One-party state

Short description: State in which only one party has the right to form the government

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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or only enjoy limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain,[2] the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'état is often considered the first one-party state.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Concept
* 2 Current one-party states
* 3 De facto one-party states
* 4 Former one-party states
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 Further reading
* 8 References

## Concept

One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, being its most politically aware members, and therefore the party's right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that the existence of multiple political parties would perpetuate class struggle, so only a single party could lead a classless proletariat; it therefore made the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the only authorised political party.

Conversely, Russian historian Vadim Rogovin attributed the establishment of the one-party system to the conditions which were “imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces”. Rogovin highlighted the fact that the Bolsheviks made strenuous efforts to preserve the Soviet parties such as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and other left parties within the bounds of Soviet legality and their participation in the Soviets on the condition of abandoning armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.[4]

Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition (such as a popular front). However, these allied parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Other states outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independents, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others have only a single legal party, membership of which is a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.

Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.

Most one-party states have been ruled by one of the following:

1. A party which supports the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and vanguardism (sometimes described as "communist states", such as the Soviet Union)
2. A party which supports a nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party)
3. A party that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.

With such a small winning coalition, leaders in one-party states usually lack the incentive to care about the well-being of citizens.[5] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[6] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for elections at the smallest local level. One-party states lack any legitimate competition. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[7] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[8] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[9] One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[10] To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[11] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[12] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[12] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[12] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[6] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[9] It is also worth noting that it is difficult to gather clear data on these regimes, given their private nature.[7]

One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian,[13] to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.

## Current one-party states

As of the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country  | Head of party  | Leader title  | Party  | Ideology  | Date of establishment  | Duration  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

China [14] |

Xi Jinping | General Secretary  | Socialism with Chinese characteristics  | 1 October 1949  | 74 years, 175 days  |
Cuba[15] |

Miguel Díaz-Canel  | First Secretary  |  Communist Party of Cuba  | Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, Left-wing nationalism | 16 April 1961  | 62 years, 343 days  |
Eritrea[16] |

Isaias Afwerki  | Chairperson  |  People's Front for Democracy and Justice  | Eritrean nationalism, Statism | 24 May 1993  | 30 years, 305 days  |
Laos[17] |

Thongloun Sisoulith  | General Secretary  |  Lao People's Revolutionary Party  | Kaysone Phomvihane Thought | 2 December 1975  | 48 years, 113 days  |
North Korea[18] |

Kim Jong-un | General Secretary  |  Workers' Party of Korea  | Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism  | 9 September 1948  | 75 years, 197 days  | Leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic  |

Brahim Ghali  | Secretary General  |  Polisario Front  | Sahrawi nationalism, Social democracy | 27 February 1976  | 48 years, 26 days  | Non-member state of the United Nations, headquartered in Algeria
Vietnam[19] |

Nguyễn Phú Trọng  | General Secretary  |  Communist Party of Vietnam  | Ho Chi Minh Thought | 2 July 1976  | 47 years, 266 days  |

## De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[20] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[21][22] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

