Neo-fascism

Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology which includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, ultraconservatism, racial supremacy, right-wing populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, as well as opposition to social democracy, parliamentarianism, Marxism, communism, socialism, liberalism, neoliberalism,[1] and liberal democracy.[2]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Causes and description
* 3 International networks
* 4 Europe
* 4.1 Finland
* 4.2 France
* 4.3 Germany
* 4.4 Greece
* 4.5 Italy
* 4.6 Portugal
* 4.7 Romania
* 4.8 Russia
* 4.9 Serbia
* 4.10 Slovakia
* 4.11 Spain
* 4.12 Turkey
* 4.13 United Kingdom
* 5 Americas
* 5.1 Argentina
* 5.2 Brazil
* 5.3 United States
* 6 Oceania
* 6.1 Australia and New Zealand
* 7 Africa
* 7.1 South Africa
* 8 Asia
* 8.1 India
* 8.2 Indonesia
* 8.3 Israel
* 8.4 Japan
* 8.5 Mongolia
* 8.6 Pakistan
* 8.7 Taiwan
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## History

Part of a series on

Fascism

Core tenets

* Nationalism
* Imperialism
* Militarism
* Dictatorship
* Anti-communism
* Direct action
* Social interventionism
* Social order
* Indoctrination
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Heroism
* Racism
* Economic interventionism
* Statolatry
* New Man
* Reactionary modernism

Topics

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Ideas

* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarian democracy
* Class collaboration
* Corporatism
* Eugenics
* Authoritarian capitalism
* Heroic capitalism
* Integral nationalism
* National capitalism
* National syndicalism
* State capitalism
* Supercapitalism
* Third Position

People

* Benito Mussolini
* Adolf Hitler
* Francisco Franco
* José Antonio Primo de Rivera
* Ante Pavelić
* Italo Balbo
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
* Horia Sima
* Giovanni Gentile
* Julius Evola
* Aleksandr Dugin
* Gabriele D'Annunzio
* Giuseppe Bottai
* Galeazzo Ciano
* Achille Starace
* Seigō Nakano
* Sadao Araki
* Shūmei Ōkawa
* Ikki Kita
* Oswald Mosley
* Léon Degrelle
* Eoin O'Duffy
* Tefik Mborja
* Ferenc Szálasi
* Davud Monshizadeh
* Vidkun Quisling
* Engelbert Dollfuss
* Dimitrije Ljotić
* Plínio Salgado
* Konstantin Rodzaevsky
* Abba Achimeir
* Adrien Arcand
* Milan Stojadinović
* Jozef Tiso
* Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
* William Dudley Pelley
* Jorge González von Marées
* Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
* Zoltán Böszörmény
* Maurice Bardèche

Literature

* "The Doctrine of Fascism"
* "Fascist Manifesto"
* La Conquista del Estado
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist

Organizations

* Axis powers
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference

History

* March on Rome
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Pacification of Libya
* Mukden Incident
* German election of 1932
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
* Spanish Civil War
* Marco Polo Bridge Incident
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Italian invasion of Albania
* World War II
* The Holocaust
* Downfall in Italy
* Downfall in Germany
* Downfall in Japan

Lists

* Fascists by country

Variants

* Austrofascism
* Brazilian Integralism
* British Fascism
* Christofascism
* Clerical fascism
* Crypto-fascism
* Ecofascism
* Falangism
* Francoism
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* French fascism
* Hindu fascism
* Hutu Power
* Islamofascism
* Italian Fascism
* Japanese fascism
* Legionarism
* Metaxism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazism
* Neo-fascism
* Para-fascism
* Proto-fascism
* Red fascism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Rexism
* Strasserism
* Shōwa Restoration
* Tropical fascism

Related topics

* Alt-right
* Anti-fascism
* Culture of fear
* Fascist (epithet)
* Glossary of Fascist Italy
* Left-wing fascism
* Palingenetic ultranationalism
* Supremacism

* v
* t
* e

According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, neo-fascism emerged in 1942 after Nazi Germany invaded the USSR and decided to reorient its propaganda on a Europeanist ground.[3] Europe then became both the myth and the utopia of the neo-fascists, who abandoned previous theories of racial inequalities within the white race to share a common euro-nationalist stance in the aftermath of World War II, embodied in Oswald Mosley's Europe a Nation policy.[4] The following chronology can therefore be delineated: an ideological gestation before 1919; the historical experience of fascism between 1919 and 1942, unfolded in several phases; and finally neo-fascism from 1942 onward.[3]

Drawing inspiration from the Italian Social Republic, institutional neo-fascism took the form of the Italian Social Movement (MSI). It became one of the chief reference points for the European far-right until the late 1980s,[5] and "the best (and only) example of a Neofascist party", in the words of political scientist Cas Mudde.[6] At the initiative of the MSI, the European Social Movement was established in 1951 as a pan-European organization of like-minded neo-fascist groups and figures such as the Francoist Falange, Maurice Bardèche, Per Engdahl, and Oswald Mosley.[7] Other organizations like Jeune Nation called in the late 1950s for an extra-parliamentarian insurrection against the regime in what amounts to a remnant of pre-war fascist strategies.[8] The main driving force of neo-fascist movements was what they saw as the defense of a Western civilization from the rise of both communism and the Third World, in some cases the loss of the colonial empire.[9]

In 1961, Maurice Bardèche redefined the nature of fascism in a book deemed influential in the European far-right at large entitled Qu'est-ce que le fascisme? (What Is Fascism?). He argued that previous fascists had essentially made two mistakes in that they focused their efforts on the methods rather than the original "idea"; and they wrongly believed that fascist society could be achieved via the nation-state as opposed to the construction of Europe. According to him, fascism could survive the 20th century in a new metapolitical guise if its theorists succeed in building inventive methods adapted to the changes of their times; the aim being the promotion of the core politico-cultural fascist project rather than vain attempts to revive doomed regimes:[10] In addition, Bardèche wrote: "The single party, the secret police, the public displays of Caesarism, even the presence of a Führer are not necessarily attributes of fascism. ... The famous fascist methods are constantly revised and will continue to be revised. More important than the mechanism is the idea which fascism has created for itself of man and freedom. ... With another name, another face, and with nothing which betrays the projection from the past, with the form of a child we do not recognize and the head of a young Medusa, the Order of Sparta will be reborn: and paradoxically it will, without doubt, be the last bastion of Freedom and the sweetness of living."[11]

In the spirit of Bardèche's strategy of disguise through framework change, the MSI had developed a policy of inserimento (insertion, entryism), which relied on gaining political acceptance via the cooperation with other parties within the democratic system. In the political context of the Cold War, anti-communism began to replace anti-fascism as the dominant trend in liberal democracies. In Italy, the MSI became a support group in parliament for the Christian Democratic government in the late 1950s–early 1960s, but was forced back into "political ghetto" after anti-fascist protests and violent street clashes occurred between radical leftist and far-right groups, leading to the demise of the short-lived fascist-backed Tambroni Cabinet in July 1960.[12]

The psychologist David Pavón-Cuéllar, of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, has argued that the emergence of neoliberalism in the late-twentieth century prompted neoliberalist politicians to utilize neo-fascism as a means to remove all limits to capital (including labor laws, social rights and tariffs). According to Pavón-Cuéllar, this is done by employing the aestheticization of politics and by using the narcissism of small differences to find a target for hate, maintain a social hierarchy instead of protecting all individuals.[13]

## Causes and description

A number of historians and political scientists have pointed out that the situations in a number of European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, in particular France, Germany and Italy, were in some significant ways analogous to the conditions in Europe in the period between World War I and World War II that gave rise to fascism in its many national guises. Constant economic crises including high unemployment, a resurgence of nationalism, an increase in ethnic conflicts, and the geo-political weakness of national regimes were all present, and while not an exact one-to-one correspondence, circumstances were similar enough to promote the beginning of neo-fascism as a new fascist movement. Because intense nationalism is almost always a part of neo-fascism, the parties which make up this movement are not pan-European, but are specific to each country they arise in; other than this, the neo-fascist parties and other groups have many ideological traits in common.[14]

While certainly fascistic in nature, it is claimed by some that there are differences between neo-fascism and what can be called "historical fascism", or the kind of neo-fascism which came about in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Some historians claim that contemporary neo-fascist parties are not anti-democratic because they operate within their country's political system. Whether that is a significant difference between neo-fascism and historical fascism is doubted by other scholars, who point out that Hitler worked within the existing political system of the Weimar Republic to obtain power, although it took an anti-democratic but constitutional process in the form of presidential appointment rather than election through the Reichstag. Others point to the current neo-fascists not being totalitarian in nature, but the organization of their parties along the lines of the Führerprinzip would seem to indicate otherwise. Historian Stanley G. Payne claims that the differences in current circumstance to that of the interwar years, and the strengthening of democracy in European countries since the end of the war prevents a general return of historical fascism, and causes true neo-fascist groups to be small and remain on the fringe. For Payne, groups like the National Front in France are not neo-fascists in nature, but are merely "right radical parties" that will, in the course of time, moderate their positions in order to achieve electoral victory.[15]

The problem of immigrants, both legal and illegal or irregular, whether called "foreigners", "foreign workers", "economic refugees", "ethnic minorities", "asylum seekers", or "aliens", is a core neo-fascist issue, intimately tied to their nativism, ultranationalism, and xenophobia, but the specifics differ somewhat from country to country due to prevailing circumstances. In general, the anti-immigrant impetus is strong when the economy is weak or unemployment is high, and people fear that outsiders are taking their jobs. Because of this, neo-fascist parties have more electoral traction during hard economic times. Again, this mirrors the situation in the interwar years, when, for instance, Germany suffered from incredible hyperinflation and many people had their life savings swept away. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, some neo-fascist groups likewise argued for a Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism.[16]

In contemporary Europe, mainstream political parties see the electoral advantage the neo-fascist and far-right parties get from their strong emphasis on the supposed problem of the outsider, and are then tempted to co-opt the issue by moving somewhat to the right on the immigrant issue, hoping to slough off some voters from the hard right. In the absence in post-war Europe of a strong socialist movement, this has the tendency to move the political centre to the right overall.[17]

While both historical fascism and contemporary neo-fascism are xenophobic, nativist and anti-immigrant, neo-fascist leaders are careful not to present these views in so strong a manner as to draw obvious parallels to historical events. Both Jean-Marie Le Pen of France's National Front and Jörg Haider's Freedom Party of Austria, in the words of historian Tony Judt, "revealed [their] prejudices only indirectly". Jews would not be castigated as a group, but a person would be specifically named as a danger who just happened to be a Jew.[18] The public presentation of their leaders is one principal difference between the neo-fascists and historical fascists: their programs have been "finely honed and 'modernized'" to appeal to the electorate, a "far-right ideology with a democratic veneer". Modern neo-fascists do not appear in "jackboots and brownshirts", but in suits and ties. The choice is deliberate, as the leaders of the various groups work to differentiate themselves from the brutish leaders of historical fascism and also to hide whatever bloodlines and connections tie the current leaders to the historical fascist movements. When these become public, as they did in the case of Haider, it can lead to their decline and fall.[19][18]

