Palestinian genocide allegations

Short description: none

Palestinian genocide accusation

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
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Top to bottom, left to right:

1. Bodies of victims of the Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon in 1982
2. Palestinian refugees leaving the Gaza Strip during the Nakba in 1948
3. A blood-stained shoe found in the classroom of a UN school targeted by an Israeli strike during the 2009 Gaza War
4. Palestinians under the rubble during the 2023 Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip

Location| Palestine (region)
Date| 1948–present
Target| Palestinians

Attack type

| Genocide, mass murder, forced displacement, ethnic cleansing, collective punishment, starvation
Victims| Casualties
Accused|  Israel

Template:Gaza genocide sidebar Since its foundation in 1948, Israel has been accused of carrying out genocide against Palestinians during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. A wide consensus of scholars have concluded that Israel's actions during the Gaza war since 2023 constitute genocide, although debate continues over whether Israel's treatment of Palestinians since the Nakba—prior to 2023—also constitutes genocide, and whether such actions are continuous or limited to specific periods or events. This treatment has also been characterised as "slow-motion genocide",[1][2] as well as a corollary or expression of settler colonialism and indigenous land theft.[3][4][5] Those who believe Israel's actions constitute genocide point to the entrenched anti-Palestinianism, anti-Arab racism, Islamophobia and genocidal rhetoric in Israeli society, and point to events such as the Nakba, the Sabra and Shatila massacre, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the 2014 Gaza War, and the 2023–present Gaza war as particularly pertinent genocidal episodes.[6][7] International law and genocide scholars have accused Israeli officials of using dehumanising language.[8][9]

On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice, alleging that Israel's conduct in Gaza during the 2023 war amounted to genocide.[10][11] South Africa asked the ICJ to issue provisional measures, including ordering Israel to halt its military campaign in Gaza.[10] The Israeli government agreed to defend itself at the ICJ proceedings, while also denouncing South Africa's actions as "disgraceful" and accusing it of abetting "the modern heirs of the Nazis".[12] South Africa's case has been supported by a number of countries.[13] On 26 January 2024, the ICJ issued a preliminary ruling finding that the claims in South Africa's filing were "plausible" and issued an order to Israel requiring them to take all measures within their power to prevent acts of genocide and to allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.[14] Israel and the United States have rejected the assertion that the former is engaging in genocide.[15][16] While some scholars describe Palestinians as victims of genocide, others argue that what took place was ethnic cleansing,[17][18][19] politicide, spaciocide, cultural genocide or similar.[20][21][lower-alpha 1] Some critics of the accusation have argued that charges of Israel committing genocide are commonly made by anti-Zionists with the aim of delegitimising or demonising Israel.[25]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 20th century
* 1.1.1 Nakba
* 1.1.2 Naksa
* 1.1.3 Sabra and Shatila massacre
* 1.2 21st century
* 1.2.1 Second Intifada
* 1.2.2 Blockade of Gaza
* 1.2.3 2008 Gaza War
* 1.2.4 2014 Gaza War
* 1.2.5 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 1.2.6 Gaza genocide
* 1.2.6.1 Forcible population transfer
* 1.3 West Bank violence
* 2 Debate
* 2.1 Conceptions of genocide
* 2.2 Allegations and legal cases
* 2.3 Academic debate
* 2.3.1 Debate on pre-2023 events
* 2.3.2 Debate on post-2023 events
* 2.4 Legal debate
* 2.4.1 Before 2023
* 2.4.2 Since 2023
* 2.4.2.1 South Africa's genocide case against Israel
* 2.4.2.2 Nicaragua v. Germany (Genocide Convention)
* 2.5 Political perspectives
* 2.6 Cultural discourse
* 3 Rhetoric
* 3.1 From Israeli officials
* 3.2 From American officials since 2023
* 4 Responses to the accusation
* 5 Victims
* 5.1 Deaths
* 5.1.1 During the Gaza war
* 5.2 Displacement
* 6 Alleged international complicity since 2023
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 9.1 Footnotes
* 9.2 Works cited
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## History

### 20th century

#### Nakba

Women carrying bags while walking with men and children1948 expulsion of the Tantura women and children to Furaydis