Country  | Party  | Date of

establishment

| Information

|
|
|

Angola  | People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola | 11 November 1975  | The MPLA has ruled Angola since its declaration of independence from Portugal, starting as a de jure one-party state, then initiating a multiparty system in 1991.
Cambodia  | Cambodian People's Party  | 7 January 1979  | The CPP has ruled since victory in Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Republic of the Congo  | Congolese Party of Labour  | 31 December 1968  | The People's Republic of the Congo was a one-party state, until the establishment of a multiparty system in 1990 and the subsequent loss of the PCT, leading to a civil war in 1997, from which point the PCT has been the sole ruling party since.
Equatorial Guinea  | Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea  | 11 October 1987  | Despite not having any constitutional relation between the government and the PDGE, there is a link between the 1982 constitution and Theodoro Obiang, leader of the PDGE, leading Equatorial Guinea since 1979, and having won every election by at least 92% approval, with all "opposition" parties adamantly supporting Obiang, and never holding more than 32% of seats in any house.
Singapore  | People's Action Party  | 30 May 1959  | The PAP is currently the longest ruling party in the world. While it does not have much electoral controversy, the PAP is essentially linked to governance in Singapore.
Japan  | Liberal Democratic Party  | 15 November 1955  | After the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco, the estranged right wing parties began gaining power, and with incentives from the CIA,[23] they formed the LDP, counteracting the formation of the JSP, establishing the 1955 System (also known as the One and a Half Party System), in which the LDP has ruled in all but 4 years.
Mozambique  | Liberation Front of Mozambique | 25 June 1975  | The FRELIMO has ruled Mozambique since its declaration of independence from Portugal, starting as a de jure one-party state, then initiating a multiparty system in 1994.
Paraguay  | Colorado Party (Paraguay)  | 11 September 1887  | Since 1947, the Colorado party has been dominant in Paraguayan politics, ruling as the only legal party between 1947 and 1962, and has controlled the presidency since 1948 notwithstanding a brief interruption between 2008 and 2013. With almost 2 million members, it is the largest political party in the country. Despite the party’s grip on power, the government still sustains the defining characteristics of a procedural democracy [24]
Rwanda  | Rwandan Patriotic Front  | In power since 1994

## Former one-party states

Country  | Party  | Ideology  | Date of establishment  | Date of dissolution  | Duration  | Continent