## International networks

In 1951, the New European Order (NEO) neo-fascist European-wide alliance was set up to promote pan-European nationalism. It was a more radical splinter group of the European Social Movement. The NEO had its origins in the 1951 Malmö conference, when a group of rebels led by René Binet and Maurice Bardèche refused to join the European Social Movement as they felt that it did not go far enough in terms of racialism and anti-communism. As a result, Binet joined with Gaston-Armand Amaudruz in a second meeting that same year in Zürich to set up a second group pledged to wage war on communists and non-white people.[20]

Francoist-Falangist and Nazi memorabilia in a shop in Toledo, Spain

Several Cold War regimes and international neo-fascist movements collaborated in operations such as assassinations and false flag bombings. Stefano Delle Chiaie, who was involved in Italy's Years of Lead, took part in Operation Condor; organizing the 1976 assassination attempt on Chilean Christian Democrat Bernardo Leighton.[21] Vincenzo Vinciguerra escaped to Francoist Spain with the help of the SISMI, following the 1972 Peteano attack, for which he was sentenced to life.[22][23] Along with Delle Chiaie, Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before judge María Servini de Cubría, stating that Enrique Arancibia Clavel (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for crimes against humanity in 2004) and US expatriate DINA agent Michael Townley were directly involved in General Carlos Prats' assassination. Michael Townley was sentenced in Italy to 15 years of prison for having served as intermediary between the DINA and the Italian neo-fascists.[24]

The regimes of Francoist Spain, Augusto Pinochet's Chile and Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay participated together in Operation Condor, which targeted political opponents worldwide. During the Cold War, these international operations gave rise to some cooperation between various neo-fascist elements engaged in a "Crusade against Communism".[25] Anti-Fidel Castro terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was condemned for the Cubana Flight 455 bombing on 6 October 1976. According to the Miami Herald, this bombing was decided on at the same meeting during which it was decided to target Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier, who was assassinated on 21 September 1976. Carriles wrote in his autobiography that "we the Cubans didn't oppose ourselves to an isolated tyranny, nor to a particular system of our fatherland, but that we had in front of us a colossal enemy, whose main head was in Moscow, with its tentacles dangerously extended on all the planet."[26]

The March 2015 International Russian Conservative Forum organized by pro-Putin Rodina-party has been described as a neo-Fascist event by multiple sources.[27][28][29][30] The event was attended by fringe groups like Nordic Resistance Movement from Scandinavia but also by more mainstream MEPs from Golden Dawn and National Democratic Party of Germany. In addition to Rodina, Russian Imperial Movement and Rusich Group were also in attendance. The event was attended by several notable American white supremacists including Jared Taylor and Brandon Russell.[31][32][33]

## Europe

### Finland

In Finland, neo-fascism is often connected to the 1930s and 1940s fascist and pro-Nazi Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), its youth movement Blues-and-Blacks and its predecessor Lapua Movement. Post-war fascist groups such as Patriotic People's Movement (1993), Patriotic Popular Front, Patriotic National Movement, Blue-and-Black Movement and many others consciously copy the style of the movement and look up to its leaders as inspiration. A Finns Party councillor and police officer in Seinäjoki caused small scandal wearing the fascist blue-and-black uniform.[34][35][36]

Suomen Sisu has been identified as neo-fascist and members of Suomen Sisu have given statements understood as condoning fascism such as Juho Eerola saying "a lot can be learned" from Mussolini.[37][38] Members of Suomen Sisu have risen to prominent positions: Jussi Halla-aho is Speaker of the Parliament and Olli Immonen is the General Secretary of the Finns Party.[38][39]

Neo-fascist "Awakening" conference is held annually in Finland, attracting some hundreds of white supremacists from around the globe. The event has been attended by fascists from around the world; Jared Taylor of American Renaissance, Kevin MacDonald, representatives of the National Corps and others.[40][41][42]

### France

In France, the far-right National Rally party is of neo-fascist origin and is frequently accused of promoting anti-semitism and xenophobia.[43][44] The party was founded in 1972 to unify the French nationalist movement by Holocaust denier[45][46] Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was its leader until his resignation in 2011. Jean-Marie Le Pen's daughter, Marine Le Pen, has also been the party's leader and Marine Le Pen's niece, Marion Maréchal has repeated anti-Islam rhetoric such as "We know what we are and we know what we are not. We are not an Islamic nation."[47] Pierre Bousquet, a co-founder, was in the Nazi Waffen-SS during World War II.[48][49]

### Germany

Since German reunification there has been an increase of support for fascism in Germany, primarily led by the National Democratic Party of Germany and Alternative for Germany.[50] Both parties support the concept of ethnic nationalism such as the deportations of German citizens who belong to certain ethnicities.[51][52][53]

### Greece

Golden Dawn demonstration in Greece, 2012 (I will be found dead for Greece is written on the banner.)

After the onset of the Great Recession and economic crisis in Greece, a movement known as the Golden Dawn, widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in Greece's parliament, espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and other Golden Dawn members on charges related to being associated with a criminal organization. Golden Dawn after emerging as a major political was engaged in numerous murder and criminal trials, such as the murder of Pavlos Fyssas. Following years long legal investigation sentenced its leaders to prison.[54][55]

In October, 2020, the court declared Golden Dawn to be a criminal organization, convicting 68 members of various crimes including murder. However, far-right politics continue to be strong in Greece, such as Ilias Kasidiaris' National Party – Greeks, an Ultranationalist party. In 2021, Greek neo-Nazi youth attacked a rival group at a school in Greece.[56] Following the collapse of Golden Dawn, various neo-Fascist political parties emerged including the Spartans.

### Italy

Giorgio Almirante, leader of the Italian Social Movement

Italy was broadly divided into two political blocs following World War II: the Christian Democrats, who remained in power until the 1990s, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which was very strong immediately after the war and achieved a large consensus during the 1970s. With the beginning of the Cold War, the American and British governments turned a blind eye to the refusal of Italian authorities to honor requested extraditions of Italian war criminals to Yugoslavia, which they feared would benefit the PCI. With no event such as the Nuremberg trials taking place for Italian war crimes, the collective memory of the crimes committed by Italian fascists was excluded from public media, from textbooks in Italian schools, and even from the academic discourse on the Western side of the Iron Curtain throughout the Cold War.[57][58] The PCI was expelled from power in May 1947, a month before the Paris Conference on the Marshall Plan, along with the French Communist Party (PCF).

In 1946, a group of Italian fascist soldiers founded the Italian Social Movement (MSI) to continue advocating the ideas of Benito Mussolini. The leader of the MSI was Giorgio Almirante, who remained at the head of the party until his death in 1988. Despite attempts in the 1970s towards a "historic compromise" between the PCI and the DC, the PCI did not have a role in executive power until the 1980s. In December 1970, Junio Valerio Borghese attempted, along with Stefano Delle Chiaie, the Borghese Coup which was supposed to install a neo-fascist regime. Neo-fascist groups took part in various false flag terrorist attacks, starting with the December 1969 Piazza Fontana massacre, for which Vincenzo Vinciguerra was convicted, and they are usually considered to have stopped with the 1980 Bologna railway bombing.

In 1987, the reins of the MSI party were taken by Gianfranco Fini, under whom in 1995 it was dissolved and transformed into the National Alliance (AN). The party led by Fini distanced itself from Mussolini and fascism and made efforts to improve its relations with the Jewish community, becoming a conservative right-wing party until its merger with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia into the centre-right party The People of Freedom in 2009. Neo-fascist parties in Italy include the Tricolour Flame (Fiamma Tricolore), the New Force (Forza Nuova), the National Social Front (Fronte Sociale Nazionale), and CasaPound.[59][60] The national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), main heirs of MSI and AN, has been described as neo-fascist by several academics,[61][62] and it has some neo-fascist factions within their internal organization,[63][64] including its youth wing.[65][66] The results of the 2022 Italian general election, in which FdI became the first party, have been variously described as Italy's first far-right-led government in the republican era and its most right-wing government since World War II.[67][68][69] The Russia-Ukraine war has divided the Italian far right, including neo-fascists, into three clusters: the pro-Western and Atlanticist extreme right (e.g. CasaPound), nostalgic and pro-Putin neo-fascism (New Force), and an ideologically evolving collection of National Bolshevik and Eurasianist militants.[70] Recent studies have studied the geopolitical role of Italian neofascism with some groups participating with CIA-backing in the Strategy of Tension during the Cold War where terrorists actions were aimed to keep Italy in NATO and prevent the Communist Party from coming to power.[71]

### Portugal

After the fall of authoritarianism in Portugal after the Carnation Revolution of 1974, several neo-fascist groups arose such as the New Order (Portugal) which was created in 1978. A report by the European Parliament defined the ideology of the New Order as revolutionary fascist and hyper-nationalist.[72] The group also had connections to Fuerza Nueva in Spain. The New Order was disbanded in 1982, however its activities continued to as late as 1985.

The far right and antiziganist party Chega! has been described as fascist[73][74] and racist,[74] and welcomed many neo-Nazis, white supremacists, fascists and Salazar supporters,[75][76][77] also in their youth wing "Juventude CHEGA".[78] The party also wants to remove the term "fascist regime" from the Constitution, a reference to the Estado Novo.[79]

### Romania

In Romania, the ultra-nationalist movement which allied itself with the Axis powers and German National Socialism was the Iron Guard, also known as the Legion of the Archangel Michael. There are some modern political organisations which consider themselves heirs of Legionarism, this includes Noua Dreaptă and the Everything For the Country Party, founded by former Iron Guard members. The latter organisation was outlawed in 2015. Aside, from these Romanian organisations, the Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement representing ultra-nationalism from the Hungarian minority is also present, especially in Transylvania.[80] Other nationalistic and irredentist groups such as the Greater Romania Party do not originate from Legionarism, but in fact grew out of national communist tendencies from the era of Nicolae Ceaușescu (the party was founded by his "court poet" Corneliu Vadim Tudor).[81]

The Romanian Hearth Union (UVR), which had around 4 million supporters in 1992, has been described as neofascist.[82] Its political branch was the Romanian National Unity Party,[83] but had also ties to the Social Democracy Party of Romania (PDSR),[84] Greater Romania Party (PRM) and the Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania (PDAR).[85] One of the founders of the UVR was the Romanian President Ion Iliescu,[83] who was still its member in 2005.[86]

The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) has been described as neo-fascist and neo-legionarist,[87][88][89][90][91][92] and also its leader George Simion has been linked to this ideology,[93][94][95][96] but he denied that.[97]

### Russia

Main article: Social:Ruscism

In 1990, Vladimir Zhirinovsky founded the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. Its leader opposes democratic values, human rights, a multiparty system, and the rule of law. Encyclopedia Britannica considers Zhirinovsky to be a neo-fascist.[98] Zhirinovsky endorsed the forcible re-occupation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and suggested nuclear waste should be dumped there.[99] During the First Chechen War in the mid-1990s, he advocated hitting some Chechen villages with tactical nuclear weapons.[100]

