. These organisations were influenced by the esotericism of Julius Evola and considered the Waffen-SS and Romanian leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu a reference, moving beyond Italian fascism. They were implicated in paramiliary attacks during the late 1960s to the early 1980s, such as the Piazza Fontana bombing. Delle Chiaie had even assisted Junio Valerio Borghese in a failed 1970 coup attempt known as the Golpe Borghese, which attempted to reinstate a fascist state in Italy.

On December 4, 2024, in Bologna 25 houses belonging to the members of the neo-Nazi "Nuovo Ordine Sociale-Sole Nero" (New Social Order-Black Sun) or "Werwolf Division" were raided and members were arrested for plotting to murder Giorgia Meloni and possessing illegal firearms. According to Il Giornale the group was connected to jihadi terrorists. Allegedly a man from Bologna volunteered to fight in the Palestinian group Lions' Den and returned to Italy, and a Palestinian PLO member Zyad Abu Saleh built explosives for the group.[173][174][175]

In early 2026, six members of the neo-Nazi group Ordine Ario Romano were formally indicted in Rome on charges of propaganda and incitement to racial, ethnic and religious hatred, following a lengthy investigation that began with the group’s dismantling in 2021. Among those charged was Francesca Rizzi, known in media as “Miss Hitler” after winning an online competition on a Russian social network, along with Luigi Petricca, Remo Governatori, Gregory Rossi, Piersimone Volpe and Mario Marras, who were accused of disseminating racist and antisemitic content online and via messaging platforms. Prosecutors alleged that posts circulated by the group denied the Holocaust, branded it “the greatest lie in history”, and contained calls for the elimination of Jews worldwide. The trial was scheduled to begin at the Tribunal of Rome on 4 June 2026, with civil parties including the Union of Italian Jewish Communities, ANPI and Senator for life Liliana Segre.[176][177][178]

#### Ireland

SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny owned a 200-acre farm in Ireland that was suspected was used for paramilitary neo-Nazi practices in 1960.[179]

In 1966, the National Socialist Union of Ireland and the Irish National Socialist Movement merged and formed the National Socialist Federation. The NSF was led by A. L. Price, its party organ was National Socialist News and its youth wing the National Socialist Federation of Eire, led by Cyril Kavanagh.[180]

The National Socialist Irish Workers Party (NSIWP), a small party, was active between 1968 and the late 1980s, producing neo-Nazi propaganda pamphlets and sending threatening messages to Jews and Black people living in Ireland.[181] The NSIWP sought to recruit UNIFIL veterans "who had witnessed at first hand the devastation caused by Israeli power".[182]

A Maoist book shop in Limerick opened in 1970 and had its windows smashed out several times before gunshots were fired into it in March. There was also an attempted firebombing.[183] "The National Movement", a neo-Nazi group began parading and campaigning for mayor Stephen Coughlan, who had incited anti-communist hysteria in the city. The National Movement also gathered signatures for a petition aimed at shutting down the bookshop[183] and distributed material by the American Nazi Party while campaigning. Coughlan arranged the National Movement a hearing with Limerick Corporation, after which two Labour councillors called for a vote on a motion to thank them.[184][185] The National Movement openly sold their newspaper Nationalist Worker that praised Hitler on the streets.[186]

Kilkenny-based Irish National Socialist Party attempted to get in the party register in 1990. Leading member of the party Michael McGrath was also a Celtic neopagan and an "Arch-druid". The party spread Nazi propaganda as a newspaper and leaflets.[187]

Derek Turner, the one time leader of the Irish neo-Nazi group, Social Action Initiative, wrote a glossy magazine Right Now! that catered to the right wing of the Conservative party and attacked the European Union and multiculturalism. Turner attracted contributions from a number of prominent Conservative MPs.[188][189] Turner has referred to himself as the "neighbourhood Nazi".[190]

American Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon and a founding member of the neo-Nazi terrorist group the Order Frank Silva has staged speeches for and "mentors" Irish far-right activists.[191]

According to the Tribune, as of 2025, many openly far-right and neo-Nazi groups like Clann Eireann have appeared, and they now outnumber antifascist counterprotests during demonstrations. For example, Clann Eireann leader Justin Barrett praised Hitler as "the greatest leader of all time". In 2024 an immigrant was beaten to death in Dublin for not speaking English.[192][193]

#### Latvia

Mārupe municipal councillor and founder of the Rising Sun for Latvia party Raivis Zeltīts was a member of the neo-Nazi Iron March and appeared alongside National Action members during Latvian Legion Day commemorating the Latvian SS.[194][195][196]

The World Jewish Congress has called for "decisive action" against "the mass neo-Nazi demonstrations" commemorating Latvian Nazi collaborators that take place annually in the capital Riga.[197]

Latvian member of the Baltic terrorist organization Feuerkrieg Division Arturs Aispurs was charged with plotting bombing muslims during New Year celebrations.[198]

#### Lithuania

Mindaugas Murza was the leader of multiple self-identified "National Socialist" groups such as the "Lithuanian National Socialist Party" (LNSP). Murza and three other from LNSP were elected to the council of the Šiauliai City Municipality in the 2003 municipal elections. Another member of LNSP was elected to the council of the Alytus City Municipality.[199][200][201]

According to the World Jewish Congress "more than 1,000 neo-Nazis paraded through the Lithuanian capital Vilnius chanting ‘Lithuanians for Lithuania’" in 2019.[197]

Lithuanian member of the Baltic terrorist organization Feuerkrieg Division was charged with bombing financial institutions.[198] Lithuanian police also confiscated illegal firearms, Nazi paraphernalia and chemicals to make explosives from the man.[202]

#### Netherlands

Noteworthy neo-Nazi movements and parties in the Netherlands include the National European Social Movement (NESB), the Dutch People's Union (NVU),[203] the National Alliance (NA),[204] and the Nationalist People's Movement (NVB). Individuals of note have included Waffen-SS volunteer and NESB founder Paul van Tienen, war-time collaborator and NESB co-founder Jan Wolthuis, former NVU member Bernhard Postma, the "Black Widow" Florentine Rost van Tonningen, former NVU leader Joop Glimmerveen,[205] CP/CP'86 member and NVB leader Wim Beaux, former CP/CP'86 member and NA leader Jan Teijn, former NVU member and "Hitler-lookalike"[206] Stefan Wijkamp, former CP'86 member and current NVU leader Constant Kusters,[205] and former NVU member and NA leader Virginia Kapić.

Both the General Intelligence and Security Service[207] and non-governmental initiatives such as the far-left anti-fascist research group Kafka research neo-Nazism and other forms of political extremism and have attested to the local presence of international movements such as Blood & Honour,[208][209] Combat 18,[210] the Racial Volunteer Force,[211] and The Base,[212] and expressed concern at the online dissemination of alt-right and far-right accelerationist thought in the Netherlands.[213]

#### Poland

ONR employs imagery associated with Nazism: Uniformed skinheads, armbands and Celtic crosses

Under the Polish Constitution promoting any totalitarian system such as Nazism, fascism, or communism, as well as inciting violence and/or racial hatred is illegal.[214] This was further re-enforced in the Polish Penal Code where discrediting any group or persons on national, religious, or racial grounds carries a sentence of 3 years.[215]

Several far-right and anti-semitic organisations exist, most notably NOP and ONR (both of which exist legally) and while they are classified as fascist, they officially say they are adherents of "National Democracy" rather than Nazism. These groups attempt to frame their activities as "patriotic" rather than neo-Nazi, even while employing Nazi symbolism or rhetoric, such as the Roman salute, which they distinguish from the Nazi salute.[216] However, Daniel Pładek, a sociologist at the Jagiellonian University and a researcher of the extreme right and Anti-Defamation League describe NOP and ONR as "Nazi-like" or outright neo-Nazi, despite their claims to the contrary.[217][218] NOP was described as "overtly nazi" by anti-hate advocacy group Hope not Hate and NOP is connected to the banned neo-Nazi terrorist group National Action.[219]

Polish neo-Nazis demonstrating, 2024

According to the ADL Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland-party that had at most 10% of the vote tolerates neo-Nazis among its ranks and its founder Andrzej Lepper has praised Adolf Hitler. For example, Self-Defense MP Mateusz Piskorski has translated the texts of the Order of Nine Angles leader David Myatt into Polish.[220]

In addition to the fascist groups that tactically officially reject Nazism, there are several openly self-identified Nazi groups in Poland. For example, the Pride and Modernity-group organizes big events to celebrate the birthday of Adolf Hitler where they burn wooden swastikas.[221] The neo-Nazi gang Bad Company threw a welcoming party for Janusz Waluś, a right-wing extremist who assassinated the anti-apartheid black activist Chris Hani.[222] Polish neo-Nazis from Association of Independence Rota held an event at the German border, opposing refugees coming from the West.[223][224] Szturmowcy (Stormtroopers) Nazi group held demonstrations, holding banners calling for a "White Europe".Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag[225] Reportedly an album by a neo-Nazi band named Legion sold over 30,000 copies even before the fall of the Iron Curtain.[226]

Robert Winnicki's National Movement sponsored the November 2017 anti-Israel demonstration that was attended by 60,000 people. Algemeiner characterized the demonstration as "Ultranationalist and neo-Nazi".[227] The All-Polish Youth is the unofficial youth group of the National Movement. The All-Polish Youth has also been linked to neo-Nazis and caused controversy when its members were saluting swastika flags and chanting "sieg heil".[228][229]

According to several reporter investigations, the Polish government turns a blind eye to these groups, and they are free to spread their ideology, frequently dismissing their existence as conspiracy theories, dismissing acts political provocations, deeming them too insignificant to pose a threat, or attempting to justify or diminish the seriousness of their actions.[230][231][232][233]

Former Polish ruling party Law and Justice (PiS) allegedly facilitated co-operation between conservative institutions and far-right extremists. In 2023, the PiS affiliated fundamentalist Catholic group Ordo Iuris started a campaign for the release of a neo-Nazi activist Marika Matuszak convicted of attacking an LGBT event, and she was released by PiS Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro.[234][235] Sejm member and chair of the Together Party Adrian Zandberg criticized PiS Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki for "commemorat[ing] a unit that openly collaborated with the Gestapo" for paying tribute to the Holy Cross Mountains Brigade and said Hubert Jura may be a hero to Morawiecki, but not to him.[236]

#### Russia

A neo-Nazi in Russia at an anti-gay demonstration in Moscow, October 2010

Some observers have noted a subjective irony of Russians embracing Nazism, because one of Hitler's ambitions at the start of World War II was the Generalplan Ost (Master Plan East) which envisaged to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all Slavs from central and eastern Europe (e.g., Russians, Ukrainians, Poles etc.).[237] At the end of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, over 25 million Soviet citizens had died.[238]

The first reports of neo-Nazi organizations in the USSR appeared in the second half of the 1950s. In some cases, the participants were attracted primarily by the aesthetics of Nazism (rituals, parades, uniforms, the cult of physical fitness, architecture). Other organizations were more interested in the ideology of the Nazis, their program, and the image of Adolf Hitler.[239] The formation of neo-Nazism in the USSR dates back to the turn of the 1960s and 1970s; during this period, these organizations still preferred to operate underground.

