Northwest Papuan languages

Short description: Proposed language family of Papuan languages

Northwest Papuan

Northwest New Guinea
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution| northern New Guinea
Subdivisions|

* Fas
* Sentani
* Border (Upper Tami)
* Sko
* Foja Range (Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran)

Glottolog| None

The Northwest Papuan languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages.

Many of the constituent branches of Northwest Papuan were first proposed to be related by H.K.J. Cowan in the 1950s. Voorhoeve (1971) connected the Border and Tor families. Using only pronouns as a diagnostic, Malcolm Ross linked most of the western (Foja Range) branch of the family, which is now fairly secure. The current form of the proposal was worked out by Timothy Usher under the name "North(west) New Guinea"[1] (not to be confused with the proposed North New Guinea branch of the Austronesian language family). It is not yet certain, however, that the similarities in vocabulary between Foja Range and the other constituent families are due to inheritance rather than borrowing.

## Languages

* Fas
* Sentani
* Border (Upper Tami)
* Sko
* Foja Range
* Nimboran
* Kwerbic
* Mawes
* Orya–Tor

The western branch, Foja Range, is equivalent to Ross's Tor–Kwerba family with the addition of Nimboran.

Søren Wichmann (2013)[2] considers Nimboran, Kapauri (under Kwerbic above), Border, and possibly also Elseng (under Border above) to form a unified language family.

## Lexical comparison

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[3] and Usher (2020),[4] unless noted otherwise.