The Russian National Unity was a paramilitary organization which was founded by Alexander Barkashov in 1990. It used a left-pointed swastika and emphasizes the "primary importance" of Russian blood. Concerning Adolf Hitler, the organizations's leader Barkashov declared: "I consider [Hitler] a great hero of the German nation and of all white races. He succeeded in inspiring the entire nation to fight against degradation and the washing away of national values."[98] Before it was banned in 1999, and breakup in late 2000, the group estimated to have had approximately 20,000 to 25,000 members.[101] Alexander Barkashov along with other members of the Russian National Unity have engaged in religious activities and pro-Russian activism in the Russian-Ukrainian War.[102][103][104][105]

### Serbia

A neo-fascist organization in Serbia was Obraz, which was banned on 12 June 2012 by the Constitutional Court of Serbia.[106][107][108]

Earlier, on 18 June 1990, Vojislav Šešelj organized the Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP) though it was not permitted official registration due to its obvious Chetnik identification. On 23 February 1991, it merged with the National Radical Party (NRS), establishing the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) with Šešelj as president and Tomislav Nikolić as vice president.[109] It was a Chetnik party,[110] oriented towards neo-fascism with a striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia.[109][111]

### Slovakia

Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia is a far-right political party with views that are considered extremist and fascist. The Party's leader, Marian Kotleba, is a former neo-Nazi,[112] who once wore a uniform modelled on that of the Hlinka Guard, the militia of the 1939–45 Nazi-sponsored Slovak State. He opposes Romani people,[113] immigrants,[114] the Slovak National Uprising,[115] NATO, the United States, and the European Union.[116] The party also endorses the clerical fascist war criminal and former Slovak President Jozef Tiso.[117]

In 2003, Kotleba founded the far-right political party Slovak Community (Slovak: Slovenská Pospolitosť). In 2007, the Slovak interior ministry banned the party from running and campaigning in elections. In spite of this ban, Kotleba's party got 8.04%[118] of votes in the Slovak 2016 parliamentary elections. As of December 2022, voter support has dropped significantly to about 3.1%, under the 5% threshold required to enter parliament.[119]

Republic Movement has been described as a neo-fascist party,[120][121][122][123][124] and was founded by former members of the neo-Nazi party People's Party Our Slovakia, such as Milan Uhrík, Milan Mazurek, and Miroslav Suja.[125][126]

### Spain

Neo-fascism in Spain is often related to Francoism and Falangism.

The Falange Española de las JONS is a political party founded in 1976 that has been described as neo-fascist, ultranationalist, xenophobic, and the most important falangist group in Spain.[127]

Democracia Nacional, a far right party founded in 1995, has been described as neo-Nazi,[128][129][130] "lepenista",[131] and ultranationalist.[132]

Vox, the most important far-right party in Spain, has been described as ultranationalist,[133][134] neo-Francoist,[135][136][137][138][139] and revisionist on Francoist Spain.[140]

### Turkey

Grey Wolves is a Turkish ultranationalist[141][142][143] and neo-fascist[144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151] youth organization. It is the "unofficial militant arm" of the Nationalist Movement Party.[152] The Grey Wolves have been accused of terrorism.[144][146][147] According to Turkish authorities,[who?] the organization carried out 694 murders during the late-1970s political violence in Turkey, between 1974 and 1980.[153]

The nationalist political party MHP founded by Alparslan Türkeş has also been described as neo-fascist.[154][155][156][157][158][159][160][page needed]

### United Kingdom

The British National Party (BNP) is a nationalist party in the United Kingdom which espoused the ideology of fascism[161][162][163][164] and anti-immigration.[165] In the 2009 European elections, it gained two members of the European Parliament (MEPs), including former party leader Nick Griffin.[166] Other British organisations described as fascist or neo-fascist include the National Front,[167][168] Combat 18,[169] the English Defence League,[170] and Britain First.[171][172]

## Americas

### Argentina

In Argentina, a notable advocate of neo-fascism was president María Estela Martínez de Perón, who applied anti-communist policies under the fascist police organization Triple A and economic market opening policies.[173][174][175] Perón made a direct apology to fascism by performing the Roman salute in an appearance on the national radio network.[176] The National Reorganization Process has been described by some scholars as a fascist dictatorship.[177][178][179][180]

### Brazil

The Brazilian government of Jair Bolsonaro is cited as the rising point of neo-fascism in South America in the 21st century,[181] based on the denial of science, bellicose rhetoric and authoritarian measures that withdraw rights from the population linked to a strongly neoliberal economic policy.[182] As a result of factors such as opposition to Workers' Party, fear and reaction to the 2013 protests, as well as the 2008 financial crisis and 2014 Brazilian economic crisis, Jair Bolsonaro emerged as a viable option, not because of a well-defined strategic project, but almost accidentally.[183][184] In this way, the multiplicity of groups that make up the Bolsonarism, the different wings (military, ideological, religious, capital, etc.) present pragmatic disagreements, strategies, objectives and distinct methods.[12] The core of this Brazilian neo-fascism converged its interests and rhetoric with Pentecostal religious fundamentalism and both allied themselves with military sectors and liberal think tanks,[185] so that within bolsonarism there is a power bloc made up of non-fascist conservatives and far-right neo-fascists; although still without the support of the broad and fanatical mass movement which was the basis of European fascism.[185]

### United States

Groups which are identified as neo-fascist in the United States generally include neo-Nazi and far-right organizations and movements such as the Proud Boys,[186] the National Alliance, the American Nazi Party, the Nationalist Social Club-131, the Patriot Front, and the Atomwaffen Division. The Institute for Historical Review publishes negationist historical papers which are often antisemitic.[187] The alt-right—a loosely connected coalition of individuals and organizations which advocates a wide range of far-right ideas, from neo-reactionism to white nationalism—is often included under the umbrella term "neo-fascist" because alt-right individuals and organizations advocate a radical form of authoritarian ultranationalism.[188]

## Oceania

### Australia and New Zealand

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, was an admitted fascist who followed eco-fascism and admired Oswald Mosley. Mosley was the leader of the British fascist organization called the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in the 1930s, and he is quoted in the shooter's manifesto The Great Replacement (named after the French far-right theory of the same name).[189][190]

## Africa

### South Africa

The Economic Freedom Fighters are a self-described pan-Africanist political party founded in 2013 by the expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema, and his allies.[191] Malema and the party have frequently courted controversy for engaging in anti-White[192][193] and anti-Indian racism.[194] In November 2019, the Professor of International Relations at University of the Witwatersrand, Vishwas Satgar, defined them as a manifestation of a new phenomenon, 'Black Neofascism'.[195]

## Asia

### India

Main articles: Religion:Hindutva, Hindu terrorism, and Akhand Bharat

### Indonesia

Adolf Hitler's propaganda which advocated the hegemony of "Greater Germany" inspired similar ideas of "Indonesia Mulia" (esteemed Indonesia) and "Indonesia Raya" (great Indonesia) in the former Dutch colony. The first fascist party was the Partai Fasis Indonesia (PFI). Sukarno admired Nazi Germany under Hitler and its vision of happiness for all: "It's in the Third Reich that the Germans will see Germany at the apex above other nations in this world," he said in 1963.[196] He stated that Hitler was 'extraordinarily clever' in 'depicting his ideals': he spoke about Hitler's rhetorical skills, but denied any association with Nazism as an ideology, saying that Indonesian nationalism was not as narrow as Nazi nationalism.[197]

### Israel

In Israel, various fascist movements exist. Notably, Kahanism gained influence as the conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to persist.[198][199] The kahanist party Otzma Yehudit ("Jewish Power") has widely been described as fascist. Noted Israeli sociologist Eva Illouz has described the party leader of Otzma Yehudit, Itamar Ben-Gvir, as representative of Jewish fascism.[200] Ben-Gvir once kept a portrait of the Israeli terrorist and mass murderer Baruch Goldstein in his living room, sparking outrage.[201] In 1980, the Journal of Palestine Studies published an article describing the rise of fascist movements in Israel and support from governmental institutions.[202]

### Japan

See also: Social:Nippon Kaigi and Uyoku dantai

After World War II, neo-fascism and ultra-nationalism were ostracized from mainstream politics in Germany, while in Japan, they were partially related to major right-wing conservative politics.[203][204] Since 2006, all LDP-aligned prime ministers of Japan have been members of the far-right ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi.[205]

In the 2025 Japanese House of Councillors election, Sanseitō, an ultraconservative and nationalist party defined as far-right,[206][207][208][209][210] gained popularity. It has been described as restorationist,[211] xenophobic,[212][213] and anti-immigration.[214][215][216] The party is opposed to gender equality and LGBT people and rights,[217][218][219][220][221] and critics laws to protect them and inform on the topic.[222][223] On defense, it advocates abolishing Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution for Japan to remilitarize, increase in the defense spending up to 2% of GDP and obtain nuclear weapons.[220] The leader of the party, Sohei Kamiya, has been accused of anti-Semitism,[224] and opposes gender equality.[225][226] The party and its leader have been the subject of various controversies related to historical revisionism on the Second World War: the Pacific War wasn't a war of aggression;[227][228] during the Battle of Okinawa, the Imperial Japanese Army didn't kill local people;[229][230][231] there were no Nanjing Massacre and comfort women;[232][233][222] Japan didn't invade China, it defended itself against terrorist attacks;[234] the communists sent spies into the Japanese government to push it into war against China, the USSR and the USA.[235][234] The party supports the creation of a new constitution, which does not include "sovereignty of the people" or "fundamental human rights", the Emperor is the ruler of the nation, and has been described as "dictatorial".[236][237][238]

### Mongolia

With Mongolia located between the larger nations Russia and China, ethnic insecurities have driven many Mongolians to neo-fascism,[239] expressing nationalism centered around Genghis Khan and Adolf Hitler. Groups advocating these ideologies include Blue Mongolia, Dayar Mongol, and Mongolian National Union.[240]

### Pakistan

Pakistan's Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan is considered fascist by some analysts because of its engagement in Islamic extremism.[241][242]

### Taiwan

The National Socialism Association (NSA) is a neo-fascist political organization founded in Taiwan in September 2006 by Hsu Na-chi (許娜琦), a 22-year-old female political science graduate of Soochow University. The NSA views Adolf Hitler as its leader and often uses the slogan "Long live Hitler". This has brought them condemnation from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an international Jewish human rights centre.[243]

## See also

Template:Div-col

* Anti-fascism
* Christian fascism
* Clerical fascism
* Islamofascism
* List of fascist movements
* National Bolshevism
* Palingenetic ultranationalism
* Para-fascism
* Post-fascism
* Post–World War II anti-fascism
* Third Position