|
|
|
|
|
|

Republic of Afghanistan |  National Revolutionary Party  | Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Republicanism, Secularism | 1977[25][26] | 1978  | 1 year, 73 days  | Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan |  People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Pashtun nationalism, Anti-imperialism  | 1978  | 1979  | 1 year, 238 days  | Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan  |  People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front)  | Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism  | 1979  | 1992  | 12 years, 217 days  | Asia
Albanian Kingdom |  Albanian Fascist Party  | Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia  | 1939  | 1943  | 4 years, 55 days  | Europe
Albanian Kingdom | Guard of Greater Albania  | Albanian nationalism, Fascism | 1943  | 1943  | 43 days  | Europe
Albanian Kingdom  | National Front  | Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism | 1943  | 1943  | 76 days  | Europe
Democratic Government of Albania  |  Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism  | 1944  | 1945  | 289 days  | Europe
Democratic Government of Albania  |  Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front)  | 1945  | 1946  | 159 days  | Europe
Albania  | 1946  | 1990  | 44 years, 334 days  | Europe
Algeria  |  National Liberation Front  | Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism  | 1962  | 1989  | 26 years, 235 days  | Africa
People's Republic of Angola  |  People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola  | Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1991  | 15 years, 200 days  | Africa
Armenia  | Communist Party of Armenia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1920  | 1922  | 2 years, 28 days  | Asia
Transcaucasia | Communist Party of Armenia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1922  | 1922  | 293 days  | Asia
Federal State of Austria  |  Fatherland Front  | Clerical fascism | 1934  | 1938  | 3 years, 316 days  | Europe
Azerbaijan  | Azerbaijan Communist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1920  | 1922  | 2 years, 244 days  | Asia
Transcaucasia | Azerbaijan Communist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1922  | 1922  | 293 days  | Asia
Bangladesh  | Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League  | Mujibism, Bengali nationalism, Socialism | 1975  | 1975  | 203 days  | Asia
Dahomey  | Dahomeyan Democratic Party  | African nationalism  | 1963  | 1965  | 1 year, 354 days  | Africa
Benin  |  People's Revolutionary Party of Benin  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally)  | 1975  | 1990  | 14 years, 91 days  | Africa
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia  |  National Partnership  | Collaborationism, Nazism | 1939  | 1945  | 6 years, 33 days  | Europe
Bulgaria  |  Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1946  | 1990  | 43 years, 122 days  | Europe
State of Burma  | Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[27] |  | 1943  | 1944  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
State of Burma  |  | 1944  | 1945  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
Burma  |  Burma Socialist Programme Party  | Burmese Way to Socialism | 1962  | 1988  | 26 years, 200 days  | Asia
Republic of Burundi  |  Union for National Progress  | Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests  | 1974  | 1992  | 17 years, 246 days  | Africa
Byelorussia  | Communist Party of Byelorussia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1920  | 1922  | 2 years, 152 days  | Europe
Cambodia (Sangkum era)  | Sangkum  | Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism | 1955  | 1970  | 14 years, 361 days  | Asia
Kampuchea  | Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party  | Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism | 1979  | 1989  | 10 years, 114 days  | Asia
Republic of Cameroon  | Cameroonian National Union  | Big tent | 1966[28] | 1985  | 18 years, 204 days  | Africa
Cameroon  | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement  | Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia  | 1975  | 1990  | 15 years, 0 days  | Africa
Cape Verde  |  African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1981  | 5 years, 203 days  | Africa
Cape Verde  |  African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1981  | 1990  | 9 years, 251 days  | Africa
Carpatho-Ukraine | Ukrainian National Union[29] | Nationalism[30] | 1939[31] | 1939  | 60 days  | Europe
Central African Republic  | Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa  | African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism  | 1962  | 1980  | 18 years, 0 days  | Africa
Central African Republic  | Central African Democratic Union  | African nationalism, Republicanism | 1980  | 1981  | 1 year, 185 days  | Africa
Central African Republic  | Central African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism | 1987  | 1991[32] | 4 years, 75 days  | Africa
Chad  | Chadian Progressive Party  | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism | 1962  | 1973  | 10 years, 355 days  | Africa
Chad  | National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution  | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism | 1973  | 1975  | 2 years, 7 days  | Africa
Chad  | National Union for Independence and Revolution | Nationalism | 1984  | 1990  | 6 years, 162 days  | Africa
Guangzhou  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism  | 1927  | 1927  |  | Asia
Hunan  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism  | 1927  | 1927  |  | Asia
Jinggang  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism  | 1927  | 1928  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
Southwest Jiangxi  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism  | 1930  | 1931  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
Chinese Soviet Republic  |  Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism  | 1931  | 1937  | 5 years, 319 days  | Asia
Xinjiang  | People's Anti-Imperialist Association  | Six Great Policies  | 1935  | 1942  | 6 years, 243 days  | Asia
Republic of China[note 1]/Taiwan  |  Kuomintang  | Tridemism | Template:DTS | Template:DTS | 62 years, 14 days  | Asia
Yan'an  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism  | 1937  | 1949  | 12 years, 0 days  | Asia
Comoros  | Comorian Union for Progress  | Nationalism | 1982  | 1990  | 8 years, 0 days  | Africa
People's Republic of the Congo  | Congolese Party of Labour  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1969  | 1992  | 23 years, 47 days  | Africa
Tinoquista Costa Rica  | Peliquista Party  | Nationalism, Personalism, Authoritarianism | 1917  | 1919  | 2 years, 197 days  | North America
Template:Country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovakia  |  Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front)  | Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism | 1948  | 1989  | 41 years, 278 days  | Europe
Dahomey  | Dahomeyan Unity Party  | African nationalism, Republicanism | 1961  | 1963  | 2 years, 216 days  | Africa
Danzig  |  Nazi Party | Nazism | 1937[33][34] | 1939  | 1 year, 315 days  | Europe
Djibouti  | People's Rally for Progress  | Issa interests  | 1981  | 1992  | 10 years, 339 days  | Africa
Dominican Republic  | Dominican Party  | Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism, Antihaitianismo  | 1931  | 1961  | 30 years, 148 days  | North America
East Germany |  Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1949  | 1950  | 174 days  | Europe
East Germany |  Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1950  | 1989  | 39 years, 246 days  | Europe
Egypt  | Liberation Rally  | Egyptian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism | 1953  | 1957  | 4 years, 0 days  | Africa
Egypt  | National Union  | Nasserism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism | 1957  | 1962  | 5 years, 0 days  | Africa
Egypt  | Arab Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism | 1961  | 1976  | 15 years, 0 days  | Africa
Egypt  | National Democractic Party  | Egyptian nationalism, Big-Tent, Neo-liberalism | 1976  | 2011  | 35 years, 0 days  | Africa
El Salvador  |  National Pro Patria Party  | Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy | 1933  | 1944  | 11 years, 0 days  | Central America
Equatorial Guinea  | United National Workers' Party  | African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism, Totalitarianism | 1970  | 1979  | 9 years, 49 days  | Africa
Equatorial Guinea  | Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea  | African nationalism, Militarism | 1987  | 1991  | 4 years, 36 days  | Africa
Eritrea  |  Eritrean People's Liberation Front  | Left-wing nationalism | 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