Body parts  family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Trans-New Guinea  | Proto-Trans-New Guinea  | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu
Tor-Kwerba  | Proto-Orya-Tor River[4] | *nəbaɾ | *aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ] |  | *nVwɛ | *masɛ |  | *mapəɾ[Vm] | *ta[g]əna |  |  |  | *mo̝m
Massep  | Massep[5] | emǐbake | embar sanyabe | irmouibe | nobe | indice | wanabe | satoribe | tenebe | kumobe | koke | maike | absibe sababra
Mawes  | Mawes  | defar | tere |  | nonsom |  | wan |  | ija | werei | tuan | dukunen |
Nimboran | Proto-Grime River[4] | *jaŋkaMBʉ | *ndɜp | *kam[a/ɔ]; *kəni[n/ŋ] | *namuɔ |  | *səɺiŋ; *wasəɺa[ŋ] | *anəmbəɺ[i/ɛ]ŋ; *mambəɺ[ɜ/ɔ]p | *masi | *kin | *ndɜn | *asu[p/k] | *min
Sentani | Sowari  | tuniyiŋgan | pioupiə |  | kariŋgewa |  | itini |  | nəmbia | owar | ari | yow yim |
Sentani | Sentani  | faləm | uma |  | i joko | face | itəha |  | oro | oki | po | wa | nimə
Kapauri  | Proto-Kapauri-Sause[4] | *baːɽ |  | *t[o̝/u]waro̝ |  |  | *w₂ano̝ | *mɛn₂o̝ |  | *ko̝mo̝ | *aːᵘC |  | *mɵ̝N
Kaure-Kosare  | Proto-Nawa River[4] |  | *haⁱ | *hwɔkɽuC | *hwe̝N |  | *pakaⁱ |  |  |  |  | *ki | *muN
Kosare  | Proto-Kosare[4] | *pɔtɔ |  |  |  | *m[o̞]ɽo̞ |  | *pɛɽɛ | *ti[p/b]e̞ |  | *kako̞ |  |
Kosare  | Kosare  | potɔ´ | potɔi | 'kɔro | ĩsɛrit | moro 'kakò | pɛki | pɛrɛ´ |  | ña | 'kákò |  | kó kakò
Kaure  | Kaure  | kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai | hai; hat | goklu; huaglüt | gewe; hwai; hwew | gopo; hapu | sbeje; səbokai | sremu; sɾumu | due; duɛ | hi; katesa; katsa | era; laq; loa | aguli; arohei; axlit | mu; muq
Elseng  | Elseng  | walambiap | nimbias | mo; uskŋs | naf | sənpokep | an | mɔs; mɔsən | pokəs | wətwən | ok | son; sɔn | pan
Molof  | Molof  | emi | ela | ou | lom | toŋga | te | ai | fu | mat | antai | kant | mu
Usku  | Usku  | flekle | flekle-kunda | beikli | nifi |  | neŋkle | bra | nafu | kla; mise | kla; mi | ninje; ninye | kiombra
Namla-Tofanma  | Tofanma  | kemble | kemble -na; kemble-na | kemb lelu | jei; yei | məniti | geme | goŋgogok | wanta | leki | nta | jefake; yefake | mo
West Pauwasi  | Tebi  | məndini | məndini-teke; məndini- teke | faʔa | ei; i | məndi | kle | klemalbo | puŋwa | teri; təri | gwane; gwano | ser | mamu
West Pauwasi  | Towei  | mindimna | mindi-teke |  | ei |  | kəreser |  | popnoa | edefi | pana | ser |
East Pauwasi  | Proto-East Pauwasi[4] | *mɛ | *mbVwaⁱ | *wVpi | *ji | *mɛⁱ | *jɔ | *mɜtaɺVp | *mbu | *mɜp | *ŋgVɺ | *apV, *jipi | *mɵ̝m
Yetfa  | Yetfa  | fran; ᵽr᷈an | fra may; ᵽʌřamai |  | i; ʔiʔ | ndor | ɔřa; rwa | moR᷈ |  | ndwal | fan | tol; toR᷈ |
Lepki-Murkim  | Lepki[6] |  |  | bwi | yɛmon |  | kal | braw |  | yiri | kɔw |  | nom
Lepki-Murkim  | Murkim[6] |  |  | bwi | amol |  | kal | prouk |  | mal | kok |  | mam
Kembra  | Kembra[6] |  |  |  | yi |  | pa |  |  | nili | ka |  |
Kimki  | Kimki[6] |  |  | bwa | ẽ |  | luː | albak |  | afupla | kwal |  | mua
Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect)  | boda | nanada | kumbo- keda | kumba- kwada | gutubu | jabo-gemda | tabu |  | kodoa | gemda | kueda | toto
Border  | Awyi  | naŋger; naŋgər | jento; ta | keato | najo; nayo | nubru | ka | marie | malke | keane | sakər | fəker | mə̃
Border  | Waris  | ku | tea; tɛa | aŋku | nop | lomus | lelo | minde | moŋgola | towol | kəi; kəl | towol | tɛt
