Northern Paiute language

Short description: Numic language spoken in western US

Northern Paiute

Native to| United States
Region| Nevada, California , Oregon, Idaho
Ethnicity| 6,000 Northern Paiute and Bannock (1999)[1]

Native speakers

| 700 (2007)[1]

Language family

Uto-Aztecan

* Numic
* Western Numic
* Northern Paiute

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `pao`
Glottolog| `nort2954`[2]

Map showing the traditional geographic distribution of Northern Paiute and Mono

Northern Paiute is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Northern Paiute /ˈpaɪuːt/,[3] endonym Numu,[4] also known as Paviotso, is a Western Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family, which according to Marianne Mithun had around 500 fluent speakers in 1994.[5] It is closely related to the Mono language.

## Contents

* 1 Phonology
* 1.1 Consonants
* 1.2 Vowels
* 2 Language revitalization
* 3 Morphology
* 4 References
* 5 Bibliography
* 6 External links

## Phonology

Northern Paiute's phonology is highly variable, and its phonemes have many allophones.[6]

### Consonants

| Bilabial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Plain | Lab.
Nasal  | m | n |  | ŋ |  |
Stop  | p | t |  | k | kʷ | ʔ
Affricate  |  | ts | tʃ |  |  |
Fricative  |  | s |  |  |  | h
Semivowel  | w |  | j |  |  |

### Vowels

Vowel chart of the Mono Lake dialect of Northern Paiute[7]

| Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

Close  | i | ɨ | u
Open-Mid  | e |  | ɔ
Open  |  | a |

## Language revitalization

In 2005, the Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Northern Paiute and Kiksht in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation schools.[8] In 2013, Washoe County, Nevada became the first school district in Nevada to offer Northern Paiute classes, offering an elective course in the language at Spanish Springs High School.[9] Classes have also been taught at Reed High School in Sparks, Nevada.[10]

Elder Ralph Burns of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation worked with University of Nevada, Reno linguist Catherine Fowler to help develop a spelling system. The alphabet uses 19 letters. They have also developed a language-learning book, “Numa Yadooape,” and a series of computer disks of language lessons.[10]

## Morphology

Northern Paiute is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Northern Paiute at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Northern Paiute". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2954.
3. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
4. ↑ Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010). "Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research". Language Documentation & Conservation 4: 269–293. ISSN 1934-5275. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4482.
5. ↑ Mithun (1999:541)
6. ↑ Haynes, Erin Flynn (2010). "Phonetic and Phonological Acquisition in Endangered Languages Learned by Adults: A Case Study of Numu (Oregon Northern Paiute)". PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
7. ↑ Babel, Molly; Houser, Michael J.; Toosarvandani, Maziar (2012), "Mono Lake Northern Paiute", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 (2): 240, doi:10.1017/S002510031100051X
8. ↑ Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). http://www.ohs.org/the-oregon-history-project/narratives/oregon-folklife-traditions/central-oregon/warm-springs.cfm.
9. ↑ Joe Hart (Director). "Nevada Proud: Students get a chance to learn native language in school". My News 4. KRNV, Reno, NV. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Vogel, Ed (2014-02-01). "Paiute elder rescues language near extinction". Las Vegas Review-Journal. http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/paiute-elder-rescues-language-near-extinction.

## Bibliography

* Liljeblad, Sven, Catherine S. Fowler, & Glenda Powell. 2012. The Northern Paiute-Bannock Dictionary, with an English-Northern Paiute-Bannock Finder List and a Northern Paiute-Bannock-English Finder List. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN:978-1-60781-030-8
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Snapp, Allen, John L. Anderson, and Joy Anderson. 1982. Northern Paiute. In Ronald W. Langacker, eds. Sketches in Uto-Aztecan grammar, III: Uto-Aztecan grammatical sketches. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 57(3) [The publication erroneously stated (56)3, but this has been amended in the PDF made available online by the publisher.] pp. 1–92.
* Thornes, Tim (2003). "A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts". Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oregon-Eugene.

## External links

* Northern Paiute page, with sound sample
* Northern Paiute language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
* Northern Paiute Indian Language (Paviotso, Bannock)
* Northern Paiute resources at the Open Language Archives Community
* Northern Paiute Language Project, University of California, Santa Cruz
* World Atlas of Language Structures: Northern Paiute
* OLAC resources in and about the Northern Paiute language

* v
* t
* e

Uto-Aztecan languages

Northern|

| Numic|

* Colorado River (Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute)
* Comanche
* Kawaiisu
* Mono
* Northern Paiute (including Bannock)
* Shoshoni (including Gosiute)
* Timbisha

|

Takic|

* Cahuilla
* Cupeño
* Kitanemuk
* Luiseño-Juaneño
* Serrano
* Tongva

Other|

* Hopi
* Tübatulabal

Southern|

| Tepiman|

* Northern Tepehuan
* Oʼodham
* Pima Bajo
* Southern Tepehuan
* Tepecano

|

Tarahumaran|

* Downriver Guarijio
* Tarahumara
* Tubar
* Upriver Guarijio

Opatan|

* Eudeve
* Opata

Cahita|

* Yaqui
* Mayo

Corachol|

* Cora
* Huichol

Aztecan|

* Nahuatl
* Pipil
* Pochutec

Italics indicate extinct languages

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