Template:Div-col-end

## References

Informational notes

Citations

1. ↑ Castelli Gattinara, Pietro; Forio, Caterina; Albanese, Marco (1 January 2013). "The appeal of neo-fascism in times of crisis. The experience of CasaPound Italia". Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies 2 (2): 234–258. doi:10.1163/22116257-00202007. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269613450. "Previous research has established that there is a connection between economic crises and the emergence of fascism, and that the critique of neo-liberalism and market economy constitutes a central feature of neo-fascist groups.".
2. ↑ Fritzsche, Peter (1 October 1989). "Terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy: Legacy of the '68 Movement or 'Burden of Fascism'?". Terrorism and Political Violence 1 (4): 466–481. doi:10.1080/09546558908427039. ISSN 0954-6553.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017) (in en). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 9–10, 38. ISBN 9780674971530.
4. ↑ Laqueur, Walter (1997) (in en). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9780198025276.
5. ↑ Ignazi, Piero (2003) (in en). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 51. ISBN 9780198293255.
6. ↑ Casadio, Massimiliano Capra (2014). "The New Right and Metapolitics in France and Italy". Journal for the Study of Radicalism 8 (1): 45–86. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0045. ISSN 1930-1189.
7. ↑ Bosworth, R. J. B. (2009). The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0-19-929131-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=c5opW1yV7FcC&pg=PA592.
8. ↑ Gautier, Jean-Paul (2017) (in fr). Les extrêmes droites en France: De 1945 à nos jours. Syllepse. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9782849505700.
9. ↑ Sedgwick, Mark (2019) (in en). Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Oxford University Press. pp. 79. ISBN 9780190877613.
10. ↑ Bar-On, Tamir (2016) (in en). Where Have All The Fascists Gone?. Routledge. pp. PT14. ISBN 9781351873130.
11. ↑ Bardèche, Mauriche (1961). Qu'est-ce que le fascisme?. Paris: Les Sept Couleurs. pp. 175–176.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Fella, Stefano; Ruzza, Carlo (2009) (in en). Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial Politics, Populism and 'post-fascism'. Routledge. pp. 13–16. ISBN 9781134286348.
13. ↑ Pavón-Cuellar, David (2020). "Turning from Neoliberalism to Neo-Fascism: Universalization and Segregation in the Capitalist System". Desde el Jardín de Freud (National University of Colombia) 20: 19–38. doi:10.15446/djf.n20.90161.
14. ↑ Golsan, Richard J. "Introduction" in Golsan (1998), pp.2–6
15. ↑ Golsan, Richard J. "Introduction" in Golsan (1998), pp. 6–7.
16. ↑ Castelli Gattinara, Pietro; Forio, Caterina; Albanese, Marco (1 January 2013). "The appeal of neo-fascism in times of crisis. The experience of CasaPound Italia". Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies 2 (2): 234–258. doi:10.1163/22116257-00202007. "We find that the crisis offers a whole new set of opportunities for the radical right to reconnect with its fascist legacy, and to develop and innovate crisis-related policy proposals and practices. The crisis shapes the groups' self-understanding and its practices of identity building, both in terms of collective rediscovery of the fascist regime's legislation, and in terms of promotion of the fascist model as a 'third way' alternative to market capitalism. Even more importantly, the financial crisis plays the role of the enemy against which the fascist identity is built, and enables neo-fascist movements to selectively reproduce their identity and ideology within its practices of protest, propaganda, and consensus building.".
17. ↑ Judt (2005), pp.736–46
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Judt (2005), pp. 742–746.
19. ↑ Wolin, Richard. "Designer Fascism" in Golan (1998), p.49
20. ↑ Tauber, Kurt P. (1959). "German Nationalists and European Union". Political Science Quarterly 74 (4): 564–89. doi:10.2307/2146424. ISSN 0032-3195.
21. ↑ Documents concerning attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton, on the National Security Archive website.
22. ↑ "Terrorism Western Europe (PDF)". http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/Terrorism_Western_Europe.pdf.
23. ↑ "Gladio". http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/news/media_desk.htm#Gladio.
24. ↑ "mun6". Jornada.unam.mx. 22 May 2000. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2000/05/22/mun6.html.
25. ↑ "During this period we have systematically established close contacts with like-minded groups emerging in Italy, Belgium, Germany, Spain or Portugal, for the purpose of forming the kernel of a truly Western League of Struggle against Marxism." (Yves Guérin-Sérac, quoted by Stuart Christie, in Stefano Delle Chiaie: Portrait of a Black Terrorist, London: Anarchy Magazine/Refract Publications, 1984. ISBN 0-946222-09-6, p. 27)
26. ↑ Preface to Los Caminos del Guerrero, 1994.
27. ↑ "Why the St. Petersburg Summit of the Kremlin's Friends Failed". Carnegie Moscow Center. 5 August 2025. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/59513. "The St. Petersburg summit of conservative sympathizers with Russia has morphed into a gathering of fringe elements that are considered fascists even among the West’s extreme right"
28. ↑ Tobias Jones (writer) (5 August 2025). Ultras. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781786697356. OCLC 1114506566. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7SfEAAAQBAJ&dq="+International+Russian+Conservative+Forum"+"fascist"&pg=PT316. ""In march 2015 fascist groups from across Europe were invited to Saint Petersburg to the International Russian Conservative Forum.""
29. ↑ "European Fascists & Neo-Nazis to meet to defend Russian interest". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 5 August 2025. https://khpg.org/en/1426778817.
30. ↑ Roger Griffin (5 August 2025). Fascism. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781509520718. OCLC 1005762204. https://books.google.com/books?id=4NRfDwAAQBAJ&dq="+International+Russian+Conservative+Forum"+"fascism"&pg=PT38. ""Fanatically patriotic neo-fascists from different countries attend international rallies [like] the International Russian Conservative Forum""
31. ↑ "Washington's Defunct Atomwaffen Division had Deep Ties to the Terrorist Org, Russia Imperialist Movement". Malcontent News. 6 August 2022. https://malcontentment.com/washingtons-defunct-atomwaffen-division-had-deep-ties-to-the-terrorist-org-russia-imperialist-movement/. "In 2015 while in St. Petersburg, [Russell] met with Taylor of American Renaissance and the leaders of the Nordic Resistance Movement of Sweden, the National Action group of Germany, CasPound of Italy, and Golden Dawn of Greece."
32. ↑ "Inside The Russian Imperial Movement Practical Implications Of U.s. Sanctions". Soufan Center. 23 November 2024. https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/TSC-Report-Inside-the-Russian-Imperial-Movement-Practical-Implications-of-U.S.-Sanctions.pdf. "In March 2015, several well-known American white supremacists, including Jared Taylor, spoke at the International Russian Conservative Forum in St. Petersburg. The event was organized by the Rodina party and heavily attended by RIM."
33. ↑ "Anti-fascist protesters detained, neo-Nazi sadist welcomed at Russian far-right forum". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 5 August 2025. https://khpg.org/en/1427076064.
34. ↑ "Finns Party splinter group dons colours of 1940s fascists". Finnish Broadcasting Company. 13 January 2021. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_splinter_group_dons_colours_of_1940s_fascists/11735369.
35. ↑ "IKL:n kopio havittelee eduskuntapaikkoja Pohjanmaalla juhlittiin Vihtori Kosolan syntymäpäivää". Helsingin Sanomat. 24 April 2025. https://www.hs.fi/suomi/art-2000003254386.html.
36. ↑ Ignazi, Piero (2003) (in en). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 160. ISBN 9780198293255.
37. ↑ Akkerman, Tjitske; Lange, Sarah L. de; Rooduijn, Matthijs (2016) (in en). Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-317-41978-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ft8eDAAAQBAJ&dq=Finland+neo+fascism&pg=PA128. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Alexander, Jeffrey C.; Lund, Anna; Voyer, Andrea (7 January 2020). The Nordic Civil Sphere. Polity Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-1509538843. https://books.google.com/books?id=O9zIDwAAQBAJ&dq=suomen+sisu+olli+immonen&pg=PA268.
39. ↑ "Jussi Halla-aho eduskunnan puhemieheksi, Risikko ja Filatov varapuhemiehiksi" (in fi). Helsingin Sanomat. 21 June 2023. https://www.hs.fi/politiikka/art-2000009663011.html.
40. ↑ "White nationalists from around the world are meeting in Finland. Here's what you need to know". Vice News. 27 May 2025. https://www.vice.com/en/article/heavyweights-from-the-white-nationalist-world-will-be-bonding-in-finland-this-weekend-heres-what-they-want/.
41. ↑ "Annual Finnish Fascist Conference Hosts Speakers From U. S., Finland, U.K., Croatia, And Sweden To Discuss Fascist Use Of AI, Demographic Replacement, Fertility Rates, Multiculturalism". MEMRI. 3 June 2025. https://www.memri.org/dttm/annual-finnish-fascist-conference-hosts-speakers-u-s-finland-uk-croatia-and-sweden-discuss.
42. ↑ "Police brace for far right gathering in Turku". Finnish Broadcasting Company. 18 July 2025. https://yle.fi/a/3-10726159.
43. ↑ Edwards, Christian (25 June 2024). "Why Europe's young people are flirting with the far right" (in en). CNN (Cable News Network). https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/25/europe/europe-election-youth-far-right-intl-cmd/index.html.
44. ↑ "National Rally" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Rally-France.
45. ↑ "Court upholds Jean-Marie Le Pen's Holocaust denial conviction". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/court-upholds-jean-marie-le-pens-holocaust-denial-conviction/.
46. ↑ "Jean-Marie Le Pen fined again for dismissing Holocaust as 'detail'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/06/jean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail.
47. ↑ Gatehouse, Gabriel (5 December 2015). "Vive la difference – has France's Front National changed?". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35003920.
48. ↑ Corbet, Sylvie (3 July 2024). "Renowned Nazi hunter in France advises Jews to choose far right over far left in elections" (in en). AP News (The Associated Press). https://apnews.com/article/france-election-far-right-nazi-hunter-antisemitism-dbe220c915894f6aded6f3547c05aae0.
49. ↑ Kirby, Paul (30 June 2024). "The rise and rise of France's far right" (in en). BBC News (BBC). https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn087x77g1dt?post=asset:74817d7b-7a89-42c3-9d5b-7941ebfbf819#post.
50. ↑ Klikauer, Thomas (15 December 2018). "Alternative for Germany: Germany's new rightwing extremists". Journal of Labor and Society 21 (4): 611–629. doi:10.1111/lands.12365. https://brill.com/view/journals/jlso/21/4/article-p611_10.xml.
51. ↑ Richardson-Little, Ned; Merrill, Samuel; Arlaud, Leah (1 December 2022). "Far-right anniversary politics and social media: The Alternative for Germany's contestation of the East German past on Twitter". Memory Studies 15 (6): 1360–1377. doi:10.1177/17506980221133518. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17506980221133518.
52. ↑ "Germany's AfD sparks firestorm by distributing fake deportation tickets to migrants". 14 January 2025. https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-afd-firestorm-distribute-fake-deportation-ticket-migrant-karlsruhe/.
53. ↑ "German police investigate AfD for sending out 'deportation tickets'". 14 January 2025. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/01/14/german-police-investigate-afd-for-sending-out-deportation-tickets.
54. ↑ Elinda Labropoulou (7 October 2020). "Leaders of Greece's neo-Nazi group Golden Dawn found guilty of running criminal organization". https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/07/europe/golden-dawn-guilty-leadership-intl/index.html.
55. ↑ "Greek court rules far-right Golden Dawn leaders ran a crime group". 7 October 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/greek-court-rules-far-right-golden-dawn-leaders-ran-a-crime-group-idUSKBN26S1AL/.
56. ↑ "ΕΠΑΛ Σταυρούπολης: Νέα επεισόδια στη Θεσσαλονίκη - Ναζί επιτέθηκαν σε διαδηλωτές" (in el-gr). 29 September 2021. https://www.ieidiseis.gr/ellada/111874/epal-stavroypolis-nea-epeisodia-sti-thessaloniki-nazi-epitethikan-se-diadilotes.
57. ↑ Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.
58. ↑ Pedaliu, Effie G. H. (2004). "Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48". Journal of Contemporary History 39 (4, Collective Memory): 503–29. doi:10.1177/0022009404046752. ISSN 0022-0094. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/6783/. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
59. ↑ Castelli Gattinara, Pietro; Forio, Caterina; Albanese, Marco (1 January 2013). "The appeal of neo-fascism in times of crisis. The experience of CasaPound Italia". Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies 2 (2): 234–258. doi:10.1163/22116257-00202007.
60. ↑ Andriola, Matteo Luca (2019) (in it). La Nuova destra in Europa. Il populismo e il pensiero di Alain de Benoist. Edizioni paginauno. ISBN 978-8899699369. http://www.edizionipaginauno.it/La-nuova-destra-in-Europa-seconda-edizione-Matteo-Luca-Andriola.php.
61. ↑ Benveniste, Annie; Campani, Giovanna; Lazaridis, Gabriella (2016). The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and 'Othering'. Springer. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-1375-5679-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=mDelDAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
62. ↑ Campani, Giovanna; Lazaridis, Gabriella (2016). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-3173-2606-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=EjolDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
63. ↑ Bruno, Valerio Alfonso; Downes, James F.; Scopelliti, Alessio (12 November 2021). "Post-Fascism in Italy: 'So Why This Flame Mrs. Giorgia Meloni'". https://culturico.com/2021/11/12/post-fascism-in-italy-so-why-this-flame-mrs-giorgia-meloni/.
64. ↑ Lowen, Mark (26 August 2022). "Giorgia Meloni: Far-right leader who's favourite to run Italy". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62659183.
65. ↑ "Italy's Meloni rejects fascist nostalgia after youth wing scandal" (in en-GB). 2024-07-03. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2g62qz36lo.
66. ↑ Tondo, Lorenzo (2024-06-27). "Italian PM criticised by opposition after fascist chants by party’s youth wing" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/27/italy-fascist-chants-national-youth.
67. ↑ Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah (25 September 2022). "Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini". https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-election-exit-poll-far-right-giorgia-meloni-brothers-of-berlusconi-salvini-mario-draghi/.
68. ↑ Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/25/europe/italy-election-results-intl/index.html.