Modern Russian neo-paganism took shape in the second half of the 1970s[240] and is associated with the activities of supporters of antisemitism, especially the Moscow Arabist Valery Yemelyanov (also known as "Velemir") and the former dissident and neo-Nazi activist Alexey Dobrovolsky (also known as "Dobroslav").

In Soviet times, the founder of the movement of Peterburgian Vedism (a branch of Slavic neopaganism) Viktor Bezverkhy (Ostromysl) revered Hitler and Heinrich Himmler and propagated racial and antisemitic theories in a narrow circle of his students, calling for the deliverance of mankind from "inferior offspring", allegedly arising from interracial marriages. He called such "inferior people" "bastards", referred to them as "Zhyds, Indians or gypsies and mulattoes" and believed that they prevent society from achieving social justice.

The first public manifestations of neo-Nazis in Russia took place in 1981 in Kurgan, and then in Yuzhnouralsk, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk, and Leningrad.[241][242]

In 1982, on Hitler's birthday, a group of Moscow high school students held a Nazi demonstration on Pushkinskaya Square.[241]

Russian National Unity (RNE) was a neo-Nazi group founded in 1990 and was led by Alexander Barkashov, who claimed to have members in 250 cities. RNE adopted the swastika as its symbol, and sees itself as the avant-garde of a coming national revolution. It is critical of other major far-right organizations, such as the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR). As of 1997, the members RNE were called Soratnik (comrades in arms), receive combat training at locations near Moscow, and many of them work as security officers or armed guards.[243] RNE was banned in 1999 by Moscow's court in 1999,[244] after which the group faded away.[245][246]

In 2007, it was claimed that Russian neo-Nazis accounted for "half of the world's total".[247][248]

On 15 August 2007, Russian authorities arrested a student for allegedly posting a video on the Internet which appears to show two migrant workers being beheaded in front of a red and black swastika flag.[249] Alexander Verkhovsky, the head of a Moscow-based center that monitors hate crime in Russia, said, "It looks like this is the real thing. The killing is genuine ... There are similar videos from the Chechen war. But this is the first time the killing appears to have been done intentionally."[250] The Ministry of Internal Affairs has a history of downplaying and denying neo-Nazi violence: A ministry representative called the beheading video a "fake".[251][252] On November 4, 2025, a racially motivated murder took place in Moscow on the Russian Unity Day. The "National Socialist Organization for the Liberation of White Europe" took credit and posted a video of the murder. The Ministry again downplayed it and stated it was a conflict between teens.[253]

Atomwaffen Division Russland is a neo-Nazi terrorist group in Russia found by Russian officials to have been tied to multiple mass murder plots. AWDR was founded by former members of defunct National Socialist Society responsible for 27 murders and AWDR is connected to local chapter of the Order of Nine Angles responsible for rapes, ritual murders and drug trafficking. The Russian authorities raided an Atomwaffen compound in Ulan-Ude and uncovered illegal weapons and explosives.[254][255][256][257]

Neo-Nazi groups such as "88th Brigade" Espanola and Rusich Group are taking part in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[258][259] Rusich Group is connected to the Order of Nine Angles and they have are responsible for multiple crimes, including ritual murder.[260][261]

#### Serbia

An example of neo-Nazism in Serbia is the group Nacionalni stroj. In 2006 charges were brought against 18 leading members.[262][263][264] Besides political parties, there are a few militant neo-Nazi organizations in Serbia, such as Blood & Honour Serbia and Combat 18.[265] In 2019 Serbian Combat 18 was discovered to be trafficking firearms to Atomwaffen neo-Nazis selling handguns, assault rifles, grenades and RPG-7s from the Balkans to French neo-Nazis in Marseille.[266][267][268]

Serbian Action is a prominent neo-Nazi group in Serbia. The group adheres to the ideology of the fascist ZBOR and the Serbian Nazi collaborators Milan Nedic and Dimitrije Ljotić and Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović, an early supporter of Adolf Hitler. They also organize annual memorial events and marches for them.[269][270] Serbian Action is also proponent of the ideology of accelerationism and supports overthrowing the government in favor of Orthodox monarchy. Serbian Action is also affiliated with the neo-Nazi monarchist Russian Imperial Movement, Golden Dawn and the Iron March network that has been described as "terroristic".[271][272]

#### Slovakia

The Slovak political party Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia, which is represented in the National Council and European Parliament, is widely characterized as neo-Nazi.[273][274][275] Kotleba has softened its image over time and now disputes that is fascist or neo-Nazi, even suing a media outlet that described it as neo-Nazi. As of 2020, the party spokesperson was Ondrej Durica, a former member of the neo-Nazi band Biely Odpor (White Resistance). 2020 candidate Andrej Medvecky was convicted of attacking a black man while shouting racial slurs; another candidate, Anton Grňo, was fined for making a fascist salute. The party still celebrates 14 March, the anniversary of the founding of the fascist first Slovak Republic.[276] In 2020, party leader Marian Kotleba was facing trial for writing checks for 1,488 euros, alleged to be a reference to Fourteen Words and Heil Hitler.[277]

In the 2022 Bratislava shooting a Slovakian neo-Nazi shot and killed two patrons of a gay bar and injured others.[278]

#### Spain

Neo-Nazi skinheads in Spain

Spanish neo-Nazism is often connected to the country's Francoist and Falangist past, and nurtured by the ideology of the National Catholicism.[279][280]

According to a study by the newspaper ABC, black people are the ones who have suffered the most attacks by neo-Nazi groups, followed by Maghrebis and Latin Americans. They have also caused deaths in the anti-fascist group, such as the murder of the Madrid-born sixteen-year-old Carlos Palomino on 11 November 2007, stabbed with a knife by a soldier in the Legazpi metro station (Madrid).[281]

There have been other neo-Nazi cultural organizations such as the Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe (CEDADE) and the Circle of Indo-European Studies (CEI).[282]

The extreme right has little electoral support, with the presence of these groups of 0.36% (if the Plataforma per Catalunya (PxC) party is excluded with 66007 votes (0.39%), according to the voting data of the European elections of 2014. The first extreme right party FE de las JONS obtains 0.13% of the votes (21 577 votes), after doubling its results after the crisis; this is followed by the far-right party La España en Marcha (LEM) with 0.1% of the votes, National Democracy (DN) of the far-right with 0.08%, Republican Social Movement (MSR) (far-right) with 0.05% of the votes.[283]

#### Sweden

Neo-Nazi activities in Sweden have previously been limited to white supremacist groups, few of which have a membership over a few hundred members.[284] The main neo-Nazi organization is the Nordic Resistance Movement, a political movement which engages in martial arts training and paramilitary exercises[285] and which has been called a terrorist group.[286] They are also active in Norway and Denmark; the branch in Finland was banned in 2019.

#### Switzerland

The neo-Nazi and white power skinhead scene in Switzerland has seen significant growth in the 1990s and 2000s.[287] It is reflected in the foundation of the Partei National Orientierter Schweizer in 2000, which resulted in an improved organizational structure of the neo-Nazi and white supremacist scene.

#### Ukraine

In 1991, the Social-National Party of Ukraine (SNPU) was founded.[288] The party combined radical nationalism and neo-Nazi features.[289] The SNPU was characterized as a radical right-wing populist party that combined elements of ethnic ultranationalism and anti-communism. During the 1990s, it was accused of neo-Nazism due to the party's recruitment of skinheads and usage of neo-Nazi symbols.[290][291] When Oleh Tyahnybok was elected party leader in 2004, he made efforts to moderate the party's image by changing the party's name to All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda", changing its symbols and expelling neo-Nazi and neofascist groups.[292][290] According to radicalism researchers Anton Shekhovtsov and Andreas Umland, extreme far-right in Ukraine are extremely weak and marginal force. Right-wing movements researcher Vyacheslav Likhachev (uk) notes that the number of Nazi skinheads in 2008 was less than two thousand, which, compared to 20 to 35 thousands skinheads in Russia, makes a substantially lower proportion.[290] According to The Nation journalist James Carden, in 2016 "neo-Nazis (or neo-fascists, if you prefer) are a distinctly minority taste in Western Ukraine".[293] In 2015, Konotop residents elected Artem Semenikhin, a Svoboda party member accused of neo-Nazi sympathies, as a mayor, because, according to Likhachev, he "created himself an image of a defender of Ukrainian independence";[294] however, Eduard Isaakovich Dolinsky (uk) of the Ukrainian Jewish Committee stated that Konotop was a "clear case" of anti-Semites being elected in local governing bodies.[289]

The Azov Battalion, founded in 2014, has been described as a far-right militia,[295][296] with connections to neo-Nazism[297] and members wearing neo-Nazi and SS symbols and regalia, as well as expressing neo-Nazi views.[298][299]

According to Vyacheslav Likhachev of the Institut français des relations internationales, members of far-right (including neo-Nazi) groups played an important role on the pro-Russian side, arguably more so than on the Ukrainian side, especially during early 2014.[300][301] Members and former members of the National Bolshevik Party, Russian National Unity (RNU), Eurasian Youth Union, and Cossack groups participated in recruitment of the separatists.[300][302][303][304] A former RNU member, Pavel Gubarev, was founder of the Donbas People's Militia and first "governor" of the Donetsk People's Republic.[300][305] RNU is particularly linked to the Russian Orthodox Army,[300] one of a number of separatist units described as "pro-Tsarist" and "extremist" Orthodox nationalists.[306][300] 'Rusich' is part of the Wagner Group, a Russian mercenary group in Ukraine which has been linked to far-right extremism.[307][308] Afterward, the pro-Russian far-right groups became less important in Donbas and the need for Russian radical nationalists started to disappear.[300]

The radical nationalist group С14, whose members openly expressed neo-Nazi views, gained notoriety in 2018 for being involved in violent attacks on Romany camps.[309][310][311]

#### United Kingdom

National Action holding a protest at the statue of Nelson Mandela British National Front marchers in the 1970s. It is a far-right, fascist political party in the United Kingdom.