| 1994  | 3 years, 0 days  | Africa
Estonia  | Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution)  | Estonian nationalism, Personalism | 1935  | 1940  | 5 years, 134 days  | Europe
Estonia  | Communist Party of Estonia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1940  | 1940  | 19 days  | Europe
Ethiopia  | Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1984  | 1987  | 2 years, 163 days  | Africa
Ethiopia  |  Workers' Party of Ethiopia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1987  | 1991  | 4 years, 65 days  | Africa
Gabon  | Gabonese Democratic Party  | Conservatism | 1968  | 1990  | 22 years, 71 days  | Africa
Georgia  | Communist Party of Georgia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1921  | 1922  | 1 year, 308 days  | Asia
Transcaucasia | Communist Party of Georgia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1922  | 1922  | 293 days  | Asia
Nazi Germany |  National Socialist German Workers' Party | Nazism | 1933  | 1945  | 11 years, 313 days  | Europe
Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories  |  National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands  | Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism | 1941  | 1945  | 3 years, 143 days  | Europe
Ghana  | Convention People's Party  | Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1964  | 1966  | 2 years, 24 days  | Africa
Grenada  | New Jewel Movement  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1979  | 1983  | 4 years, 226 days  | North America
Guatemala  | Progressive Liberal Party  | Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism | 1931  | 1944  |  | Central America
Guinea  | Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1984  |  | Africa
Guinea-Bissau  | African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1974  | 1991  |  | Africa
Haiti  |  National Unity Party  | Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism  | 1957  | 1985  | 28 years, 38 days  | North America
Hawaii  | Reform Party  | Americanisation, Annexationism  | 1894  | 1898  | 4 years, 39 days  | North America
Government of National Unity  |  Arrow Cross Party  | Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism  | 1944  | 1945  | 203 days  | Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary  |  Hungarian Working People's Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism | 1949  | 1956  | 7 years, 72 days  | Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary  | Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism | 1956  | 1989  | 32 years, 350 days  | Europe
Indonesia  | Indonesian National Party  | Nationalism, Marhaenism | 1945  | 1945  | 78 days  | Asia
Imperial State of Iran  | Rastakhiz Party  | Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position | 1975  | 1978  | 3 years, 244 days  | Asia
Iran  | Islamic Republican Party  | Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment  | 1981  | 1987  |  | Asia
Iraq  | Iraqi Arab Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism | 1964  | 1968  |  | Asia
Iraq  |  Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front)  | Saddamist Ba'athism  | 1968  | 2003  |  | Asia
Kingdom of Italy

* Libya

|  National Fascist Party

* Muslim Association of the Lictor

| Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism | 1928[35]