Template:Nakba

The Nakba was the violent displacement and dispossession of the Palestinian people, along with the destruction of their society, culture, identity, political rights, and national aspirations.[26] The Nakba began during the 1948 Palestine war; the term ongoing Nakba has been used to describe the continued persecution and displacement of Palestinians by Israel throughout the Palestinian territories.[27] Palestinians continued to be expelled after the war, and more Palestinian towns and villages were destroyed, with new Israeli settlements established in their place.[28] Israel has been accused of carrying out forced displacement (ethnic cleansing),[29][30][31] looting,[32] psychological warfare,[33][34] and rape and sexual violence during the Nakba.[35]

During the foundational events of the Nakba in 1948, dozens of massacres targeting Arabs were conducted and about 400 Arab-majority towns and villages were depopulated.[36] Many of these areas were either completely destroyed or repopulated by Jewish residents and given new Hebrew names. Approximately 750,000[31] Palestinian Arabs (about half of Palestine's Arab population) fled from their homes or were expelled by Zionist militias and later the Israeli army.[37]

In 2010, historians Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov debated whether the 1948 Nakba should be regarded as a genocide, with Shaw arguing that it could and with Bartov disagreeing.[38][39] Daud Abdullah, the former Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, has said: "Given the declared intent of the Zionist leaders, this wholesale destruction and depopulation of Palestinian villages fit[s] easily with the definition of genocide as cited in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide."[40][41] Australian historian John Docker has also argued that the Nakba is a case of genocide.[42][43] Several scholars have written that Palestinians suffered ethnic cleansing during the Nakba, but that they did not consider the event to have been genocide.[lower-alpha 2]

#### Naksa

Academic Clare Brandabur includes the Naksa (known as the 1967 Palestinian exodus) in the actions conducted by Israel that show a pattern that seeks the "destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group".[50] This view is supported by later academics as well.[51] The Naksa was the expulsion of around 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians during and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, including the razing of numerous Palestinian villages.[52][53][54]

#### Sabra and Shatila massacre

Memorial for the dead killed in the massacre in Sabra, South Beirut

In September 1982, between 460 and 3,500 civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shia Muslims—were killed in Beirut's Sabra neighborhood and in the adjacent Shatila refugee camp during the Lebanese Civil War.[55] The killings were carried out by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon at the time. Between the evening of 16 September and the morning of 18 September, the Lebanese militia carried out the killings while the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had the Palestinian camp surrounded.[56] The IDF had ordered the militia to clear out the fighters of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Sabra and Shatila as part of a larger Israeli maneuver into western Beirut. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities being committed, but did not take any action to stop it.[57][58]

On 16 December 1982, the United Nations General Assembly condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[59][60][61] The voting record[62][63][64] on section D of Resolution 37/123 was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The delegate for Canada stated: "The term genocide cannot, in our view, be applied to this particular inhuman act".[64] The delegate of Singapore – voting 'yes' – added: "My delegation regrets the use of the term 'an act of genocide' ... [as] the term 'genocide' is used to mean acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." Canada and Singapore questioned whether the General Assembly was competent to determine whether such an event would constitute genocide.[64] The Soviet Union, by contrast, asserted that: "The word for what Israel is doing on Lebanese soil is genocide. Its purpose is to destroy the Palestinians as a nation."[65] The Nicaragua delegate asserted: "It is difficult to believe that a people that suffered so much from the Nazi policy of extermination in the middle of the twentieth century would use the same fascist, genocidal arguments and methods against other peoples."[65] The United States commented that "While the criminality of the massacre was beyond question, it was a serious and reckless misuse of language to label this tragedy genocide as defined in the 1948 Convention".[64] William Schabas, director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland,[66] stated: "the term genocide ... had obviously been chosen to embarrass Israel rather than out of any concern with legal precision".[64]

File:Martyr's square shatila.jpgMartyr's Square is a site in Shatila refugee camp where one of the mass executions took place during the Sabra and Shatila massacre, as well as burial grounds for some of the victims.