69. ↑ "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. https://www.dw.com/en/italy-election-meloni-says-center-right-bloc-has-clear-mandate/a-63233616.
70. ↑ Guerra, Nicola (2023). "The Russia-Ukraine war has shattered the Italian far right". Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 17 (3): 245–265. doi:10.1080/19434472.2023.2206468.
71. ↑ Guerra, Nicola (2024) (in en). The Italian Far Right from 1945 to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-256625-2. https://www.routledge.com/The-Italian-Far-Right-from-1945-to-the-Russia-Ukraine-Conflict/Guerra/p/book/9781032566252.
72. ↑ Committee of Inquiry Into the Rise of Fascism and Racism in Europe: Report on the findings of the inquiry , European Parliament, Dec 1985, p. 58
73. ↑ Silva, Ilse Gomes (2020-12-31). "Partido Chega: a extrema-direita fascista em Portugal" (in pt). Lutas Sociais 24 (45): 387–390. doi:10.23925/ls.v24i45.53033. ISSN 2526-3706. https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/ls/article/view/53033.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Portugal: grupos de ódio e extremistas de extrema-direita" (in en-US). https://globalextremism.org/portugal-grupos-de-odio-e-extremistas-de-extrema-direita/.
75. ↑ "Ex-membros de grupos neonazis são dirigentes do Chega" (in pt-pt). https://www.sabado.pt/portugal/detalhe/ex-membros-de-grupos-neonazis-sao-dirigentes-do-chega.
76. ↑ "Jotas do Chega pertenceram a grupos fascistas" (in pt-pt). https://www.sabado.pt/portugal/detalhe/jotas-do-chega-pertenceram-a-grupos-fascistas.
77. ↑ "André Ventura “promove nazis a dirigentes do Chega”?" (in pt-PT). https://poligrafo.sapo.pt/fact-check/https://poligrafo.sapo.pt/fact-check/andre-ventura-promove-nazis-a-dirigentes-do-chega.
78. ↑ Extremism, Global Project Against Hate & (2023-08-07). "Portugal’s Far-Right Party Chega’s Youth Wing is Even More Extreme than Chega Itself" (in en-US). https://globalextremism.org/post/chega-youth/.
79. ↑ "Chega quer apagar expressão "regime fascista" da Constituição" (in pt). https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/chega/andre-ventura/chega-quer-apagar-expressao-regime-fascista-da-constituicao/20220930/63359fb70cf2ea367d508902.
80. ↑ Ilie, Luiza (December 2015). "Romanian prosecutors arrest suspect for attempted blast". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-prosecutors-blast-idUSKBN0TK4YD20151201.
81. ↑ Smrčková, Markéta. "Comparison of Radical Right-Wing Parties in Bulgaria and Romania". Central European Political Studies Review. http://www.cepsr.com/clanek.php?ID=360.
82. ↑ Stokes, Gale (7 October 1993). The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987919-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=aDVFqf0uxt0C&q=The+Walls+Came+Tumbling+Down:+The+Collapse+of+Communism+in+Eastern+Europe.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "Principalele forþe extremiste: de la vatra Româneascã la punr ªi prm" (in ro). http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/extremism_ro/04_extremism_ro_003.pdf.
84. ↑ BJCT |. https://tinread.biblioteca.ct.ro/opac/bibliographic_view/283526.
85. ↑ "Partidul Vatra Românească – Comunicat | Lista Națională" (in ro). https://listanationala.ro/doctrina-nationalista/partidul-vatra-romaneasca-comunicat/.
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89. ↑ "Jurnaliștii români, ambasadele și politicienii sunt, de asemenea, îngrijorați de faptul că un partid ultra extremist a intrat în parlamentul României – Miko Imre" (in ro-RO). https://www.mikoimre.ro/ro/jurnalistii-romani-ambasadele-si-politicienii-sunt-de-asemenea-ingrijorati-de-faptul-ca-un-partid-ultra-extremist-a-intrat-in-parlamentul-romaniei/.
90. ↑ Redacția (2020-12-21). "AUR și Mișcarea Legionară. Cât de valabilă este comparația între cele două partide" (in ro). https://www.g4media.ro/aur-si-miscarea-legionara-cat-de-valabila-este-comparatia-intre-cele-doua-partide.html.
91. ↑ "Istoricul Madalin Hodor: "AUR este un amestec de filoane"" (in ro). https://www.dw.com/ro/istoricul-madalin-hodor-aur-este-un-amestec-de-filoane-ziarecom/a-55892734.
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105. ↑ Laruelle, M. (2009). In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia. The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-0-230-10123-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Apq_AAAAQBAJ. "Russian National Unity underwent an internal coup d'etat in 2000. Several regional leaders decided to exclude Alexander Barkashov from his position as leader of the party, splitting up into multiple factions, none of which was able to step in to play a unifying role.... Barkashov, who had legal troubles for "hooliganism" in 2005, created a new party bearing his name in December of the following year but had no real success."
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110. ↑ Cigar, Norman (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of "Ethnic Cleansing". College Station: University of Minnesota Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-58544-004-7.
111. ↑ Bugajski, Janusz (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 415–416. ISBN 978-0-7656-2016-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
112. ↑ Cameron, Rob (2016-03-06). "Marian Kotleba and the rise of Slovakia's extreme right – BBC News" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35739551.
113. ↑ Azet.sk (31 May 2010). "Marián Kotleba: Štát chráni cigánskych parazitov". http://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/164704/marian-kotleba-stat-chrani-ciganskych-parazitov/.
114. ↑ "Spustili sme petíciu proti príchodu imigrantov na Slovensko!". http://www.naseslovensko.net/nasa-praca/spustili-sme-peticiu-proti-prichodu-imigrantov-na-slovensko/.
115. ↑ "Šéfovia krajov sa u prezidenta nezhodli s Kotlebom na téme SNP" (in sk-SK). 2014-01-09. http://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/304775-sefovia-krajov-sa-u-prezidenta-nezhodli-s-kotlebom-na-teme-snp/.
116. ↑ "Neustupujte teroristom, hrozí vám diktát Bruselu, píše Kotleba Janukovyčovi | Svet | Hospodárske noviny – Denník o ekonomike a financiách". 31 January 2014. http://hn.hnonline.sk/svet-120/neustupujte-teroristom-hrozi-vam-diktat-bruselu-pise-kotleba-janukovycovi-603442.
117. ↑ Azet.sk (21 January 2017). "Fico: Podceňujeme hodnoty, Tiso bol vojnový zločinec". https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/408705/podcenujeme-vyznam-stability-a-hodnot-tvrdi-fico/.
118. ↑ "Parlamentné voľby 2016 – Voľby" (in sk-SK). http://spravy.pravda.sk/parlamentne-volby-2016/.
119. ↑ "Volebné preferencie politických strán" (PDF). focus-research.sk (Press release) (in slovenčina). 12 January 2023.
120. ↑ Osvaldová, Lucia (2023-06-28). "Prezliekanie Republiky pokračuje, tvrdia, že sú protifašistickí bojovníci" (in sk-SK). https://dennikn.sk/3445082/prezliekanie-republiky-pokracuje-tvrdia-ze-su-protifasisticki-bojovnici/.
121. ↑ Aktuality.sk (2023-07-04). "Ďalší bývalý člen Republiky prehovoril: Odišiel som, lebo nemám rád neonacizmus a ľudákov" (in sk). https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/PdP37U8/dalsi-byvaly-clen-republiky-prehovoril-odisiel-som-lebo-nemam-rad-neonacizmus-a-ludakov/.
122. ↑ "Naoko uhladení, po voľbách hrozba? Uhrík poslal Kotlebu do záhrobia. Namiesto tričiek majú obleky, no myslenie nezmenili" (in sk-SK). 2023-08-03. https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/676761-naoko-uhladeni-po-volbach-hrozba-uhrik-poslal-kotlebu-do-zahrobia-miesto-triciek-maju-obleky-no-myslenie-nezmenili/.
123. ↑ Osvaldová, Lucia (2023-07-26). "Protifašistickí bojovníci sa búria proti spolupráci s Republikou, zo zväzu chcú vylúčiť poslanca Suju" (in sk-SK). https://dennikn.sk/3490955/protifasisticki-bojovnici-sa-buria-proti-spolupraci-s-republikou-zo-zvazu-chcu-vylucit-poslanca-suju/.
124. ↑ N, Denník (2023-08-22). "Newsfilter: Republika podľa Republiky alebo Lesnícke štúdium telocvikára Suju" (in sk-SK). https://dennikn.sk/3533528/newsfilter-republika-podla-republiky-alebo-lesnicke-studium-telocvikara-suju/. "Republika je strana zle maskovaných neonacistov a na základe Sujovho príkladu sa dá ilustrovať, že aj falošných odborníkov, ktorí školstvo po vzore Andreja Danka, Igora Matoviča či Borisa Kollára vnímajú len ako nástroj na získavanie bezcenných titulov a nie vzdelania."
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126. ↑ "ĽSNS sa štiepi, Uhrík, Mazurek, Ďurica či Suja odchádzajú po konflikte s Kotlebom" (in sk-SK). 2021-01-26. https://dennikn.sk/minuta/2241858/.
127. ↑ "Falange Española: ¿qué es hoy en día, cuánta representación tiene y qué ideas defiende?" (in es). 2020-10-20. https://www.larazon.es/espana/20201020/74jyccijuvcfbfc7ek5cxs7q4a.html.
128. ↑ Langenbacher, Nora (2011) (in en). Is Europe on the "right" path? : Right-wing extremism and right-wing populism in Europe. p. 185. http://collections.fes.de/publikationen/449896.
129. ↑ Rico, Jesús (2022-03-18). "Los neonazis de Democracia Nacional se suman a los transportistas para "luchar" con ellos" (in es). https://www.elplural.com/sociedad/democracia-nacional-se-suma-transportistas-luchar-con-ellos_286271102.
130. ↑ Confidencial, El (2009-01-14). "Absuelto el director de Odiel que calificó de "neonazi" a Democracia Nacional" (in es). https://www.elconfidencial.com/mundo/2009-01-14/absuelto-el-director-de-odiel-que-califico-de-neonazi-a-democracia-nacional_973258/.
131. ↑ Meseguer, Xavier Casals (4 December 2009). "LA RENOVACIÓN DE LA ULTRADERECHA ESPAÑOLA: UNA HISTORIA GENERACIONAL (1966-2008) (1)". Historia y Política: 251. https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/27595xaviercasalsmeseguerhyp22.pdf.
132. ↑ "20D.- Partidos "azules", unionistas, antisistema, feministas y ciudadanos completan la oferta electoral" (in es). 2015-11-18. https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20151118/30245909883/partidos-azules-unionistas-antisistema-feministas-y-ciudadanos-completan-la-oferta-electoral.html.
133. ↑ González, Miguel (2022-06-07). "Vox se trae a la líder de la ultraderecha italiana para apoyar la campaña de Olona" (in es). https://elpais.com/espana/elecciones-andalucia/2022-06-07/vox-se-trae-a-la-lider-de-la-ultraderecha-italiana-para-apoyar-la-campana-de-olona.html.
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137. ↑ Benoit, Fabien (2018-11-09). "Make España Great Again" (in fr-FR). https://www.slate.fr/story/169635/espagne-extreme-droite-vox-populisme.
138. ↑ "Espagne : la formation du nouveau gouvernement prendra plusieurs semaines" (in fr). https://www.ladepeche.fr/2019/11/12/la-formation-du-nouveau-gouvernement-prendra-plusieurs-semaines,8536542.php.
139. ↑ "Pedro Sanchez ou l'ébauche de renaissance du PSOE : la gauche française devrait-elle chercher son inspiration au-delà des Pyrénées ?" (in fr). 2019-04-29. https://atlantico.fr/article/decryptage/pedro-sanchez-ou-l-ebauche-de-renaissance-du-psoe--la-gauche-francaise-devrait-elle-chercher-son-inspiration-au-dela-des-pyrenees--bernard-bessiere.
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148. ↑ The Inner Sea: The Mediterranean and Its People, by Robert Fox, 1991, p. 260
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152. ↑ Combs, Cindy C.; Slann, Martin (2007). Encyclopedia of terrorism. New York: Facts On File. p. 110. ISBN 9781438110196. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaterr00comb. "In 1992, when it emerged again as the MHO, it supported the government's military approach regarding the insurgency by the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) in southeast Turkey and opposed any concessions to Kurdish separatists. .... The Grey Wolves, the unofficial militant arm of the MHP, has been involved in street killings and gunbattles."
153. ↑ Jongman, Albert J.; Schmid, Alex Peter. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature. p. 674.
154. ↑ Arikan, E. Burak (1998). "The Programme of the Nationalist Action Party: An Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove?". Middle Eastern Studies 34 (4): 120–134. ISSN 0026-3206. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283972.
155. ↑ Scott, Peter Dale (2010-11-16) (in en). American War Machine: Deep Politics, the CIA Global Drug Connection, and the Road to Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-7651-7199-8. https://books.google.it/books?id=pVyAEQAAQBAJ&dq="neo-fascist+MHP"&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q="neo-fascist MHP"&f=false.
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157. ↑ Christofis, Nikos (2019-10-30) (in en). Erdoğan’s ‘New’ Turkey: Attempted Coup d’état and the Acceleration of Political Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-73422-5. https://books.google.it/books?id=enm6DwAAQBAJ&dq="neo-fascist+MHP"&pg=RA1-PT56&redir_esc=y.
158. ↑ "Turkish extremist group Grey Wolves finds a favourable climate in Germany" (in en). https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/turkish-extremist-group-grey-wolves-finds-a-favourable-climate-in-germany/.
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167. ↑ Wilkinson, Paul (1981). The New Fascists. London: Grant McIntyre. p. 73. ISBN 978-0330269537.
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169. ↑ Hall, Nathan; Corb, Abbee; Giannasi, Paul; Grieve, John (2014) (in en). The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 9781136684364. https://books.google.com/books?id=8hgWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147.
170. ↑ Alessio, Dominic; Meredith, Kristen (2014). "Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League". Social Identities 20 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1080/13504630.2013.843058.
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173. ↑ Santucho, Julio (1988) (in es). Los últimos guevaristas: surgimiento y eclipse del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo. Puntosur Editores. ISBN 978-950-9889-17-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=TUDjAAAAMAAJ&q="fascista"+"Isabel+peron".
174. ↑ Finchelstein, Federico (2014-07-02). "When Neo-Fascism Was Power in Argentina" (in en-US). https://publicseminar.org/2014/07/when-neo-fascism-was-power-in-argentina/.
175. ↑ M, Pedro N. Miranda (1989) (in es). Terrorismo de estado: testimonio del horror en Chile y Argentina. Editorial Sextante. https://books.google.com/books?id=LIsNAAAAYAAJ&q="fascista"+"Isabel+peron".
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179. ↑ Gutmann, Matthew C.; Lesser, Jeff (2016). Global Latin America: into the twenty-first century. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96594-2. OCLC 943710572. "It was a sacrifice of some questionable lives to preserve the Proceso, the National Process of Reorganization to make Argentina conform to a right-wing fascist version of Catholicism."
180. ↑ Finchelstein, Federico (2014). The ideological origins of the dirty war: fascism, populism, and dictatorship in twentieth century Argentina. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-993024-1. OCLC 863194632. "The Last Military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) was many things. Outside its concentration camps it presented the facade of a typical authoritarian state. Within them, however, it was fascist."
181. ↑