In 1962, the British neo-Nazi activist Colin Jordan formed the National Socialist Movement (NSM) which later became the British Movement (BM) in 1968.[312][313]

John Tyndall, a long-term neo-Nazi activist in the UK, led a break-away from the National Front to form an openly neo-Nazi party named the British National Party.[314] In the 1990s, the party formed a group for protecting its meetings named Combat 18,[315] which later grew too violent for the party to control and began to attack members of the BNP who were not perceived as supportive of neo-Nazism.[316] Under the subsequent leadership of Nick Griffin, the BNP distanced itself from neo-Nazism, although many members (including Griffin himself) have been accused of links to other neo-Nazi groups.[317]

Sonnenkrieg Division is a neo-Nazi terrorist organization in the United Kingdom, linked to international Atomwaffen Division network. Multiple members have been jailed for plotting terror attacks against minorities. Sonnenkrieg Division has been proscribed as a terrorist organization in United Kingdom and Australia. Sonnenkrieg Division is also closely tied with the Order of Nine Angles linked to the Murders of Bibaa Henry and Nicole Smallman.[318][319][320][321]

The UK has also been a source of neo-Nazi music, such as the band Skrewdriver.[322]

### Asia

#### China

There is a neo-Nazi music subculture in China, with government unofficially tolerating pro-Han bands and cracking down on minority artists. Beijing based Goatowarex has many Nazi bands on its label, including Gestapo 666, Satanic Warmaster and Zyklon SS.[323]

According to Global Network on Extremism and Technology, there exists a neo-Nazi movement in China's Inner Mongolia.[324]

#### Indonesia

Sukarno admired Nazi Germany under Hitler: "It's in the Third Reich that the Germans will see Germany at the apex above other nations in this world," he said in 1963.[325] Al Chaidar, a terrorism researcher from Malikussaleh University, estimated that the Neo-Nazi network in Indonesia is around 300 men strong.[326] An Indonesian man influenced by neo-Nazism is suspected of perpetrating the November 2025 Jakarta school bombing in which 97 people were wounded.[327][328]

#### Iran

See also: Social:SUMKA, Aria Party, and Azure Party

Flag of the SUMKA

Several neo-Nazi groups were active in Iran, although they are now defunct. Advocates of Nazism continue to exist in Iran and are mainly based on the Internet.[329][330]

#### Iraq

Flag of the Hawpa/PSNK

Hawpa, also known as the Kurdish National Socialist Organization (PSNK), is a Kurdish neo-Nazi organization based in Iraqi Kurdistan that opposes ethnic and sexual minority rights and Arabization and strives for an ethnically pure, united Kurdistan. Hawpa is based on the ideas of Ramzi Nafi, a Kurdish nationalist and a Nazi collaborator.[331]

#### Israel

Neo-Nazi activity is not common or widespread in Israel, and the few reported activities have all been the work of extremists, who were punished severely. One notable case is that of Patrol 36, a cell in Petah Tikva made up of eight teenage immigrants from the former Soviet Union who had been attacking foreign workers and gay people, and vandalizing synagogues with Nazi images.[332][333] These neo-Nazis were reported to have operated in cities across Israel, and have been described as being influenced by the rise of neo-Nazism in Europe;[332][333][334] mostly influenced by similar movements in Russia and Ukraine, as the rise of the phenomenon is widely credited to immigrants from those two states, the largest sources of emigration to Israel.[335] Widely publicized arrests have led to a call to reform the Law of Return to permit the revocation of Israeli citizenship for—and the subsequent deportation of—neo-Nazis.[333]

#### Japan

Since 1982, the neo-Nazi National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party has operated in Japan, currently under the leadership of Kazunari Yamada, who has praised Hitler and denied the Holocaust.[336]

#### Mongolia

Flag of the Tsagaan Khas, a neo-Nazi party in Mongolia

From 2008, Mongolian neo-Nazi groups have defaced buildings in Ulaanbaatar, smashed Chinese shopkeepers' windows, and killed Chinese immigrants. The neo-Nazi Mongols' targets for violence are Chinese, Koreans,[337] Mongol women who have sex with Chinese men, and LGBT people.[338] They wear Nazi uniforms and revere the Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan. Though Tsagaan Khas leaders say they do not support violence, they are self-proclaimed Nazis. "Adolf Hitler was someone we respect. He taught us how to preserve national identity," said the 41-year-old co-founder, who calls himself Big Brother. "We don't agree with his extremism and starting the Second World War. We are against all those killings, but we support his ideology. We support nationalism rather than fascism." Some have ascribed it to poor historical education.[337]

#### Taiwan

The National Socialism Association (NSA) is a neo-Nazi political organisation founded in Taiwan in September 2006 by Hsu Na-chi (Chinese: 許娜琦), at that time a 22-year-old female political science graduate of Soochow University. The NSA has an explicit stated goal of obtaining the power to govern the state. The Simon Wiesenthal Centre condemned the National Socialism Association on 13 March 2007 for championing the former Nazi dictator and blaming democracy for social unrest in Taiwan.[339]

Even though there is no other significant movement than the officially founded NSA in 2005, the organized neo-Nazi activities have been continuing for years, often causing controversy to the public.[340][341] These occasions include a Nazi parades on city streets, in or around the schools,[342][343] restaurants serving dishes honoring Nazis,[344][345] or displaying Mein Kampf with Nazi dresses while shouting "Sieg Heil!" with Nazi salutes.[346] The organized activities were usually condemned by German Institute Taipei,[347] Israel Economic and Cultural Office (zh),[348] and local Jewish communities,[349] and further led to public outcries.[350][351]

#### Turkey

See also: Biology:Turkish nationalism

A neo-Nazi group existed in 1969 in İzmir, when a group of former Republican Villagers Nation Party members (precursor party of the Nationalist Movement Party) founded the association "Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf" (National Activity and Vigorous Development). The club maintained two combat units. The members wore SA uniforms and used the Hitler salute. One of the leaders (Gündüz Kapancıoğlu) was re-admitted to the Nationalist Movement Party in 1975.[352]

Apart from neo-fascist[lower-alpha 1] Grey Wolves and the Turkish ultranationalist[358][359][360] Nationalist Movement Party, there are some neo-Nazi organizations in Turkey such as the Turkish Nazi Party[361] or the National Socialist Party of Turkey, some of which are mainly based on the Internet.[362][363][364]

National Front Party (Ulusal Cephe Partisi) adheres to neo-Nazism, spreads Nazi material translated into Turkish and targets Jews, Arabs and Africans. National Front Party has about 1000 members and is affiliated with the racist Victory Party (Turkey).[365]

The neo-Nazi Ataman Brotherhood (Ataman Kardeşliği) patrols streets in Turkey and attacks Syrian and Afghan refugees.[366]

The Newroz clashes were initiated by a Kurdish Neo-Nazi group known as "Kurdên Nasyonalist", who published a statement before Newroz calling for all Kurdish nationalists to attack Kurdish leftists and the LGBT community and its supporters, who are known to rally at Newroz celebrations.[367][368] Many of the leftists and LGBT supporters were brutally beaten.[369]

The 2024 Eskişehir mosque stabbing was perpetrated by self-described "National Socialist" Arda Küçükyetim.[370]

### Americas

#### Brazil

Several Brazilian neo-Nazi gangs appeared in the 1990s in Southern and Southeastern Brazil, regions with mostly white people, with their acts gaining more media coverage and public notoriety in the 2010s.[371][372][373][374] Some members of Brazilian neo-Nazi groups have been associated with football hooliganism.[375] Their targets have included African, South American and Asian immigrants; Jews, Muslims, Catholics and atheists; Afro-Brazilians and internal migrants with origins in the northern regions of Brazil (who are mostly brown-skinned or Afro-Brazilian);[376][377] homeless people, prostitutes; recreational drug users; feminists and—more frequently reported in the media—gay people, bisexuals, and transgender and third-gender people.[374][378][379] News of their attacks has played a role in debates about anti-discrimination laws in Brazil (including to some extent hate speech laws) and the issues of sexual orientation and gender identity.[380][381][382]

#### Canada

Neo-Nazism in Canada began with the formation of the Canadian Nazi Party in 1965. In the 1970s and 1980s, neo-Nazism continued to spread in the country as organizations including the Western Guard Party and Church of the Creator (later renamed Creativity) promoted white supremacist ideals.[383] Founded in the United States in 1973, Creativity calls for white people to wage racial holy war (Rahowa) against Jews and other perceived enemies.[384]

Don Andrews founded the Nationalist Party of Canada in 1977. The purported goals of the unregistered party are "the promotion and maintenance of European Heritage and Culture in Canada," but the party is known for anti-Semitism and racism. Many influential neo-Nazi leaders, such as Wolfgang Droege, were affiliated with the party, but many of its members left to join the Heritage Front, which was founded in 1989.[385]

Droege founded the Heritage Front in Toronto at a time when leaders of the white supremacist movement were "disgruntled about the state of the radical right" and wanted to unite unorganized groups of white supremacists into an influential and efficient group with common objectives.[385] Plans for the organization began in September 1989, and the formation of the Heritage Front was formally announced a couple of months later in November. In the 1990s, George Burdi of Resistance Records and the band Rahowa popularized the Creativity movement and the white power music scene.[386]