* 1939

| 1943  |  | Europe

* Africa

Italian Social Republic  |  Republican Fascist Party  | Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism | 1943  | 1945  |  | Europe
Ivory Coast  | Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1990  |  | Africa
Empire of Japan | Imperial Rule Assistance Association  | Shōwa statism | 1940  | 1945  |  | Asia
Philippine Executive Commission  |  Association for Service to the New Philippines  | Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism | 1942  | 1943  |  | Asia
Kampuchea  |  Communist Party of Kampuchea  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism | 1975  | 1982  |  | Asia
Kenya  | Kenya African National Union  | Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism | 1982  | 1991  |  | Africa
Independent State of Croatia  | Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement  | Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism | 1941  | 1945  |  | Europe
Latvia  | Communist Party of Latvia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1918  | 1920  |  | Europe
Latvia | Communist Party of Latvia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1940  | 1940  |  | Europe
Libya  | Arab Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism | 1971  | 1977  |  | Africa
Lithuania–Byelorussia | Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1919  | 1919  |  | Europe
Lithuania  |  Lithuanian Nationalist Union  | Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism | 1936[36] | 1940  |  | Europe
Lithuania  | Communist Party of Lithuania  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1940  | 1940  |  | Europe
Democratic Republic of Madagascar  | National Front for the Defense of the Revolution  | Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism | 1976  | 1989  |  | Africa
Malawi  | Malawi Congress Party  | Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism | 1964  | 1993  |  | Africa
Mali  | Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism  | 1960  | 1968  |  | Africa
Mali  | Democratic Union of the Malian People  | African socialism, Democratic centralism | 1976  | 1991  |  | Africa
Manchukuo  |  Concordia Association  | Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism | 1932[37] | 1945[37] |  | Asia
Mauritania  | Mauritanian People's Party  | Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism | 1961  | 1978  |  | Africa
Mexico  | Institutional Revolutionary Party  | Revolutionary nationalism, Big tent | Template:DTS | Template:DTS | 71 years, 120 days  | North America
Mongolia  | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1921  | 1990  |  | Asia
Mozambique  |  FRELIMO  | Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1990  |  | Africa
Niger  | Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1974  |  | Africa
Niger  | National Movement for the Development of Society  | Conservatism | 1989  | 1991  |  | Africa
Vietnam (partially)  |  Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought | 1945  |  | Asia
North Vietnam  | Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought | 1955  | 1976  |  | Asia
North Yemen  |  General People's Congress  | Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent | 1982  | 1988  |  | Asia
National Government  |  National Rally  | Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism  | 1940  | 1945  |  | Europe
Ottoman Empire  | Union and Progress Party[38] | İttihadism  | Template:DTS | 1918  |  | Asia/Europe
Paraguay  |  Colorado Party  | Conservatism, national conservatism | 1947  | 1962  |  | South America
Persia  | Communist Party of Persia  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1920  | 1921  |  | Asia
Republic of the Philippines  |  Association for Service to the New Philippines  | Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism | 1943  | 1945  |  | Asia
Poland  |  Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity)  | Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1947  | 1982  |  | Europe
Poland  |  Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth)  | Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1982  | 1989  |  | Europe
Portugal |  National Union  | Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano  | 1930[39] | 1945[39] |  | Europe
Portugal |  National Union  | Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano  | 1948[40] | 1969[note 2] |  | Europe
Portugal |  People's National Action (formerly National Union)  | Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano  | 1970  | 1974  |  | Europe
Romania |  Party of the Nation  | Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism  | 1938  | 1940  |  | Europe
National Legionary State  |  Iron Guard  | Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism | 1940  | 1941  |  | Europe
Romania |  Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1948  | 1968  |  | Europe
Romania |  Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism | 1968  | 1980  |  | Europe
Romania |  Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism | 1980  | 1989  |  | Europe
Rwanda  | Parmehutu  | Hutu Power | 1965  | 1973  |  | Africa
Rwanda  |  National Revolutionary Movement for Development  | Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism | 1978  | 1991  |  | Africa
San Marino  | Sammarinese Fascist Party  | Italian fascism, Corporatism | 1926  | 1943  |  | Europe
San Marino  | Republican Fascist Party of San Marino  | Italian fascism | 1943  | 1944  |  | Europe
Senegal  | Socialist Party of Senegal  | African nationalism, African socialism  | 1966  | 1974  |  | Africa
Seychelles  | Seychelles People's Progressive Front  | Communism, Marxism-Leninism  | 1977  | 1991  |  | Africa
Sierra Leone  | All People's Congress  | African nationalism, Democratic socialism | 1978  | 1991  |  | Africa
Slovak Republic |  Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity  | Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism  | 1939  | 1945  |  | Europe
Somalia  | Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party  | Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