* Viel, Ricardo (29 July 2019). "Manuel Loff: "O bolsonarismo é o neofascismo adaptado ao Brasil do século 21"". Agências Pública. https://apublica.org/2019/07/o-bolsonarismo-e-o-neofacismo-adaptado-ao-brasil-do-seculo-21/.
* Pereira, Roni. "Dissecando o neofascismo de Jair Bolsonaro". Jusbrasil. https://ronikurono.jusbrasil.com.br/artigos/635153860/dissecando-o-neofascismo-de-jair-bolsonaro.
* "O governo Bolsonaro, o neofascismo e a resistência democrática". Le Monde Diplomatique. 12 November 2018. https://diplomatique.org.br/o-governo-bolsonaro-o-neofascismo-e-a-resistencia-democratica/.
* Filho, João (17 November 2019). "Novo projeto de poder de Bolsonaro, a Aliança pelo Brasil é o primeiro partido neofascista do país". The Intercept Brasil. https://theintercept.com/2019/11/17/alianca-pelo-brasil-bolsonaro-neofascista/.
* Caldeira, Gabriel (1 June 2020). "Bolsonarismo está mais radical, diz estudioso de neofascismo". Terra. https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/bolsonarismo-esta-mais-radical-diz-estudioso-de-neofascismo,a23691794639a6d9f4a077bed4ac3677hozxmwal.html.
* Bonavides, Natália (23 March 2020). "O lado mais sombrio do neofascismo do governo Bolsonaro". Congresso em Foco. https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/opiniao/forum/o-lado-mais-sombrio-do-neofascismo-do-governo-bolsonaro/.

182. ↑

* de Souza, Marcelo (2020). "The land of the past? Neo-populism, neo-fascism, and the failure of the left in Brazil". Political Geography 83. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102186. PMID 32292250.
* Guaracy, Thales (18 January 2020). "Bolsonaro faz do negacionismo um instrumento político, escreve Thales Guaracy". Poder360. https://www.poder360.com.br/opiniao/governo/bolsonaro-faz-do-negacionismo-um-instrumento-politico-escreve-thales-guaracy/.
* Chacra, Guga (15 May 2020). "O negacionismo de Bolsonaro entrará para a história da pandemia". O Globo. https://blogs.oglobo.globo.com/guga-chacra/post/o-negacionismo-de-bolsonaro-entrara-para-historia-da-pandemia.html.
* Gherman, Michel (28 March 2020). "Bolsonaro, O negacionista: politica e ciência em tempos de Corona". Revista Época. https://epoca.globo.com/michel-gherman/coluna-bolsonaro-negacionista-politica-ciencia-em-tempos-de-corona-24332846.
* Bonavides 2020