On September 18, 2020, Toronto Police arrested 34-year-old Guilherme "William" Von Neutegem and charged him with the murder of Mohamed-Aslim Zafis. Zafis was the caretaker of a local mosque who was found dead with his throat cut. The Toronto Police Service said the killing is possibly connected to the stabbing murder of Rampreet Singh a few days prior a short distance from the spot where Zafis' murder took place. Von Neutegem is a member of the Order of Nine Angles and social media accounts established as belonging to him promote the group and included recordings of Von Neutegem performing satanic chants. In his home there was also an altar with the symbol of the O9A adorning a monolith.[387] According to Evan Balgord of the Canadian Anti-Hate Network, they are aware of more O9A members in Canada and their affiliated organization Northern Order.[388][389] Northern Order is a proscribed[390] neo-Nazi terrorist organization in Canada. NO members have been arrested for trafficking explosives and firearms, and NO has active members of the Canadian Armed Forces as its members and even a member of the CJIRU was identified as a member.[391][392][393]

Controversy and dissention has left many Canadian neo-Nazi organizations dissolved or weakened.[385]

#### Chile

Flag of the National Socialist Movement of Chile

After the dissolution of the National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCH) in 1938, notable former members of MNSCH migrated into Partido Agrario Laborista (PAL), obtaining high positions.[394] Not all former MNSCH members joined the PAL; some continued to form parties that followed the MNSCH model until 1952.[394] A new old-school Nazi party was formed in 1964 by school teacher Franz Pfeiffer.[394] Among the activities of this group were the organization of a Miss Nazi beauty contest and the formation of a Chilean branch of the Ku Klux Klan.[394] The party disbanded in 1970. Pfeiffer attempted to restart it in 1983 in the wake of a wave of protests against the Augusto Pinochet regime.[394]

Nicolás Palacios considered the "Chilean race" to be a mix of two bellicose master races: the Visigoths of Spain and the Mapuche (Araucanians) of Chile.[395] Palacios traces the origins of the Spanish component of the "Chilean race" to the coast of the Baltic Sea, specifically to Götaland in Sweden,[395] one of the supposed homelands of the Goths. Palacios claimed that both the blonde-haired and the bronze-coloured Chilean Mestizo share a "moral physonomy" and a masculine psychology.[396] He opposed immigration from Southern Europe, and argued that Mestizos who are derived from south Europeans lack "cerebral control" and are a social burden.[397]

#### Costa Rica

Several fringe neo-Nazi groups have existed in Costa Rica, some with online presence since around 2003.[398][399] The groups normally target Jewish Costa Ricans, Afro-Costa Ricans, Communists, gay people and especially Nicaraguan and Colombian immigrants. In 2012 the media discovered the existence of a neo-Nazi police officer inside the Public Force of Costa Rica, for which he was fired and would later commit suicide in April 2016 due to lack of job opportunities and threats from anti-fascists.[400][401][402][403]

In 2015, the Simon Wiesenthal Center asked the Costa Rican government to shut down a store in San José that sells Nazi paraphernalia, Holocaust denial books and other products associated with Nazism.[404]

In 2018, a series of pages on the social network Facebook of neo-Nazi inclination openly or discreetly carried out a vast campaign instigating xenophobic hatred by recycling old news or posting fake news to take advantage of an anti-immigrant sentiment after three homicides of tourists allegedly committed by migrants (although from one of the homicides the suspect is Costa Rican).[405] A rally against the country's migration policy was held on 19 August 2018, in which neo-Nazi and hooligans took part. Although not all participants were linked these groups and the majority of participants were peaceful, the protest turned violent and the Public Force intervened with 44 arrested (36 Costa Ricans and the rest Nicaraguans).[406][407] Authorities confiscated sharp weapons, Molotov cocktails and other items from the neo-Nazis, who also carried swastika flags.[408] A subsequent anti-xenophobic march and solidarity with the Nicaraguan refugees was organized a week later with more assistance. A second anti-migration demonstration, with the explicit exclusion of neo-Nazis and hooligans, was carried out in September with similar assistance.[409] In 2019 Facebook pages of extreme right-wing tendencies and anti-immigration position as Deputy 58, Costa Rican Resistance and Salvation Costa Rica called an anti-government demonstration on 1 May with small attendance.[410][411]

#### Cuba

Cuban government shut down a rock music cultural center Maxim Rock after a Halloween festival event featuring SS uniforms and nazi salutes. In video footage of the event, the attendants applauded a man referred to as the "Fuhrer" who gave a straight arm salute and said "Germany has won".[412]

Some people involved with the CIA sponsored anti-Castro Cuban group Brigade 2506 became involved in neo-Nazism, such as commander Higinio "Nino" Díaz who promoted The International Jew, said Hitler saved Germany and made the claim that Castro was Jewish.[413] Another member of the Brigade Felipe Rivero Diaz was a known Holocaust denier, antisemite and an associate of David Duke.[414][415]

#### Mexico

Neo-Nazi groups have grown in Mexico since the beginning of the 21st century on internet forums. Especially in the case of skinheads, they are often divided into two groups: the Caucasian population of European descent and the mestizos, the latter pejoratively referred to as "morenazis."[416]

In the 2010s and 2020s, there have been cases of pro-Nazi rock bands holding clandestine concerts in major Mexican cities, many of which openly displayed associated symbols such as the swastika or Adolf Hitler's cult of personality.[417][418] According to Metal-Archives, at least 28 neo-Nazi black metal bands have been identified in the country, 21 of which are active.[419]

#### Peru

Peru has been home to a handful of neo-Nazi groups, most notably the National Socialist Movement "Peru Awake", the National Socialist Tercios of New Castile, and the Peruvian National Socialist Union.[420][421][422]

#### United States

National Socialist Movement rally on the west lawn of the US Capitol, Washington, DC, 2008 Blood Tribe demonstrating in Florida, 2025

##### Societal Acceptance

In 2017, following the Charlottesville car attack, an ABC News/Washington Post poll found that 9% of Americans considered having neo-Nazi beliefs was acceptable; at the time, this amounted to 22 million Americans.[423]

###### Elite and Political Legitimization

On January 25, 2026 the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention and Human Security published a "Statement on the Normalization of Nazism in the U.S Government" in which the Institute expressed alarm over legitimization and normalization of Nazi-associated rhetoric, symbolism, and white supremacism by the administration. Neo-Nazi groups like the Aryan Freedom Network and The Base are also reportedly expanding recruitment and activities amid reduced federal scrutiny.[424]

##### Ideology

The ideology of James H. Madole, leader of the National Renaissance Party, was influenced by Blavatskian Theosophy. Helena Blavatsky developed a racial theory of evolution, holding that the white race was the "fifth rootrace" called the Aryan race. According to Blavatsky, Aryans had been preceded by Atlanteans who had perished in the flood that sunk the continent Atlantis. The three races that preceded the Atlanteans, in Blavatsky's view, were proto-humans; these were the Lemurians, Hyperboreans and the first Astral rootrace. It was on this foundation that Madole based his claims that the Aryan race has been worshiped as "White Gods" since time immemorial and proposed a governance structure based on the Hindu Laws of Manu and its hierarchical caste system.[425]

##### Organizations and individuals

There are several neo-Nazi groups in the United States. The National Socialist Movement (NSM)[426] was one of largest neo-Nazi organization in the US. NSM had 400 members at its peak but is now a fraction of it.[427] After World War II, new organizations formed with varying degrees of support for Nazi principles. The National States' Rights Party, founded in 1958 by Edward Reed Fields and J. B. Stoner, countered racial integration in the Southern United States with Nazi-inspired publications and iconography. The American Nazi Party, founded by George Lincoln Rockwell in 1959, achieved high-profile coverage in the press through its public demonstrations.[428]

The Institute for Historical Review, formed in 1978, is a Holocaust denial body associated with neo-Nazism.[429]

Groups like the terrorist group Atomwaffen Division grew after the Unite the Right rally, recruiting those radicalized by its failure.[430][431] Atomwaffen Division has been linked to at least 11 murders.[432]

In 2022, famous rapper Kanye West stated that he identifies as a Nazi, denying the Holocaust and praising the policies of Adolf Hitler.[433]

In 2025, Elon Musk was widely criticized by governments, media outlets, and watchdog groups after making a gesture during a public speech that many interpreted as a Nazi salute, intensifying concerns about his association with extremist views and antisemitic conspiracy theories.[434]

According to the Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium, Aryan Freedom Network has as many as 1,500 members as of late 2025, which would make it the biggest neo-Nazi group in the US, rest of the neo-Nazi groups having only some hundreds of members.[435]

##### Between freedom of speech and national security threats

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, which the courts have interpreted very broadly to include hate speech, severely limiting the government's authority to suppress it.[436] This allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist, and antisemitic views. A landmark First Amendment case was National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie, in which neo-Nazis threatened to march in a predominantly Jewish suburb of Chicago. The march never took place in Skokie, but the court ruling allowed the neo-Nazis to stage a series of demonstrations in Chicago.

Organizations which report upon neo-Nazi activities in the U.S., which may involve attacking and harassing minorities, include the American organizations Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center.[437]

In 2020, the FBI reclassified neo-Nazis to the same threat level as ISIS. Chris Wray, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, stated "Not only is the terror threat diverse, it's unrelenting."[438][439]

#### Uruguay

In 1998, a group of people belonging to the "Joseph Goebbels Movement" tried to burn down a synagogue, which also served as a Hebrew school, in the Pocitos neighborhood of Montevideo in Uruguay; an antisemitic pamphlet signed by the group was found in the building after the quick action of firefighters saved it. Another group, the racist and antisemitic neo-Nazi Euroamerikaners group, founded in 1996, said when they were interviewed by the newspaper La República de Montevideo that they had no involvement with the attack on the synagogue, but revealed that they maintain contacts with a group called Poder Blanco ("White Power"), also Uruguayan, as well as with neo-Nazi groups from Argentina and several European countries. Through the Internet they have received the solidarity of the Patria pro-fascist group, based in Spain. They also said that in the city of Canelones, Uruguay, fifty kilometers from Montevideo, there is a clandestine "Aryan church" which uses rituals taken from the Ku Klux Klan. The Euroamerikaners declared that they did not tolerate interracial or gay couples. One of the militants said in the interview that "... if we see a black man with a white woman, we break them up ...". Other neo-Nazi incidents in Uruguay in 1998 included the bombing of a Jewish-owned small business in February, which injured two people, and the appearance of posters celebrating the anniversary of Hitler's birthday in April.[440]

### Africa

#### South Africa

Several groups in South Africa, such as Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging and Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging, have often been described as neo-Nazi.[441] Eugène Terre'Blanche was a prominent South African neo-Nazi leader who was murdered in 2010.[442]

### Oceania

#### Australia

Members of the National Socialist Network doing Nazi salutes on 18 March 2023

There were a number of now-defunct Australian neo-Nazi groups, such as the Australian National Socialist Party (ANSP), which was formed in 1962 and merged into the National Socialist Party of Australia (1968–1970s), originally a splinter group, in 1968,[443] and Jack van Tongeren's Australian Nationalist Movement.[443]

The National Socialist Network (NSN) is an Australian neo-Nazi political organisation formed from two far-right organisations, the Lads Society and the Antipodean Resistance, in 2020.