Kwomtari | Pyu  | uǏiʔ; wiri | Ǐɩsiʔ; lisi | kweɛ | bəmeʔ; pɛmɛʔɛ | tɛpʌǏi | rəne | asaguʔ |  | ɛmiʔ; kami | bəli; bɩǏiʔ | kagole; kʌkʌǏɛʔ | ib̶iʔ
Sko  | Skou  | röbe; rö́e | ta | lö | luto; lutɔ̀ | ha | kö |  | tãe | hi | ee | nö re; nö rɔ̀ | nɔ
Nature  family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Trans-New Guinea  | Proto-Trans-New Guinea  | *niman |  |  | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna |
Tor-Kwerba  | Proto-Orya-Tor River  | *nɛna | *gʷəɾa | *gʷas | *dzu | *s[u]w[e̝] | *te̝ |  | *p[ɛⁱ]n | *pɔ |  |  | *nVɾ
Massep  | Massep  | sinome | onobe | iyi yabenayi | inyane | sinye | warane | sobe | mandoma | ɛware | yase | sirimakatiri | sane
Mawes  | Mawes  |  | wede | was | ikinin | siwin | deŋkin | esar |  | bo | kani | feyt |
Nimboran | Proto-Grime River  | *səna[ŋ] | *unduɔ | *inəmbuɔ | *jʉ | *səwip[i] | *ndi | *wɔj | *mbanu | *mbu | *kip; *kɜj | *ndəmuɔ | *tap
Sentani | Sowari  | ami | aweŋgen | nifie | ey | kuku | ya-yeŋgan | omar |  | yarim | payn | kara |
Sentani | Sentani  | mi | yoku | obo | aye | do | no | hu |  | bu | i | duka |
Kapauri  | Proto-Kapauri-Sause  | *hɛno̝ | *unu |  | *ɽe̝Cne̝N | *huwini |  | *nisiki (?) | *bɛ[N/nV] | *bo̝C |  |  | *nawaɽo̝
Kaure-Kosare  | Proto-Nawa River  | *miN | *se̝ | *pî | *ho̝C |  | *tɛⁱC | *h[æ/a]niC | *paka | *mi[jɛ] | *sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN) | ɭitɪ |
Kosare  | Proto-Kosare  |  | *se̞ |  | *ho̞ | *sɛɽi |  | *e̞ne̞ |  | *mijɛ |  |  |
Kosare  | Kosare  | mi | sé | pi | o | ho's̪ɛri | tĩⁿdi | ɛnɛ´ⸯ | paka | biɛ | sá | 'naka | kɛmɔrɔ´
Kaure  | Kaure  | mi; mĩ | se | pi | hou; hu; ku | hore; te; wale | te; tei; teija | hafei; haɾi; harei | gaka; poka | bi; biq; gomesi | sa; saʔ; sareŋ | təsi; tɛsi; tisi | selu
Elseng  | Elseng  | ku | wəs | wo | bisjas; bisyas | suŋun | sək | ninaf | mɔm | wətel; wətəl | bot; bɔt | səpat | mul
Molof  | Molof  | lem |  |  | au | le | woar | nei | ar | jat; yat | tombe | le | mef
Usku  | Usku  | nimi |  |  | lokwe | kle | weli | nei | meŋgerne | ei | jo; yo | pane | tra
Namla-Tofanma  | Tofanma  | bli |  |  | jetai; yetai | taili | kili | jaku; yaku | menti-gaku | basu | we | klo | meka
West Pauwasi  | Tebi  | mi |  |  | lumu; olmu | alani; membi | wejalgi; weyalgi | maʔa | wuluma | ai | we | kwola | fiaʔa
West Pauwasi  | Towei  |  |  |  | yemu | jek | wemu | yimap |  | eye | we | mafi |
East Pauwasi  | Proto-East Pauwasi  | *jəmVɺ |  | *pVɺ | *and | *jVn | *naɺV, *waɺ | *jəmaɺ | *juŋg | *Vnd | *jaᵘ | *mbVɺi | *mVwaⁱ
Yetfa  | Yetfa  | ni:m; yim | say | mbaR᷈; mualə | rawi | řonǏa | yau; yo; yɔ | məlel |  | kel; kɛr᷈ | yaʋ; yau | təkoup; tɩkɔᵽ | miaA
Lepki-Murkim  | Lepki  |  |  |  | afai | haiden | ya | mom | roɣivei | kel | yaɣala | sauf |
Lepki-Murkim  | Murkim  |  |  |  | afi | nel | yamul | kayakalo | kaya(bi) | kel | yo | oːn |
Kembra  | Kembra  |  |  |  | tra | traləl | ya | ota |  | er | ya | isi |
Kimki  | Kimki  |  |  |  | ã | im | maul | bwakaya | lokaya | dɪ | kamop | kwil |
Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect)  | manə | jabodo | wadə | du | dogomda | namo; nomo | kəbu | amana | kue | kai | nəmai | bakoda
Border  | Awyi  | tu | eəl; wŋl | wot | noj; noy | suŋul | ti | mentao | kuŋgəru | wobia; wobio | tao | ser | məŋgir
Border  | Waris  | ku | unde | mi | tuawa | suul | ti | okumba | wɛs | po | sue | hon | muna