183. ↑ CORDEIRO, Andrey Ferreira (2020). "Lulismo, bolsonarismo e a crise brasileira: do desenvolvimento dependente a uma política autonômica". Em: BARBOSA, Fabio; etal; O pânico como política: o Brasil no imaginário do Lulismo em crise. Mauad Editora, Rio de Janeiro.
184. ↑ Rocha, Igor (3 September 2019). "Governo Bolsonaro: ala "técnica" é, também, ideológica" (in pt-br). https://entendendobolsonaro.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2019/09/03/ala-tecnica-do-governo-bolsonaro-e-tambem-ideologica/. "É necessário ter em mente que todas as "alas" da base deste e de outros governos é ideológica e isso, em si, não é um problema. Afirmar o contrário apenas indica que alguns comportamentos ideológicos de muitos agentes do governo Bolsonaro se tornaram senso comum, sendo naturalizados a ponto de, mesmo ideológicos, não serem percebidos dessa maneira."
185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 de Souza 2020.
186. ↑ Belam, Martin and Gabatt, Adam (September 30, 2020) "Proud Boys: who are the far-right group that backs Donald Trump?" The Guardian
187. ↑ "The Institute for Historical Review / Holocaust denial / History / Auschwitz-Birkenau". https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/holocaust-denial/the-institute-for-historical-review/.
188. ↑ Motadel, David (2017-08-17). "The United States was never immune to fascism. Not then, not now | David Motadel" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/17/fascism-history-united-states.
189. ↑ Waxman, Olivia B. (17 March 2019). "What Historians of Fascism Think About The Suspected New Zealand Shooter's Declaration of Extremism". Time. https://time.com/5552664/new-zealand-massacre-fascism/. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
190. ↑ "New Zealand killer says his model was Nazi-allied British fascist". The Forward/Times of Israel. 15 March 2019. https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-killer-says-his-role-model-was-nazi-allied-british-fascist.
191. ↑ Saville, Meggan (12 July 2013). "Malema launches his Economic Freedom Fighters". Dispatch Online. http://www.dispatch.co.za/malema-launches-his-economic-freedom-fighters/.
192. ↑ Campbell, John (2016). Morning in South Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 187.
193. ↑ Lewis, Megan (2016). Performing Whitely in the Postcolony: Afrikaners in South African Theatrical and Public Life. University of Iowa Press. p. 62.
194. ↑ Mngoma, Nosipho (18 June 2018). "Group to take #JuliusMalema to court for racist rant | IOL News" (in en). The Mercury. https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/group-to-take-juliusmalema-to-court-for-racist-rant-15526571.
195. ↑ Satgar, Vishwas (November 2019). "Black Neofascism? The Economic Freedom Fighters in South Africa". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 56 (4): 580–605. doi:10.1111/cars.12265. PMID 31692263.
196. ↑ Santoso, Aboeprijadi (20 July 2008). "Fascism in Indonesia, no big deal?". The Jakarta Post. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/07/20/fascism-indonesia-no-big-deal.html.
197. ↑ Signs of Anti-Semitism in Indonesia, Eva Mirela Suciu, Department of Asian Studies, The University of Sydney, 2008
198. ↑ Sprinzak, Ehud (1985). Kach and Meir Kahane: The Emergence of Jewish Quasi-Fascism I: Origins and Development. pp. 15–21.
199. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Meir Kahane & The Extremist Kahanist Movement | IMEU". https://imeu.org/article/fact-sheet-meir-kahane-the-extremist-kahanist-movement.
200. ↑ "Eva Illouz, sociologue : « La troisième force politique en Israël représente ce que l'on est bien obligé d'appeler, à contrecœur, un "fascisme juif" »" (in fr). 15 November 2022. https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2022/11/15/eva-illouz-sociologue-la-troisieme-force-politique-en-israel-represente-ce-que-l-on-est-bien-oblige-d-appeler-a-contrec-ur-un-fascisme-juif_6149891_3232.html.
201. ↑ Stephens, Bret (8 November 2022). "Opinion | Israel Has Serious Problems, but Impending Fascism Isn't One of Them" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/opinion/israel-election-fascism.html.
202. ↑ "Rising Spectre of Fascism in Israel". Journal of Palestine Studies 9 (3): 181–187. 1980. doi:10.2307/2536567. ISSN 0377-919X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536567.
203. ↑ "No, Japan Should Not Remilitarize". Jacobin. 24 October 2021. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/10/japan-jsdf-remilitarization-article-9-us-foreign-policy-biden-asian-pivot. Retrieved 28 November 2021. "Carrying the legacy of Japanese fascism, the LDP (and particularly Nippon Kaigi) is the knowing driver of both this growing racism and nationalism and Japan's swelling military fervor. The synthesis of remilitarization with reactionary politics is embodied in the party's longtime leader, Shinzō Abe, Japan's longest-serving prime minister, who retired only last year due to his declining health.".
204. ↑ "Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence". The Spectator. 9 July 2022. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/. "As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan's wartime atrocities 'had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.' The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism — centred around the figure of the emperor — retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party."
205. ↑ "Abe's reshuffle promotes right-wingers" (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)
206. ↑ Patrick, Philip. "Japan’s Right-wing populists are on the march" (in en-US). https://unherd.com/newsroom/japans-right-wing-populists-are-on-the-march/.
207. ↑ Algemeiner, The. "Populist Japanese Politician Who Railed Against ‘Jewish Capital’ Wins Parliamentary Seat" (in en-US). https://www.algemeiner.com/2022/07/11/populist-japanese-politician-who-railed-against-jewish-capital-wins-parliamentary-seat/.
208. ↑ "Sanseito: the new far-right party hoping to ‘make Japan great again’" (in en). 2022-07-25. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3186275/whats-behind-rise-japans-sanseito-far-right-trump-loving-anti.
209. ↑ "US official heading Ukraine peace plan has history of empathizing with Russia" (in en). the Guardian. 2025-03-15. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/15/keith-kellogg-ukraine-russia-trump.
210. ↑ Glasser, Brad (12 November 2024). "Global Hot List: The global war on incumbents continues". Semafor. https://www.semafor.com/article/11/12/2024/global-hot-list-the-global-war-on-incumbents-continues.
211. ↑ "Sanseitō Makes a Splash: Populist Politics on the Rise in Japan" (in en). 2025-07-24. https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d01154/.
212. ↑ "As Japan Votes, a Trump-Inspired Politician Grabs the Spotlight" (in en). 2025-07-19. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/19/world/asia/japan-election-sohei-kamiya.html.
213. ↑ Mesmer, Philippe (18 July 2025). "Au Japon, le parti ultraconservateur Sanseito s’impose sur l’échiquier politique en jouant de la défiance des étrangers". https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2025/07/18/au-japon-le-parti-ultraconservateur-sanseito-s-impose-sur-l-echiquier-politique-en-jouant-de-la-defiance-des-etrangers_6622018_3210.html.
214. ↑ "Anti-immigrant party opposing COVID measures wins Diet seat | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis" (in en-US). The Asahi Shimbun. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14668905.
215. ↑ "FEATURE: Younger Japanese drawn to anti-immigrant populist Sanseito" (in en). 2025-06-24. https://english.kyodonews.net/articles/-/55913.
216. ↑ 日本放送協会. "【演説全文】参政 神谷氏 “日本人ファーストで” | NHK" (in ja-JP). NHKニュース. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20250703/k10014851971000.html.
217. ↑ "The Rising Force of Japan’s Ultra-Nationalist, Anti-Immigration Sanseito Party" (in en-US). https://thediplomat.com/2025/07/the-rising-force-of-japans-ultra-nationalist-anti-immigration-sanseito-party/.
218. ↑ "国の法律に紐付けて各自治体で条例が作られそうになったら参政党に連絡を. 学校でLGBT教育が始まるのは 医療製薬企業のビジネスのため. 過激な性教育が始まるのは、文化秩序、家族を破壊するため. LGBT法案がついに成立、国民が気を付けるべきこと." (in en). https://x.com/sansei411/status/1674711874984714242.
219. ↑ みね子, 能町 (2023-07-27). "LGBTなんかいらない（神谷宗幣議員）｜能町みね子" (in ja). https://bunshun.jp/denshiban/articles/b6509.
220. ↑ 220.0 220.1 "神谷宗幣｜参政｜比例｜第26回参院選｜毎日新聞" (in ja-JP). 毎日新聞. https://mainichi.jp/senkyo/26san/meikan/?mid=C00024005005.
221. ↑ 日本放送協会. "[NHK参議院選挙比例代表 候補者アンケート - 参院選2022 NHK"]. NHK選挙WEB. https://www.nhk.or.jp/senkyo/database/sangiin/survey/hirei.html.
222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 "参政党/侵略美化・大軍拡…「古くて危険」な発想" (in ja). https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik23/2023-04-16/2023041602_03_0.html.
223. ↑ "参政党" (in ja). https://www.sanseito.jp/.
224. ↑ Beck, Atara (2022-07-12). "Japanese politician who railed against ‘Jewish capital’ wins parliamentary seat" (in en-US). https://worldisraelnews.com/japanese-politician-who-railed-against-jewish-capital-wins-parliamentary-seat/.
225. ↑ "Sanseito: How a far-right 'Japanese First' party gained new ground" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly80nnjnv5o.
226. ↑ "How Japan’s hard-right populists are profiting from anti-foreign sentiment and a cost of living crunch" (in en). the Guardian. 2025-07-21. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/19/japanese-first-sanseito-party-goes-into-election-leveraging-unease-about-foreigners.
227. ↑ 琉球新報朝刊 (2025-05-13). "虐殺された遺族「日本軍美化」に憤り 西田氏、神谷氏の発言で「日本がだんだんだめに」" (in ja-JP). 琉球新報デジタル. https://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/national/entry-4227089.html.
228. ↑ "参政党なぜウケた 古谷経衡さんに聞く、ワクチン懐疑とオーガニック：朝日新聞デジタル" (in ja-JP). 朝日新聞デジタル. 2022-09-21. https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQ9J4VLSQ9HUPQJ003.html.
229. ↑ 史哲, 謝花 (2025-05-13). "「日本軍、沖縄の人を殺したわけではない」 参政党の神谷氏インタビュー 持論、史実基づかず" (in ja-JP). 琉球新報デジタル. https://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/politics/entry-4226983.html.
230. ↑ "参政党・神谷氏の発言は「歴史の捏造だ」 沖縄戦研究者の石原・川満さん「感覚で発言せず史料をひもといて」 | 沖縄タイムス＋プラス" (in ja-JP). 沖縄タイムス＋プラス. https://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/1581835.
231. ↑ "【ファクトチェック】参政党の神谷代表 沖縄戦「日本軍は県民を守りに来た」「戦ってくれたから本土復帰できた」 裏付ける資料なく根拠不明 | 沖縄タイムス＋プラス" (in ja-JP). 沖縄タイムス＋プラス. https://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/1624945.
232. ↑ "南京事件について" (in ja). 2012-02-24. https://www.kamiyasohei.jp/2012/02/24/3381/.
233. ↑ "慰安婦についての教科書記述" (in ja). 2014-09-17. https://www.kamiyasohei.jp/2014/09/17/5130/.
234. ↑ 234.0 234.1 "参政党の歴史観を「面白い」に危機感 史実無視した演説、歴史学者は" (in ja). https://mainichi.jp/articles/20250718/k00/00m/010/322000c.
235. ↑ 「週刊文春」編集部 (2025-07-30). "参政党・神谷宗幣ファミリー企業の資金源はプライム上場企業会長だった！｜参政党の化けの皮②" (in ja). https://bunshun.jp/denshiban/articles/b11984.
236. ↑ "条文少なく「非常に未熟」 価値観の押し付け 日本体育大学・清水雅彦教授 時代の正体 参政党憲法草案を読む" (in ja). https://www.kanaloco.jp/news/social/article-1180399.html.
237. ↑ "伸長の参政党、保守色強い政策に危うさ指摘も 創憲案を専門家が批判：朝日新聞" (in ja-JP). 朝日新聞. 2025-07-01. https://www.asahi.com/articles/AST6V2S0FT6VUTFK006M.html.
238. ↑ "参政党 戦前の天皇制国家復活めざす/経済で引き込み右翼的主張へ" (in ja). https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik25/2025-06-16/2025061602_03_0.html.
239. ↑ "Postcard: Ulan Bator – TIME". Time. 27 July 2009. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1910893,00.html. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
240. ↑ "Mongolia's leading English language news". The UB Post. http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2446&Itemid=42.
241. ↑ "Seven theses on the rise of fascism in Pakistan". 29 November 2017. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/250105-seven-theses-on-the-rise-of-fascism-in-pakistan.
242. ↑ Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib. Radicalization in Pakistan: A Critical Perspective. Routledge. p. 2.
243. ↑ "Taiwan political activists admiring Hitler draw Jewish protests". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/837697.html.