White supremacist organisations active in Australia as of 2016 included local chapters of the Aryan Nations.[444] Blair Cottrell, former leader of the United Patriots Front, has tried to distance himself from neo-Nazism, but he has nevertheless been accused of expressing "pro-Nazi views".[445] Australian Security Intelligence Organisation director Mike Burgess said in February 2020 that neo-Nazis pose a "real threat" to Australia's security. Burgess maintained that there is a growing threat from the extreme right, and that its supporters "regularly meet to salute Nazi flags, inspect weapons, train in combat and share their hateful ideology".[446] In June 2022, the Australian state Victoria banned display of the swastika symbol. Under the new law, individuals who intentionally exhibit the symbol may face up to a year in jail or a A$22,000 (£12,300; $15,000) fine. The state of Victoria already has laws against hate speech, but they have been criticized for having weaknesses. The call for reform of these laws grew stronger in 2020 when a couple flew a swastika flag over their home, causing outrage in the community."[447]

#### New Zealand

In New Zealand, historical neo-Nazi organisations include Unit 88[448] and the National Socialist Party of New Zealand.[449] White nationalist organisations such as the New Zealand National Front and Action Zealandia have faced accusations of neo-Nazism.[450]

## See also

* Alt-right
* The Believer - 2001 film by Henry Bean
* The Daily Stormer - US neo-Nazi commentary & message board
* Far-right subcultures
* Nipster
* Skinhead
* White nationalism
* White supremacy
* White separatism - Apartheid-type ideology
* List of neo-Nazi bands
* List of neo-Nazi organizations
* List of white nationalist organizations

## Notes

1. ↑ Attributed to multiple sources:[353][354][355][356][357]

## References

Informational notes

1. ↑ Some of the fascistic old-guard from the pre-war ultra-nationalist movements were more skeptical of the benefits of the Rockwell-Jordan uniform scene. Oswald Mosley of the Union Movement described Jordan as, "a midget trying to walk in the boots of giants." Meanwhile, Yockeyism leaned more to the left than the "official" fascistic Pan-Europeanism of those which would become the European Social Movement. The latter associated with Mosley, Maurice Bardèche and others upheld a strictly "neither East, nor West", third position in regards to Soviet and American power.