That same year an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride investigated reported violations of International Law by Israel and four of its six members concluded that "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights and identity of the Palestinian people amount[ed] to genocide".[67][68] In its conclusion, the commission recommended "that a competent international body be designed or established to clarify the conception of genocide in relation to Israeli policies and practices toward the Palestinian people".[69] David Hirst believes that while the decision of the U.N. General Assembly could still be called biased, it was harder to say the same about the McBride Commission, as well as about individuals around the world, especially Jews, who shared the opinion of its four members.[70]

The massacre was also investigated by the Israeli Kahan Commission. The commission concluded that although no Israelis were directly involved in the killings, a number of Israeli government ministers and military were indirectly responsible. They should have taken into account the sentiments of their Lebanese allies after their leader Bachir Gemayel had been assassinated along with 26 other Phalangists in a bomb attack 2 days earlier,[71] and also have taken decisive action to stop the killings when the first information was received.[72] The commission's findings were reluctantly accepted by the Israeli government, amid violent, rival, pro- and anti-government protests.[73]

In interviews with film director Lokman Slim in 2005, some of the fighters of the Lebanese Christian militias reported that, prior to the massacre, the IDF took them to training camps in Israel and showed them documentaries about the Holocaust.[74] The Israelis told the Lebanese fighters that the same would happen to them too, as a minority in Lebanon, if the fighters did not take action against the Palestinians.[74] The film was called "Massaker", it featured six perpetrators of the Sabra and Shatila massacre, and it was awarded the Fipresci Prize at the 2005 Berlinale.[75]

### 21st century

#### Second Intifada

At the UN-backed 2001 Durban Conference Against Racism, the majority of delegates approved a declaration that accused Israel of being a "racist apartheid state" guilty of "war crimes, acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing". Reed Brody, the then-executive director of Human Rights Watch, criticised the declaration, arguing that "Israel has committed serious crimes against Palestinian people but it is simply not accurate to use the word genocide", while Claudio Cordone, a spokesman for Amnesty International, stated that "[w]e are not ready to make the assertion that Israel is engaged in genocide".[76]

During the 2002 battle of Jenin, numerous Palestinian officials,[77] as well as a British forensics expert who entered the camp as part of an Amnesty International team, accused the Israel Defense Forces of carrying out a massacre of Palestinian civilians numbering in the 100s at the Jenin refugee camp in the West Bank.[78] A. N. Wilson, a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent, wrote that "we are talking here of massacre, and a cover-up, of genocide",[79] while Yasmin Alibhai-Brown called for Ariel Sharon to be tried for crimes against humanity.[80] Subsequent investigations by Human Rights Watch and the United Nations confirmed that there had been no massacre, but accused Israel of committing war crimes.[81][82]

#### Blockade of Gaza

File:Israeli blockade of gaza by latuff2-375x239.jpgCartoon by Carlos Latuff depicting the consequences of Israel's blockade on Gaza in 2010[83]

The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by Israel date to the early 1990s.[84] After Hamas took over in 2007, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete blockade on the movement of goods and people in and out of the Gaza Strip.[85] In the same year, Egypt closed the Rafah Border Crossing.[86] Many protestors across the globe called the blockade an act of genocide,[87][88] with the Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez recalling Venezuela's ambassador in Israel and calling Israel's attacks "genocide".[89]

Israeli New Historian Ilan Pappé has argued that genocide "is the only appropriate way to describe what the Israeli army is doing in the Gaza Strip".[90][91] In his 2017 book, Ten Myths About Israel, Pappé wrote: "Israel's claim that its actions since 2006 have been part of a self-defensive war against terror. I will venture to call ... an incremental genocide of the people of Gaza."[92][93] In an article written in 2023 in the International Journal of Human Rights, Mohammed Nijim voiced his belief "that Israeli policies that were enacted after the introduction of the Blockade of the Gaza Strip amount[ed] to slow-motion genocide",[94] following previous descriptions of Israel's treatment of Palestinians as a "slow-motion genocide".[95][96] This is in line with Uğur Ümit Üngör's application of Lemkin's description of genocide as the "imposition of the national pattern" as being "genocidal as incremental forms of slow violence."[97] Through the period of the blockade various other commentators from political and news organisations have labelled the blockade variously as genocide and sociocide.[98][99][100] The 2007 blockade has continued since its implementation.[101][102][103]

#### 2008 Gaza War

File:A Palestinian baby killed by the IDF.jpgThe charred body of a Palestinian baby killed in an Israeli strike then run over by a tank during the 2008–2009 Israel-Gaza conflict

The 2008 Gaza War, also known as 'Operation Cast Lead'[104] and the 'Gaza Massacre',[105][106][107] was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinian paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 with a unilateral ceasefire. The conflict resulted in 1,166–1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths.[108] Over 46,000 homes were destroyed in Gaza, making more than 100,000 people homeless.[109]