Kwomtari | Pyu  | ni; niʔ | naguʔ; nakwu | we; wɛʔ | maǏuǏiʔ; maru | Ǐio taʔ; taʔ | ga; ka | agwiʔ |  | ʔiʔ; yi | kamie; kʌmæ | siri; sɩliʔ | ʔonæ; ʔonɛ
Sko  | Skou  | fi | nake; nakɛ́ | pale; pálɛ | tåå; tãŋã | tã ko; tã kò | ri | rãã; rãã́ | ke | pa | ra | hũ; wũ |
Miscellaneous  family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Trans-New Guinea  | Proto-Trans-New Guinea  | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- |  | *ta(l,t)(a,e)
Tor-Kwerba  | Proto-Orya-Tor River  |  | *kʷe̝ | *bo̝s[ɛ/a] |  | *apa | *nawɛt
Massep  | Massep  | kine |  | okabe |  | mnika | nabini
Mawes  | Mawes  | ke |  | dimane | nano | mendakai | yakenew
Nimboran | Proto-Grime River  | *səɺu | *kambuŋ; *ki | *sʉ | *ndam | *kapəɺaj[a] | *namuan
Sentani | Sowari  | watuga |  | aror | emaŋo | upu | pugwai
Sentani | Sentani  | do |  | do | anəi-ko | əmbai | be
Kapauri  | Proto-Kapauri-Sause  |  |  |  | *na[N/nV] |  | *nɛbɽe̝[na]
Kaure-Kosare  | Proto-Nawa River  |  | *naⁱ |  | *naⁱ | *sɔɽɔtɔC |
Kosare  | Proto-Kosare  |  |  | *m[ɔ]ɽɔ | *ne̞ | *ko̞ɽapɛ |
Kosare  | Kosare  |  | ḑɩmɔ'kasia | morɔ | kɛnɛ´ | kora'ɸɛ | tau
Kaure  | Kaure  | debla; dido | dae | bəre; blɛ; nokomne | ganasi; kadi; kandɛ | gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia | tɾapli; təravərei; trapi
Elseng  | Elseng  | sisɛu; sisew | saɔ |  | to |  |
Molof  | Molof  | lomo | anale | ti | ne | kwasekak | ateti
Usku  | Usku  | mekenja; mekenya | jomia |  | kepo | kisifaini | narna
Namla-Tofanma  | Tofanma  | lame | ale | emi | sembe | kenano | neni
West Pauwasi  | Tebi  | toŋkwar | keke | kini | ne | kərowali | kre
West Pauwasi  | Towei  | tokwar |  | ken | nembra | giona | krana
East Pauwasi  | Proto-East Pauwasi  | *jɵ̝pɛ | *VɺVm[i] | *ɛⁱ | *pɜɺ | *aŋgVtamb | *anVŋg
Yetfa  | Yetfa  | nam | namiyaA |  | ŋa; ntɛřᵽI | kəsa; kɛsa | ndyesel; tesyɛnsaR᷈
Lepki-Murkim  | Lepki  | rawil | konan | gye | ɲis | kutuɣap | kaisi
Lepki-Murkim  | Murkim  | frawil | wonak | ka ~ kako | ɲẽlo | hel | kais
Kembra  | Kembra  | ratera |  | kia | ɲəm | kutina | kais
Kimki  | Kimki  | ap | kiam | aip ~ mi | auko | amatri | alas
Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect)  | jani- ndia | kuadedebo |  | tato- | mano; ŋguadu | imbu
Border  | Awyi  | kir | kuru |  | anɛ; na | maŋgua | naŋger
Border  | Waris  | tənda | ŋguabe | nabae | ne | muŋasəl | sambla
Kwomtari | Pyu  | tali; taliʔ | Ǐomæʔ |  | waŋgɛʔ | tefiye; tɛᵽiɛʔ | kasi
Sko  | Skou  | ba; keba; kébanè; teba | pemɛ̀ |  | kã; pã; tã | ali; alì | hĩto; hĩ́to

## References

1. ↑ Northwest New Guinea
2. ↑ Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages . In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
3. ↑ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". http://transnewguinea.org/family/eastgeelvinkbay.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/.
5. ↑ Hurd, Fred. 1979. Massep. Unpublished word list, m.s. SIL International.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". in Palmer, Bill. The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Kwomtari
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Sentani
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keresan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest Papuan languages. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Northwest_Papuan_languages&oldid=1010141"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template