Citations

1. ↑ Gay, Kathlyn (1997) Neo-Nazis: A Growing Threat. Enslow. p. 114. ISBN 978-0894909016. Quote: "Neo-Nazis ... use fear and violence in their efforts to destroy minorities. Their goal is to establish a "superior" society."(emphasis added)
2. ↑ Staff (ndg) "Ideologies: Neo Nazi" Southern Poverty Law Center. Quote: "While some neo-Nazi groups emphasize simple hatred, others are more focused on the revolutionary creation of a fascist political state." (emphasis added)
3. ↑ *Werner Bergmann; Rainer Erb (1997). Anti-Semitism in Germany: The Post-Nazi Epoch Since 1945. Transaction Publishers. pp. 91. ISBN 978-1-56000-270-3. OCLC 35318351. https://books.google.com/books?id=5Mc9wZPAky8C. Retrieved 14 August 2015. "In contrast to today, in which rigid authoritarianism and neo-Nazism are characteristic of marginal groups, open or latent leanings toward Nazi ideology in the 1940s and 1950s"
* Martin Polley (2000). A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789. Routledge. pp. 103. ISBN 978-0-415-18597-4. OCLC 49569961. https://archive.org/details/azofmoderneurope0000poll. "Neo-Nazism, drawing heavily both on the ideology and aesthetics of the NSDAP, emerged in many parts of Europe and elsewhere in the economic crises of the 1970s, and has continued to influence a number of small political groups."
* "Neo-Nazism". ApologeticsIndex. 2005-12-16. https://www.apologeticsindex.org/26-neo-nazism. "The term Neo-Nazism refers to any social, political and/or (quasi) religious movement seeking to revive Nazism. Neo-Nazi groups are racist hate groups that pattern themselves after Hitler's philosophies. Examples include: Aryan Nations, National Alliance"
4. ↑ * Lee McGowan (2002). The Radical Right in Germany: 1870 to the Present. Pearson Education. pp. 9, 178. ISBN 978-0-582-29193-5. OCLC 49785551. https://books.google.com/books?id=EkInaWFrki4C. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
* Brigitte Bailer-Galanda; Wolfgang Neugebauer. "Right-Wing Extremism in Austria: History, Organisations, Ideology". https://www.döw.at/english/right/englre.html. "Right-wing extremism can be equated neither with Nazism nor with neo-Fascism or neo-Nazism. Neo-Nazism, a legal term, is understood as the attempt to propagate, in direct defiance of the law (Verbotsgesetz), Nazi ideology or measures such as the denial, playing-down, approval or justification of Nazi mass murder, especially the Holocaust."
* Martin Frost. "Neo Nazism". https://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/neonazism1.html. "The term neo-Nazism refers to any social or political movement seeking to revive National Socialism, and which postdates the Second World War. Often, especially internationally, those who are part of such movements do not use the term to describe themselves."
* Lee, Martin A. 1997. The Beast Reawakens. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, pp. 85–118, 214–34, 277–81, 287–330, 333–78. On Volk concept, and a discussion of ethnonationalist integralism, see pp. 215–18
5. ↑ * "Neo-Nazism". The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2002. https://www.holocaust-education.dk/eftertid/nynazisme.asp. "Neo-Nazism is the name for a modern offshoot of Nazism. It is a radically right-wing ideology, whose main characteristics are extreme nationalism and violent xenophobia. Neo-Nazism is, as the word suggests, a modern version of Nazism. In general, it is an incoherent right-extremist ideology, which is characterised by 'borrowing' many of the elements that constituted traditional Nazism."
* "Neo-Nazism". Faculty of Humanities at Charles University in Prague, Department of Civil Society Studies. 2002. https://czechkid.eu/si1310.html. "Neo-Nazism: An ideology which draws upon the legacy of the Nazi Third Reich, the main pillars of which are an admiration for Adolf Hitler, aggressive nationalism ("nothing but the nation"), and hatred of Jews, foreigners, ethnic minorities, homosexuals and everyone who is different in some way."
6. ↑ What is right-wing extremism? Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, n.d., retrieved 4 December 2017 (in English)
7. ↑ "New Book, Black Sun, Looks at Fringes of National Socialism". Southern Poverty Law Center. 8 February 2015. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/new-book-black-sun-looks-fringes-national-socialism.
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9. ↑ "Darker Shades of Green". Red Pepper. 8 February 2015. https://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/.
10. ↑ "Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents". Peter Staudenmaier. 8 February 2015. https://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html.
11. ↑ Staunton, Denis. "Bormann's ashes are dumped in the Baltic". The Guardian (28 August 1999). https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/29/theobserver.
12. ↑ Klein, Christopher (2015-11-12). "How South America Became a Nazi Haven" (in en). https://www.history.com/articles/how-south-america-became-a-nazi-haven.
13. ↑ Ibrahim, Nur (2025-04-08). "Documents don't show CIA confirmed Hitler left Germany for South America after WWII" (in en). https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/germany-argentina-declassified-documents-hitler/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Zubok, V. M. (Vladislav Martinovich) (2007). A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-8078-3098-7. OCLC 86090559.
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19. ↑ Lõwy, Michael (1998) Fatherland Or Mother Earth?: Essays on the National Question Pluto Press. pp. 65–66 ISBN 978-0745313436
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29. ↑ Laqueur, Walter, Fascism: Past, Present, Future, pp. 117–18
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42. ↑ * "De nouvelles découvertes" , La Libre Belgique, 8 September 2006 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
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* "La Belgique démantèle un groupe néonazi préparant des attentats" , Le Monde, 7 September 2006 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* "Des militaires néonazis voulaient commettre des attentats" , RTL Belgique, 8 September 2006 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* "Des militaires néonazis voulaient déstabiliser la Belgique par des attentats", AFP, 8 September 2006 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* "La Belgique découvre, stupéfaite, un complot néonazi au sein de son armée" AFP, 8 September 2006. Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* "Un réseau terroriste de militaires néonazis démantelé en Belgique" , Le Monde, 8 September 2006 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
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* Ognyanova, Irina. "Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)". Usna.edu. https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh367/OgnyanovaArticle.pdf.
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77. ↑ Rorke, Bernard (2026-01-16). "The New Face of 21st Century Fascism? Anti-Roma MP Filip Turek accused of ‘adoring’ the Nazis by Czech President". https://www.errc.org/news/the-new-face-of-21st-century-fascism-anti-roma-mp-filip-turek-accused-of-adoring-the-nazis-by-czech-president.
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79. ↑ værd, Af Torsten Ruus Husk den gode tone! På Ekstra Bladet lægger vi stor vægt på at have en tæt dialog med jer læsere Jeres input er guld; turde, og mange historier ville ikke kunne lade sig gøre uden jeres tip Men selv om vi også har tradition for at; Tier, Når Andre; mene, værner vi om en sober og konstruktiv tone Du må; Vil, Hvad Du; Henvendelser, Men Vi Accepterer Ikke; Chikanerende, Der Er; politianmeldt, hadefulde eller krænkende overfor vores medarbejdere Sådanne henvendelser vil blive blokeret og registreret af Ekstra Bladet og evt (2021-12-11). "Nazi-veteran begraver DNSB: - Vi har ingen fører mere" (in da). https://ekstrabladet.dk/krimi/nazi-veteran-begraver-dnsb-vi-har-ingen-foerer-mere/9038719.
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83. ↑ Osborn, Andrew (26 May 2004). "Estonia accused of anti-Semitism after memorial is erected to 'SS executioner'". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/estonia-accused-of-antisemitism-after-memorial-is-erected-to-ss-executioner-564715.html.
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85. ↑ UCSJ: Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, 26 April 2006, "Estonian Police Criticized for Reaction to Antisemitic Incident". https://www.ucsj.org/news/estonian-police-criticized-reaction-antisemitic-incident. . Retrieved 6 June 2009.
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100. ↑ "Grupuotė, kurios narys planavo išpuolį Lietuvoje: įtraukti siekiama net ir vaikus (The group whose member planned the attack in Lithuania: even children are sought in involvement)". Delfi (web portal). June 26, 2020. https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/grupuote-kurios-narys-planavo-ispuoli-lietuvoje-itraukti-siekiama-net-ir-vaikus.d?id=84628759.
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102. ↑ "Don’t Get Fooled—The Extreme-Right Active Club Network Is Not About Combat Sports". Accelerationism Research Consortium. 29 July 2025. https://www.accresearch.org/shortanalysis/dont-get-fooledthe-extreme-right-active-club-network-is-not-about-combat-sports.
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104. ↑ "Meet the ‘Entrepreneur of Hate’ Behind the Rise Of Canadian Neo-Nazi Fight Clubs". Vice News. 29 July 2025. https://www.vice.com/en/article/meet-the-entrepreneur-of-hate-behind-the-rise-of-canadian-neo-nazi-fight-clubs/.
105. ↑ "Estonian court convicts three right-wing extremists". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 23 January 2025. https://news.err.ee/1609583332/estonian-court-convicts-three-right-wing-extremists.
106. ↑ "Mapping the Far Right". 3 July 2022. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/stockholm/19155.pdf. "Following the initial ban of the Nordic Resistance Movement in Finland in 2019, members formed Atomwaffen Division Finland "Siitoin Squadron" (AWDSS). AWDSS was well networked with the Estonian branch of Feuerkrieg Division"
107. ↑ "Feds say Neo-Nazi 'murder cult' leader plotted to poison Jewish kids in New York City". USA Today. 2 August 2024. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/07/17/justice-department-poison-candy-new-york-city-santa-claus-costume/74428610007/.
108. ↑ Scene costumes for right-wing extremists, from the official Web pages of the state of Brandenburg (in German).
109. ↑ Kallas, Karol (2021-11-25). "Kivisildnikust sai Pärnu revident". https://objektiiv.ee/kivisildnikust-sai-parnu-revident/.
110. ↑ "Editorial: Estonia’s Social Democrats risk legitimising neo-Nazi symbolism in Pärnu". 2025-10-22. https://estonianworld.com/opinion/estonias-social-democrats-risk-legitimising-neo-nazi-symbolism-in-parnu/.
111. ↑ Vahtla, Aili; Cole, Michael. "New Pärnu coalition deal names Voltenberg mayor, EKRE to take over in 2026". https://news.err.ee/1609839051/new-parnu-coalition-deal-names-voltenberg-mayor-ekre-to-take-over-in-2026.
112. ↑ "A pro-Russian neo-Nazi has been convicted in Estonia. The perpetrator was acting on behalf of the GRU". 2024-12-06. https://en.belsat.eu/83861306/a-prorussian-neonazi-has-been-convicted-in-estonia-the-perpetrator-was-acting-on-behalf-of-the-gru.
113. ↑ (in en) Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. BRILL. 21 June 2016. p. 598. ISBN 978-90-04-32596-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpyDAAAQBAJ.
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115. ↑ "IKL:n kopio havittelee eduskuntapaikkoja Pohjanmaalla juhlittiin Vihtori Kosolan syntymäpäivää". Helsingin Sanomat. 24 April 2025. https://www.hs.fi/suomi/art-2000003254386.html.
116. ↑ "Finns Party splinter group dons colours of 1940s fascists". Finnish Broadcasting Company. 13 January 2021. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_splinter_group_dons_colours_of_1940s_fascists/11735369.
117. ↑ Ignazi, Piero (2003) (in en). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 160. ISBN 9780198293255.
118. ↑ Jorma O. Tiainen (toim.): Vuosisatamme Kronikka, s. 668. Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 1987. ISBN 951-20-2893-X.
119. ↑ Kekkonen sai tarpeekseen Suomen natseista – 1977 Supolle lähti tuima kirje: "Mikä tämä tanssi Siitoimen ympärillä on?" , Iltasanomat, Miika Viljakainen
120. ↑ Harri Alanne. ""Minä vannon uhraavani kaikkeni sille työlle, joka koituu maani ja kansani parhaaksi!"". Yle. https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342434.
121. ↑ Alanko, Aki (19 January 2018). "Kirja-arvio: Marginaaliset mellastajat". Keskisuomalainen. https://www.ksml.fi/kulttuuri/Kirja-arvio-Marginaaliset-mellastajat/1096708.
122. ↑ Muurinen, Juha. "Okkultistinen "valtakunnanjohtaja" seurasi lukiolaisten pommi-iskuja – tällainen on Suomen äärioikeiston historia". Iltalehti. https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781.
123. ↑ Maestre, Antonio (26 November 2019). "Nadia es nuestra Danuta" (in es). LaSexta. https://www.lasexta.com/el-muro/antonio-maestre/nadia-nuestra-danuta_201911265ddcef480cf2ab850a60192c.html.
124. ↑ Pienszka, Magdalena (13 April 2020). "Kobieta z torebką atakuje skinheada. Za legendarnym zdjęciem stoi smutna historia" (in pl). WP Ksiazki. https://ksiazki.wp.pl/kobieta-z-torebka-atakuje-skinheada-za-legendarnym-zdjeciem-stoi-smutna-historia-6499560997025921a.
125. ↑ Previdelli, Fabio (2 May 2020). "Muito além da foto: Danuta Danielsson, a mulher que deu bolsada em um neonazista" (in pt-br). Aventuras na História. https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/muito-alem-da-foto-danuta-danielsson-a-mulher-que-deu-bolsada-em-um-neonazista.phtml.
126. ↑ Seitsemän vuotta uusnatsina Helsingin sanomat 17.10.2013
127. ↑ "Right-Wing Terrorism and Militancy in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Case Study". University of Oslo Center for Research on Extremism. https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2. "One particularly severe episode happened in 1997, when a group of about 50 skinheads attacked Somali youths playing football in the Helsinki suburb Kontula. The violence did not stop before the police started shooting warning shots, and 22 skinheads were sentenced for the attack. Pekonen et al. also mention a number of other violent events from the 1990s, including ten particularly severe events from 1995 (not included in the RTV dataset because sufficient event details are lacking): a racist murder, an immigrant stabbed by a skinhead, four attacks on immigrants using explosives, and another four immigrants beaten severely."
128. ↑ "Extreme right radicals seeking more visible presence in Finland". Finnish Broadcasting Company. 2 February 2013. https://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162.
129. ↑ "FACTSHEET: THE FINNS PARTY". Georgetown University. https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-the-finns-party/.
130. ↑ Juho Jokinen: Jouni Lanamäki kuohutti 1990-luvulla rasismilla, vetäytyi julkisuudesta ja loi kaikessa hiljaisuudessa karaokebaarien imperiumin Helsinkiin – Nyt hän avaa suunsa 25 vuoden jälkeen (vain tilaajille) Helsingin Sanomat 4.10.2017.
131. ↑ Turun Sanomat, Suomi-Isänmaalle ensimmäinen valtuutettu, 30.3.2005
132. ↑ Pohjola, Mike (toim.): Mitä Pekka Siitoin tarkoittaa? Savukeidas, 2015. ISBN 978-952-268-155-3 p. 79
133. ↑ "Neo-Nazis marching on the streets in European cities despite EU bans". Brussels Times. 28 March 2023. https://www.brusselstimes.com/427922/neo-nazis-marching-on-the-streets-in-european-cities-despite-eu-bans. "Helsinki, Finland, 'Towards Freedom' and '612 for freedom' march' in memory of the Finnish SS-battalion which fought with Nazi Germany"
134. ↑ "On Europe's Streets:Annual Marches Glorifying Nazism". B'nai B'rith, Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Federal Foreign Office. 25 March 2023. https://www.bnaibrith.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AnnualMarchesGlorifyingNazism_Z105c.pdf. "The main organizers and guests of the event have been drawn from either non-party-affiliated far-right-activists or members of the right-wing populist Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset), its youth organization Finns Party Youth (Perussuomalaiset Nuoret)...the 612-march is a torchlight procession from central Helsinki to the Hietaniemi war cemetery, where members visit the tomb of World War II-era President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and the monument to the Finnish SS-Battalion. There are speeches at both the assembly point and at the cemetery, eulogizing the Battle for Helsinki, depicted by speakers as the occasion "when Germans and Finns marched side by side and liberated the city from the communists.""
135. ↑ "Äärioikeistolaisten hihamerkit ja anarkistiliput vilahtelivat Helsingissä, kun tuhannet marssivat itsenäisyyspäivän mielenosoituksissa – Poliisi otti kiinni 13 ihmistä". Helsingin Sanomat. 7 October 2020. https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006334051.html?share=f6b9cc465a58c4b97bd69ce71733f9eb.
136. ↑ "Pohjoismainen vastarintaliike joukkonujakassa itsenäisyyspäivänä – uusnatsit naureskelivat väkivallalle: "Hauskaa!"". Iltasanomat. 7 October 2020. https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201712082200589810.
137. ↑ "Näin toimii Suomen Vastarintaliike". Yle. 15 May 2016. https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/05/15/nain-toimii-suomen-vastarintaliike.
138. ↑ "Finnish neo-Nazi group diversifies, seeks alliances as ban closes in". Yleisradio. 21 September 2024. https://yle.fi/a/3-10535875. "Last year's right-wing 612 torchlight procession on Independence Day attracted about 3,000 people."
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143. ↑ "A cultural history of neo-Nazi rock". https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/a-cultural-history-of-neo-nazi-rock/article4468118/.
144. ↑ "Turkish victims killed by Neo-Nazis in 1992 Mölln attack remembered in Germany". DailySabah. 23 November 2017. https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2017/11/23/turkish-victims-killed-by-neo-nazis-in-1992-molln-attack-remembered-in-germany.
145. ↑ Welle, Deutsche (2012-11-22). "Neo-Nazi fire attack still smolders 20 years on". Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-fire-attack-still-smolders-20-years-on/a-16399158.
146. ↑ Zeller, Frank (29 May 2018). "Tense Germany, Turkey mark deadly 1993 neo-Nazi attack". https://www.timesofisrael.com/tense-germany-turkey-mark-deadly-1993-neo-nazi-attack/.