| 1976  | 1991  |  | Africa
South Yemen  |  National Liberation Front  | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism | 1967  | 1978  |  | Asia
South Yemen  |  Yemeni Socialist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1978  | 1990  |  | Asia
Yemen  |  Yemeni Socialist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1994  | 1994  |  | Asia
Estonia  | Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections)  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1918  | 1919  | 188 days  | Europe
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russian Communist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1918[41] | 1922  | 4 years, 297 days  | Europe/Asia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russian Social Democratic Labour Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1918  | 1918[41] | 48 days  | Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Russian Communist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1922  | 1925[41] | 3 years, 1 day  | Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | All-Union Communist Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism | 1925[41] | 1952[41] | 26 years, 287 days  | Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Communist Party of the Soviet Union  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1952[41] | 1990[42] | 37 years, 361 days  | Europe/Asia
Kingdom of Spain  | Patriotic Union  | Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism | 1924  | 1930  |  | Europe
Spanish State  |  FET y de las JONS  | Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism | 1939  | 1976[43] |  | Europe
Democratic Republic of the Sudan  |  Sudanese Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism | 1971  | 1985  |  | Africa
Sudan  | National Congress Party  | Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism | 1989  | 2005  |  | Africa
Syrian Republic  | Arab Liberation Movement  | Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western  | 1953  | 1954  |  | Asia
Syria  |  Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front)  | Neo-Ba'athism | 1963  | 2012[44][45] |  | Asia
São Tomé and Príncipe  | Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1990  |  | Africa
Template:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964) |  Tanganyika African National Union  | African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa  | 1961  | 1977  |  | Africa
Tanzania  | Chama Cha Mapinduzi  | Ujamaa, African socialism  | 1977  | 1992  |  | Africa
Togo  | Party of Togolese Unity  | African nationalism  | 1962  | 1963  |  | Africa
Togo  | Rally of the Togolese People  | African nationalism, Right-wing populism | 1969  | 1991  |  | Africa
Tunisia  | Neo Destour  | Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism  | 1963  | 1964  |  | Africa
Tunisia  | Socialist Destourian Party  | Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism  | 1964  | 1981  |  | Africa
Turkey (one-party period)  |  Republican People's Party  | Kemalism | 1923  | 1945  |  | Asia/Europe
Turkmenistan  | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan  | Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party | 1992  | 2008  |  | Asia
Tuva |  Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1921  | 1944  |  | Asia
Uganda  |  Uganda People's Congress  | Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1969  | 1971  |  | Africa
Ukraine | Communist Party of Ukraine  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism | 1919  | 1922  |  | Europe
Template:Country data United Arab Republic | National Union  | Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism | 1958  | 1961  |  | Africa
Template:Country data Upper Volta Upper Volta  | Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism, Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1966  |  | Africa
Yugoslavia  | Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy  | Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism  | 1929  | 1931  |  | Europe
Yugoslavia  |  League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia)  | Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism  | 1945  | 1990  |  | Europe
Zaire  | Popular Movement of the Revolution | Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité  | 1970  | 1990  |  | Africa
Zambia  |  United National Independence Party  | African socialism, African nationalism  | 1972  | 1990  |  | Africa
Zanzibar  |  Afro-Shirazi Party  | African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism | 1964  | 1977  |  | Africa

## See also

* Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
* Dominant-party system
* List of political party songs
* Multi-party system
* Outline of democracy
* Political factionalism
* Political organisation
* Two-party system

## Notes

1. ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
2. ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.