Bibliography

* Golsan, Richard J. ed. (1998) Fascism's Return: Scandal, Revision and Ideology since 1980. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7071-2.
* Judt, Tony (2005) Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945. New York, Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-065-3.

Further reading

* The Beast Reawakens by Martin A. Lee, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997, ISBN 0-316-51959-6).
* The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today by Geoff Harris, (Edinburgh University Press; new edition, 1994, ISBN 0-7486-0466-9).
* The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe by Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (Longman Publishing Group; 2nd edition, 1995, ISBN 0-582-23881-1).
* Fascism (Oxford Readers) by Roger Griffin, 1995, ISBN 0-19-289249-5.
* The Italian Far Right from 1945 to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict Nicola Guerra, (London: Routledge, 2024, ISBN 978-1-03-256625-2).
* Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918–1985 by Richard C. Thurlow (Olympic Marketing Corp, 1987, ISBN 0-631-13618-5).
* Fascism Today: A World Survey by Angelo Del Boca (Pantheon Books, 1st American edition, 1969).
* Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe by Paul Hockenos (Routledge; Reprint edition, 1994, ISBN 0-415-91058-7).
* Fascism: Contagion, Community, Myth by Nidesh Lawtoo (Michigan State University Press, 2019).
* Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation by Anna Cento Bull (Berghahn Books, 2007).
* Mussolini and the Eclipse of Italian Fascism: From Dictatorship to Populism by R. J. B. Bosworth R. J. (Yale University Press, 2019, ISBN 978-0-3002-5582-9).
* The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis by Herbert Kitschelt (University of Michigan Press; reprint edition, 1997, ISBN 0-472-08441-0).
* The Routledge Companion to Italian Fascist Architecture: Reception and Legacy by Kay Bea Jones and Stephanie Pilat (Routledge, 2020, ISBN 978-1-0000-6144-4).
* Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe edited by Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay (Palgrave Macmillan; 1st edition, 2002, ISBN 0-312-29593-6).
* Transnational Neofascism in France and Italy by Andrea Mammone (Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-1070-3091-6).
* MAGA,Trump, and the question of american fascism by Carl Davidson (www.msn.com)

## External links

* Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt, Umberto Eco's list of 14 characteristics of fascism, published in 1995.
* What is Fascism?, some general ideological features by Matthew N. Lyons.
* Fascism by Chip Berlet.

Script error: No such module "Sister project links".

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Theory

| Core tenets|

* Nationalism
* Imperialism
* Authoritarianism
* Totalitarianism
* One-party state
* Dictatorship
* Personality cult
* Direct action
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Indoctrination
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Eugenics
* Heroism
* Militarism
* Economic interventionism
* Protectionism
* Statolatry
* New Man
* Totalitarianism
* Social order
* Anti-communism
* Anti-capitalism
* Anti-democracy

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Ideas|

* Actual Idealism
* Anti-democratic thought
* Class collaboration
* Corporatism
* Heroic capitalism
* National capitalism
* National Socialism (Nazism)
* National syndicalism
* State capitalism
* Supercapitalism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism
* Social order

Variants

* Austrian
* British
* Clerical
* Falangism
* Hutu Power
* Integralism
* Italian
* Ilminism
* Japanese
* Kahanism
* Legionarism
* Metaxism
* National Anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* National Radicalism
* National Socialism
* National Syndicalism
* Neo
* Proto
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Rexism
* Strasserism
* Shōwa Restoration

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* Ossewabrandwag
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Al-Muthanna Club
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Ganap Party
* Grey Wolves
* Imperial Rule Assistance Association
* Philippine Falange
* Sakurakai
* Tōhōkai
* Blue Shirts Society
* Korean National Youth Association

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Fascists
* British People's Party (1939)
* British Union of Fascists
* La Cagoule
* Clerical People's Party
* Faisceau
* Flemish National Union
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Imperial Fascist League
* Lapua Movement
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* Nationalist Party (Iceland)
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* New Party (UK)
* Patriotic People's Movement (Finland)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Rexist Party

Central Europe|

* Arrow Cross Party
* Austrian National Socialism
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Fatherland Front (Austria)
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp Falanga
* National Radical Camp (1934)
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nazism
* Nazi Party
* Sudeten German Party
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung

Southern Europe|

* Albanian Fascist Party
* Democratic Fascist Party
* Falange
* Freethinkers' Party
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Italian Fascism
* Italian Social Republic
* Metaxism
* National Fascist Party
* National Union (Portugal)
* Republican Fascist Party
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Ustaše
* ZBOR

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Iron Guard
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Fascist Community
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Social Movement (Bulgaria)
* National Radical Camp Falanga
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Slovak People's Party
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Vlajka

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Parti national social chrétien
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Gold shirts
* German American Bund
* Silver Legion of America

South America|

* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Falangism in Latin America
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union (Argentina)
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* Revolutionary Union

People

* Abba Ahimeir
* Gabriele D'Annunzio
* Nimio de Anquín
* Ion Antonescu
* Sadao Araki
* Radasłaŭ Astroŭski
* Marc Augier
* Maurice Bardèche
* John Beckett
* Jacques Benoist-Méchin
* Henri Béraud
* Werner Best
* Pierre Biétry
* Luis Carrero Blanco
* Zoltán Böszörmény
* Giuseppe Bottai
* Robert Brasillach
* Josef Bühler
* Marcelo Caetano
* Alphonse de Châteaubriant
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
* Gustavs Celmiņš
* Frits Clausen
* Enrico Corradini
* Carlo Costamagna
* Charles Coughlin
* Nichifor Crainic
* A. C. Cuza
* Richard Walther Darré
* Alceste De Ambris
* Marcel Déat
* Léon Degrelle
* Paul Déroulède
* Savitri Devi
* Roman Dmowski
* Engelbert Dollfuss
* Ion Dragoumis
* Pierre Drieu La Rochelle
* Gottfried Feder
* Albert Forster
* Francisco Franco
* Hans Frank
* Friedrich Franz V
* Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
* Giovanni Gentile
* Ion Gigurtu
* Joseph Goebbels
* Octavian Goga
* Chen Gongbo
* Puyi
* Jorge González von Marées
* Hermann Göring
* Giuliano Gozi
* Arthur Greiser
* Fritz Grobba
* Hans F. K. Günther
* Wilhelm Gustloff
* Emil Hácha
* Rudolf Hess
* Reinhard Heydrich
* Heinrich Himmler
* Adolf Hitler
* Émile Janvion
* Wang Jingwei
* William Joyce
* Edgar Jung
* Meir Kahane
* Bronislav Kaminski
* Max Leo Keller
* Ikki Kita
* Yevhen Konovalets
* Alexandros Koryzis
* Vihtori Kosola
* Fritz Julius Kuhn
* Agostino Lanzillo
* Charles Lindbergh
* Dimitrije Ljotić
* Leopoldo Lugones
* Hristo Lukov
* Curzio Malaparte
* Nikola Mandić
* Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
* Charles Maurras
* Tefik Mborja
* Ioannis Metaxas
* Robert Michels
* Oswald Mosley
* Asit Krishna Mukherji
* Heinrich Müller
* Benito Mussolini
* Eoin O'Duffy
* Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin
* Sergio Panunzio
* Giovanni Papini
* Ante Pavelić
* Patrick Pearse
* William Dudley Pelley
* Philippe Pétain
* Ernest Peterlin
* Plaek Phibunsongkhram
* Bolesław Piasecki
* Alfred Ploetz
* Robert Poulet
* José Antonio Primo de Rivera
* Vidkun Quisling
* Rudolf Rahn
* Pedro Pablo Ramírez
* Lucien Rebatet
* Hanna Reitsch
* Cécil von Renthe-Fink
* Joachim von Ribbentrop
* Dionisio Ridruejo
* Alfredo Rocco
* Konstantin Rodzaevsky
* Alfred Rosenberg
* Leon Rupnik
* Plínio Salgado
* Rafael Sánchez Mazas
* Margherita Sarfatti
* Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
* Carl Schmitt
* Kurt Schuschnigg
* Arthur Seyss-Inquart
* Horia Sima
* Ardengo Soffici
* Troy Southgate
* Othmar Spann
* Ugo Spirito
* Milan Stojadinović
* Gregor Strasser
* Otto Strasser
* Mykola Stsiborskyi
* Ferenc Szálasi
* Jozef Tiso
* Shūmei Ōkawa
* Gonzalo Torrente Ballester
* Aleksandar Tsankov
* Georges Valois
* Anastasy Vonsyatsky
* Lee Beom seok
* Yeom dong jin

Works

| Literature|

* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Fascist Manifesto
* Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America
* La Conquista del Estado
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* Zweites Buch
* Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista

|

Periodicals|

* l'Alba
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* La Conquista del Estado
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen
* Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden
* Fashist
* Figli d'Italia
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* La France au travail
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Novopress
* Nea Imera
* NS Månedshefte
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Le Pays Réel
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Al-Sha'ab
* Signal
* Slovák
* Slovenská pravda
* Der Stürmer
* Tomori
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter

Film|

* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Sculpture|

* Allach

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema
* Nazi plunder
* Syndicalism
* Conservatism

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasci and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Hlinka Youth
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* NS Ungdomsfylking
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustashe Youth

Paramilitary|

* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Black Brigades
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts
* Blueshirts (Falange)
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Einsatzgruppen
* Gold shirts
* Greenshirts
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Iron Wolf
* Lăncieri
* Legião Portuguesa (Estado Novo)
* Makapili
* Rodobrana
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)
* Silver Legion of America
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Ustashe Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Yokusan Sonendan

Student|

* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Gruppi Universitari Fascisti
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio

|

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* 6 February 1934 crisis
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani genocide
* Spanish Civil War
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Denazification
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Alt-right
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-Nazi League
* Christofascism
* Clerical fascism
* Cryptofascism
* Esoteric Nazism
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* Francoism
* French fascism
* Germanisation
* Glossary of Nazi Germany
* Hindu fascism
* Hitler salute
* Italianization
* Italianization of South Tyrol
* Islamofascism
* Japanization
* Ku Klux Klan
* Neo-fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Roman salute
* Social fascism
* Synarchism
* Tropical fascism
* Unite Against Fascism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category

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