147. ↑ "Turks Riot, Set Fires in Germany". The Washington Post. 1993-06-01. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/01/turks-riot-set-fires-in-germany/f3f4f33e-9276-4886-a007-41237050115c/.
148. ↑ "Turkey awaits justice for neo-Nazi group victims: Envoy – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 8 July 2018. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-awaits-justice-for-neo-nazi-group-victims-envoy-134304.
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150. ↑ Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012. Federal Ministry of the Interior.
151. ↑ "Germany bans Combat 18 as police raid neo-Nazi group". BBC News. 2020-01-23. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51219274.
152. ↑ "German police raid neo-Nazi Reichsbürger movement nationwide". BBC News. 2020-03-19. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51961069.
153. ↑ Smith, Helena (16 December 2011), "Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil", The Guardian (London), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil, retrieved 15 December 2016
154. ↑ Takis, Michas. "Unholy Alliance". Texas A&M University Press: Eastern European Studies (College Station, Tex.). p. 22. https://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/formeryugoslavia/resources/.
155. ↑ 16/07/2005 article in Eleftherotypia. (Greek)
156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 Dalakoglou, Dimitris (June 2013). "Neo-Nazism and Neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens at the Time of Crisis Neo-Nazism and Neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens at the Time of Crisis". WorkingUSA 16 (2): 283–92. doi:10.1111/wusa.12044. ISSN 1089-7011. https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 "Tapped phone calls further reveal Golden Dawn's police ties". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/tapped-phone-calls-reveal-golden-dawns-police-ties-180419212215599.html.
158. ↑ "Greek Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party Blasts Holocaust Remembrance as 'Unacceptable'". The Jewish Daily Forward. 18 February 2014. https://forward.com/articles/171423/greek-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-party-blasts-holocaust.
159. ↑ Whelan, Brian (1 October 2013). "Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?". Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/are-greek-neo-nazis-fighting-for-assad-in-syria1/.
160. ↑ Fallon, Katy. "'Very worrying': Three far-right parties enter Greek parliament" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/30/very-worrying-three-far-right-parties-enter-greek-parliament.
161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 "Greek government appoints right-wing extremist Athanasios Plevris as health minister". 2021-09-11. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/11/gree-s11.html.
162. ↑ "Πλεύρης / Όταν διαδήλωνε μαζί με τους ναζί της Χρυσής Αυγής" (in el). 2020-10-10. https://www.avgi.gr/politiki/368805_otan-diadilone-mazi-me-toys-nazi-tis-hrysis-aygis.
163. ↑ "Thanos Plevris appointed new migration minister". 28 June 2025. https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/1273760/thanos-plevris-appointed-new-migration-minister/.
164. ↑ "Θ. Πλεύρης: Ζητούσε νεκρούς μετανάστες στη φύλαξη των συνόρων" (in el). 27 December 2013. https://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/story/386341/th-pleyris-zitoyse-nekroys-metanastes-sti-fylaxi-ton-synoron.
165. ↑ Ari Soffer (August 7, 2013). "Hungary: Neo-Nazi Gang Jailed for Racist Murders". Arutz Sheva (Israel National News). https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/170678.
166. ↑ Randolph L. Braham, "Hungary: The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust" in The Holocaust in Hungary: Seventy Years Later (eds. Randolph L. Braham & András Kovács: Central European University Press, 2016).
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168. ↑ Krisztián Ungváry, "'One Camp, One Banner': How Fidesz Views History" in Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State (ed. Balint Magyar & Julia Vasarhelyi: Central European University Press, 2017).
169. ↑ multiple sources:
* The Economist: "the formerly far-right, though now centre-right, Jobbik party"
* BBC: "the formerly far-right, now centre-right, Jobbik"
* Al Jazeera: "the formerly far right, now centre right, Jobbik"
* Reuters: "the formerly far-right, now centre-right, Jobbik"
* Financial Times: "the centre-right Jobbik party"
* Foreign Policy: "the center-right Jobbik"
170. ↑ "Pártszakadáshoz vezethet az ellentét a Jobbikban". Híradó.hu. 2018-05-22. https://www.hirado.hu/belfold/belpolitika/cikk/2018/05/22/partszakadashoz-vezethet-az-ellentet-a-jobbikban.
171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 "The Spectre of Neo-Fascism: Virulent Anti-Roma Racist Wins A Seat in Brussels Assembly". European Roma Rights Centre. 9 May 2025. https://www.errc.org/news/the-spectre-of-neo-fascism-virulent-anti-roma-racist-wins-a-seat-in-brussels-assembly.
172. ↑ Rogers, Samuel (2024-08-30) (in en). The Political Economy of Hungarian Authoritarian Populism: Capitalists without the Right Kind of Capital. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-05104-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=y2QWEQAAQBAJ&dq="Mi+Hazank""fascist"&pg=PT7.
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175. ↑ "Neonazisti nella rete dell'antiterrorismo, l'indagato triestino è Fabio Tuiach". TriestePrima. 5 December 2024. https://www.triesteprima.it/cronaca/neonazisti-indagine-trieste.html.
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298. ↑ Parfitt, Tom (11 August 2014). "Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/Europe/ukraine/11025137/Ukraine-crisis-the-neo-Nazi-brigade-fighting-pro-Russian-separatists.html.
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304. ↑ Saunders, Robert (2019). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing. pp. 581–582.
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306. ↑ Kuzio, Taras (2015). Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism. ABC-CLIO. pp. 110–111. "the Russian Orthodox Army, one of a number of separatist units fighting for the "Orthodox faith," revival of the Tsarist Empire, and the Russkii Mir. Igor Girkin (Strelkov [Shooter]), who led the Russian capture of Slovyansk in April 2014, was an example of the Russian nationalists who have sympathies to pro-Tsarist and extremist Orthodox groups in Russia. ... the Russian Imperial Movement ... has recruited thousands of volunteers to fight with the separatists. ... such as the Russian Party of National Unity who use a modified swastika as their party symbol and Dugin's Eurasianist movement. The paramilitaries of both of these ... are fighting alongside separatists."
307. ↑ Townsend, Mark (20 March 2022). "Russian mercenaries in Ukraine linked to far-right extremists". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/20/russian-mercenaries-in-ukraine-linked-to-far-right-extremists. "Russian mercenaries fighting in Ukraine, including the Kremlin-backed Wagner Group, have been linked to far-right extremism ... Much of the extremist content, posted on Telegram and the Russian social media platform VKontakte (VK), relates to a far-right unit within the Wagner Group called Rusich ... One post on the messaging app Telegram, dated 15 March, shows the flag of the Russian Imperial Movement (RIM), a white-supremacist paramilitary ... Another recent VK posting lists Rusich as part of a coalition of separatist groups and militias including the extreme far-right group, Russian National Unity."
308. ↑ Šmíd, Tomáš & Šmídová, Alexandra. (2021). Anti-government Non-state Armed Actors in the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Czech Journal of International Relations, Volume 56, Issue 2. pp.48–49. Quote: "Another group of Russian citizens who became involved in the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine were members of the so-called right-wing units of the Russian Spring."
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312. ↑ "Colin Jordan: leader of the far Right". The Times. 16 April 2009. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2085009.ece.
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314. ↑ Copsey, Nigel (2004). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and its Quest for Legitimacy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-4039-0214-6. https://archive.org/details/contemporarybrit00cops_664.
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401. ↑ Miranda, Hulda; Rodríguez, Óscar. "Policía cesado por usar símbolos nazis recoge chatarra para vivir". https://www.nacion.com/sucesos/seguridad/policia-cesado-por-usar-simbolos-nazis-recoge-chatarra-para-vivir/3V5LGA3SDVE6FJWK5IKCDZ5AIE/story/.
402. ↑ "Expolicía nazi se quita la vida y deja un extenso mensaje". Diario Extra. 2 April 2016. https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/288371/expolicia-nazi-se-quita-la-vida-y-deja-un-extenso-mensaje.
403. ↑ Miranda, Hulda; Rodríguez, Óscar; Solano, Hugo (2 April 2016). "Expolicía despedido por ideología nazi se suicidó en su casa". Nación.com. https://www.nacion.com/sucesos/crimenes/expolicia-despedido-por-ideologia-nazi-se-suicido-en-su-casa/BC3SKOSNX5BEPA3V5FNLPUCIOU/story/.
404. ↑ "Centro Wiesenthal insta a Costa Rica a investigar tienda "nazi" en la capital". EFE – El País. 11 September 2015. https://www.elpais.cr/2015/09/11/centro-wiesenthal-insta-a-costa-rica-a-investigar-tienda-nazi-en-la-capital/.
405. ↑ Rico (18 August 2018). "44 arrested for xenophobic attacks against Nicaraguans in San José". QCosta Rica. https://qcostarica.com/44-arrested-for-xenophobic-attacks-against-nicaraguans-in-san-jose/.
406. ↑ "Costa Rica: symboles nazis lors d'une manifestation anti-migrants nicaraguayens". Journal de Montreal. 19 August 2018. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2018/08/19/costa-rica-symboles-nazis-lors-dune-manifestation-anti-migrants-nicaraguayens.
407. ↑ Castillo, Bryan (18 August 2018). "'Neonazis' e integrantes de barras de fútbol participaron en agresiones a nicaragüenses". La Teja. https://www.lateja.cr/nacional/neonazis-e-integrantes-de-barras-de-futbol/FBAUAQIYMJCIXPQVJSMY2R3WIM/story/.
408. ↑ "Costa Rica: violenta protesta contra inmigración nicaragüense". DW. https://www.dw.com/es/costa-rica-violenta-protesta-contra-inmigración-nicaragüense/a-45134202.
409. ↑ Redaccion (26 August 2018). "Costa Rica marcha contra la xenofobia hacia los migrantes de Nicaragua que llegan al país huyendo de la crisis". BBC Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45312167.
410. ↑ Chinchilla, Aarón (30 April 2019). "Ultranacionalistas costarricenses convocan marcha contra Gobierno en 1 de Mayo". El Periódico. https://elperiodicocr.com/ultranacionalistas-costarricenses-convocan-marcha-contra-gobierno-en-1-de-mayo/.
411. ↑ Cartín, Cristian (30 April 2019). "Llaman a concentrarse contra Carlos Alvarado". Diario Extra. https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/388095/llaman-a-concentrarse--contra-carlos-alvarado.
412. ↑ María Cantó (29 October 2025). "Far-right violence and terrorism – October 2023". Observatorio Terrorismo. https://observatorioterrorismo.com/analisis/far-right-violence-and-terrorism-october-2023/.
413. ↑ Díaz, Higinio (2008). MEMORIAS DE UN COMBATIENTE NACIONALISTA CUBANO. H. (Nino) Díaz. ISBN 9780615229522. https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/book/Nino-Diaz.pdf.
414. ↑ Stencel, Mark (December 28, 1991). "DUKE TRIES TO WOO CONSERVATIVE CUBAN EXILES IN FLORIDA". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/12/28/duke-tries-to-woo-conservative-cuban-exiles-in-florida/89b0279c-507e-40d8-b321-fb605c97c652/.
415. ↑ "Cuban Exile Hard-Line Organizations". https://cuban-exile.com/doc_001-025/doc0005.html.
416. ↑ "Los cabezas rapadas de México". 2016-04-20. https://www.unotv.com/noticias/portal/investigaciones-especiales/detalle/los-cabezas-rapadas-de-mexico-825795/.
417. ↑ Carmona, Sergio (2023-01-19). "Banda neonazi griega realizó conciertos secretos en México". https://vanguardia.com.mx/noticias/banda-neonazi-griega-realizo-conciertos-secretos-en-mexico-CG6080747.
418. ↑ Ocampo, Camilo (2024-03-16). "La juventud neonazi crece en México". https://piedepagina.mx/la-juventud-neonazi-crece-en-mexico/.
419. ↑ "El rock como músculo propagandístico del neonazismo mexicano". 2023-05-24. https://revistacomun.com/blog/el-rock-como-musculo-propagandistico-del-neonazismo-mexicano/.
420. ↑ "Unas Ocho Agrupaciones Afines Al Nazismo Captan a Jovenes en el Pais" (in es). 16 August 2009. https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/unas-ocho-agrupaciones-afines-al-nazismo-captan-jovenes-pais_1-noticia-328657.
421. ↑ Gutti, Manuel Abelardo (8 October 2014). "Peruanos Neonazis y paramilitares" (in es). https://lamula.pe/2014/10/08/peruanos-neonazis-y-paramilitares/manu.abelardo.gutti/.
422. ↑ Collyns, Dan (16 August 2012). "Peru's Nazi Party Leader Believes Even the Conquistadors were Jews". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/16/peru-nazi-party-leader-believes-conquistadors-jews.
423. ↑ "1 in 10 say it's acceptable to hold neo-Nazi views (POLL)". 21 August 2017. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/28-approve-trumps-response-charlottesville-poll/story?id=49334079. "9 percent in a new ABC News/Washington Post poll call it acceptable to hold neo-Nazi or white supremacist views, equivalent to about 22 million Americans."
424. ↑ "Statement on the Normalization of Nazism in the U.S Government". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention and Human Security. January 25, 2026. https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-the-normalization-of-nazism-in-the-u.s-government.
425. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. NYU Press. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
426. ↑ "Neo-Nazi Father Is Killed; Son, 10, Steeped in Beliefs, Is Accused" . The New York Times. 10 May 2011.
427. ↑ "The National Socialist Movement". https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-movement.
428. ↑ Kaplan, Jeffrey, Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right (Rowman Altamira, 2000), pp. 1–3.
429. ↑ "Extremism in America: Institute for Historical Review" , Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
430. ↑ "'THERE IS NO POLITICAL SOLUTION': ACCELERATIONISM IN THE WHITE POWER MOVEMENT". Southern Poverty Law Centre. 30 October 2023. https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/23/there-no-political-solution-accelerationism-white-power-movement.
431. ↑ "THE ATOMWAFFEN DIVISION: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Threat". Soufan Center. 30 October 2023. https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Division-The-Evolution-of-the-White-Supremacy-Threat-August-2020-.pdf. "Overall, AWD’s popularity swelled following the ‘Unite the Right’ rally in Charlottesville, VA, in August 2017"
432. ↑ "Telegram is crawling with antisemitism". Wired. October 13, 2021. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/telegram-antisemitism-hopenothate. Retrieved 9 August 2025. "AtomWaffen Division, which has been linked to at least 11 murders worldwide".
433. ↑ Levin, Bess (December 1, 2022). "Kanye West, Donald Trump's Dining Companion, Tells Alex Jones, "I'm a Nazi," Lists Things He Loves About Hitler". Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/kanye-west-alex-jones-donald-trump-hitler. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
434. ↑ Condon, Bernard (2025-01-21). "Musk's straight-arm gesture embraced by right-wing extremists regardless of what he meant" (in en). Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/musk-gesture-salute-antisemitism-0070dae53c7a73397b104ae645877535.
435. ↑ "American Nazis: The Aryan Freedom Network is riding high in Trump era". Reuters. 9 August 2025. https://www.reuters.com/investigations/american-nazis-aryan-freedom-network-is-riding-high-trump-era-2025-08-08/.
436. ↑ Liptak, Adam (11 June 2008). "Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html.
437. ↑ American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement's Hidden Spaces of Hate By Pete Simi, Robert Futrell, p. 137
438. ↑ Owen, Tess (2020-02-06). "The FBI Just Put White Nationalists and Neo-Nazis on the Same Threat Level as ISIS" (in en). https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-fbi-just-put-white-nationalists-and-neo-nazis-on-the-same-threat-level-as-isis/.
439. ↑ Alex Woodward (2020-02-07). "FBI raises neo-Nazi threat level to same as Isis". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/fbi-neo-nazi-isis-us-terror-threat-level-trump-a9323786.html.
440. ↑ "Preocupa un avance neonazi en Uruguay". Clarín. 23 June 1998. https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/preocupa-avance-neonazi-uruguay_0_SJXbmp1J8hx.html.
441. ↑ "South Africa's neo-Nazis drop revenge vow". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/05/south.africa.terreblanche/.
442. ↑ "Eugène Terre'Blanche: Leader of the far-right AWB party who led". 6 April 2010. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/eugegravene-terreblanche-leader-of-the-far-right-awb-party-who-led-the-resistance-to-majority-rule-1936550.html.
443. ↑ 443.0 443.1 Henderson, Peter (November 2005). "Frank Browne and the Neo-Nazis". Labour History (89): 76. doi:10.2307/27516076.
444. ↑ "Subculture of hate turns deadly". 16 May 2016. https://news.com.au/national/crime/murder-shines-spotlight-on-australias-white-supremacist-subculture/news-story/0243f471b2174953d839946f85bab29b.
445. ↑ "Blair Cottrell, rising anti-Islam movement leader, wanted Hitler in the classroom". The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/national/blair-cottrell-leader-of-aussie-patriots-upf-wanted-hitler-in-the-classroom-20151016-gkbbvz.html.
446. ↑ "Australia intelligence chief warns of neo-Nazi threat". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51621679.
447. ↑ "Swastika: Victoria bans display of Nazi symbol in Australian first" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2022-06-22. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-61890577.
448. ↑ Mager, Darrel (29 June 2000) "Klan claims to have room for Maori" New Zealand Herald
449. ↑ "National Socialist Party poster". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/28190/national-socialist-party-poster.
450. ↑ Fight Dem Back (18 April 2005). "National Front Cannot Deny Nazi Links Anymore (press release)". Scoop Media. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0504/S00213.htm.