## Further reading

* Angiolillo, Fabio (2023). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies". Journal of Peace Research

## References

1. ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012) (in en). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. pp. 611. ISBN 9781608716791. https://books.google.com/books?id=2KFvJwi8_jwC&pg=PA611.
2. ↑ Holmes, Geoffrey; and Szechi, D. (2014). The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN:131789426X. ISBN:978-1317894261.
3. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat’s Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time" (in en). End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
4. ↑ Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021) (in en). Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. Mehring Books. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-893638-97-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1MakzgEACAAJ.
5. ↑ Hanson, Stephen E. (2009), "The Contribution of Area Studies", The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics (1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd): pp. 159–174, doi:10.4135/9780857021083.n10, ISBN 9781412919760, http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857021083.n10, retrieved 2023-03-04
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (2010-05-01). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018-08-10). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336.
8. ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (2022-05-12). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 MALESKY, EDMUND; SCHULER, PAUL (2011-10-26). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x.
10. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902. http://worldcat.org/oclc/1202872902.
11. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902. http://worldcat.org/oclc/1202872902.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (2009-06-01). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
13. ↑ "One-Party States | Encyclopedia.com". https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/one-party-states.
14. ↑ "China" (in en), The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), 2023-01-26, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#government, retrieved 2023-02-05
15. ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3.
16. ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2018-07-17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44848184.
17. ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/laos/freedom-world/2020.
18. ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-korea.
19. ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile" (in en). 30 March 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam.
20. ↑ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "One-Party State". doi:10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100250211.
21. ↑ Ziemer, Klaus (1995), Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Bach, Daniel, eds., "The African One-Party State" (in en), State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence, St Antony’s/Macmillan Series (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK): pp. 97–105, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, ISBN 978-1-349-23826-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7, retrieved 2023-08-27
22. ↑ Mitchinson, Naomi (January 1984). "One party rule in Africa" (in en). The Round Table 73 (289): 38–44. doi:10.1080/00358538408453617. ISSN 0035-8533. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358538408453617.
23. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018-08-06) (in en). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-98848-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ.
24. ↑ "The Colorado Party & Stealth Authoritarianism: Today's el Stronato". https://www.democratic-erosion.com/2020/10/29/the-colorado-party-stealth-authoritarianism-todays-el-stronato/.
25. ↑ (in en) Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=X0CLyC39MEgC&pg=PA70.
26. ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/afghan1977.html.
27. ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X. https://books.google.com/books?id=aTyk_neEmg0C.
28. ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. https://journals.openedition.org/cea/533.
29. ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph. Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/30834/1/SENSE_Carpathian Ukraine.pdf.
30. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПАРТІЙНОЇ МОНОПОЛІЇ.pdf.
31. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПАРТІЙНОЇ МОНОПОЛІЇ.pdf.
32. ↑ Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993
33. ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book 40: 226–228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23602316.
34. ↑ Hepburn, A. (2004-04-07) (in en). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=81vNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56.
35. ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (1971-06-18) (in en). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70.
36. ↑ [https://cris.mruni.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/28fde780-25ce-44fa-bbba-7887e33ada25/content Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937]
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007) (in en). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136.
38. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat’s Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time" (in en). End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 12th Period - Second Republic of Portugal
40. ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988) (in en). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2sZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA29.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Henderson, Jane (2011-05-04) (in en). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gBncBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1.
42. ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003) (in en). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8mN6O0Hc-LYC&pg=PA222.
43. ↑ Law 21/1976, of 14 June, on the Right of Political Association.
44. ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403103.htm.
45. ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/27/syrian-rockets-bombard-homs.

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Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government

Forms|

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* Benevolent dictatorship
* Constitutional dictatorship
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* Counterintelligence state
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* Dictatorship
* Dominant-party state
* Mafia state
* Military dictatorship
* Ochlocracy
* One-party state
* Oligarchy
* Police state
* Theocracy
* Tsarist autocracy

Concepts|

* Authoritarian capitalism
* Authoritarian democracy
* Authoritarian socialism
* Despotism
* Enlightened absolutism
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* Imperialism
* Inverted totalitarianism
* Nazism
* Right-wing authoritarianism
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* Marxism–Leninism
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* Tyranny
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