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## External links

* Neo-Nazism at Jewish Virtual Library

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Neo-Nazism

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* American Nazi Party
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* Francis Parker Yockey
* Ernst Zündel

Category

* v
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* e

Nazism

Organisation|

* National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
* Sturmabteilung (SA)
* Schutzstaffel (SS)
* Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo)
* Hitler Youth (HJ)
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History|

* Early timeline
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Ideology|

* Architecture
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* National Socialist Program
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* Women in Nazi Germany

Race|

* Blood and Soil
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* Heim ins Reich
* Lebensborn
* Master race
* Racial policy
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Atrocities|

* Action T4
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Outside
Germany|

* Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
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Lists|

* Books by or about Hitler
* Ideologues
* Leaders and officials
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People|

* Adolf Hitler
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* Heinrich Himmler
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* Gregor Strasser
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* Albert Speer
* Rudolf Hess
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* Adolf Eichmann
* Joachim von Ribbentrop
* Houston Stewart Chamberlain
* Alfred Rosenberg
* Wilhelm Frick
* Hans Frank
* Rudolf Höss
* Josef Mengele
* Richard Walther Darré
* Baldur von Schirach
* Artur Axmann
* Ernst Röhm
* Dietrich Eckart
* Gottfried Feder
* Ernst Hanfstaengl
* Julius Streicher
* Hermann Esser
* Walther Funk
* Robert Ley
* Karl Brandt
* Wolfram Sievers
* Roland Freisler
* Otto Skorzeny
* Karl Donitz
* Leonardo Conti
* Wernher von Braun
* Fritz Julius Kuhn
* George Lincoln Rockwell

Related
topics|

* Fascism
* Esoteric Nazism
* Far-right politics
* German resistance
* Glossary of Nazi Germany
* Nazi salute
* Neo-Nazism
* Social Darwinism
* Stormfront
* Swastika
* Völkisch movement
* Zweites Buch

* Category

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