A six month long ceasefire between Israel and Hamas ended on 4 November, when the IDF made a raid into Deir al-Balah, central Gaza to destroy a tunnel, killing several Hamas militants.[110] Israel said the raid was a preemptive strike and Hamas intended to abduct further Israeli soldiers,[111][112] while Hamas characterized it as a ceasefire violation,[111][112] and responded with rocket fire into Israel.[113][114] Attempts to renew a truce between Israel and Hamas were unsuccessful. On 27 December, Israel began Operation Cast Lead with the stated aim of stopping rocket fire.[115][116]

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that there was "massive destruction of livelihoods and a significant deterioration of infrastructure and basic services", with 80% of the population no longer being able to support themselves and were dependent on humanitarian assistance.[117] The International Red Cross said the situation was "intolerable" and a "full blown humanitarian crisis".[118] The United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict found that Israel, at least in part, targeted the people of Gaza as a whole.[119]

American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle and historian Ilan Pappé both consider Israel's actions against Gaza in the 2008 Gaza War to be genocidal.[120]

#### 2014 Gaza War

File:20140805 beit hanun8.jpgRuins of buildings in Beit Hanoun, August 2014

The 2014 Gaza War, also referred to as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip.[6][121] Al-Haq, a Palestinian Human Rights organization, concluded in a report that serious violations of international law were committed in the course of the 2014 Israeli offensive against Gaza. The organization, along with other Palestinian human rights organizations the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and Addameer, submitted a legal file to the International Criminal Court encouraging it to begin an investigation and prosecution into the crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the course of Israel's 2014 Gaza offensive. The crime of genocide was referenced as an Israeli crime by these groups.[122] Additionally, dozens of Holocaust survivors, along with hundreds of descendants of Holocaust survivors and victims, accused Israel of "genocide" for the deaths of more than 2,000 Palestinians in Gaza during the 2014 Gaza War.[122][123][124] In a September statement to the United Nations, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas stated that the war amounted to a genocidal crime.[125] Political analyst and diplomat Abukar Arman drew parallels between what he called the "genocide in Palestine" and the Darfur genocide, highlighting what he believes to be political motives for the international community labelling Darfur a genocide, but not Palestine.[126]

#### 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, a video circulated on social media showing Israelis celebrating at the Western Wall, whilst a tree near the Al-Aqsa Mosque burns in the background. A large crowd of Israeli Jews gathered around a fire near the mosque on 10 May, chanting yimakh shemam, a Hebrew curse meaning "may their names be erased". IfNotNow co-founder and B'Tselem USA director Simone Zimmerman criticized them as exhibiting "genocidal animus towards Palestinians — emboldened and unfiltered".[127][128] The Intercept described the video as "unsettling" and an example of "ultranationalist frenzy". Ayman Odeh, a member of the Knesset for the Joint List, said the video was "shocking".[128]

In an opinion survey of American Jews, commissioned by the Jewish Electorate Institute following the 2021 crisis, 22 percent agreed that "Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians,"[129] and Matt Boxer in The Forward noted that the poll may have underestimated the percentage of American Jews who have a critical view of Israel because it undercounted secular Jews, who tend to be less attached to Israel.[130] Conversely, the accusation of genocide during this period was rejected as "ridiculous" and "baseless" by several Jewish and Israeli human rights lawyers, including some who had accused Israel of apartheid.[16]

#### Gaza genocide

Main article: Social:Gaza genocide

This section is an excerpt from Gaza genocide[ edit ]

Israel has been accused of attacking Palestinians using collective punishment,[131][132] forced displacement (ethnic cleansing),[133] airstrikes (including in refugee camps),[134][135][136] famine,[137][138][139] and rape and sexual violence since October 2023,[140] as well as the deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military siege.[141]

##### Forcible population transfer

Israel's evacuation order was characterized as a forcible population transfer by Jan Egeland, the Norwegian former diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[142] A "forcible transfer" is the forced relocation of a civilian population as part of an organized offense against it and is considered a crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[143] In an interview with the BBC, Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva Convention is a war crime."[142] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[144] Raz Segal, an Israeli historian and director of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies program at Stockton University, termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[145] A leaked policy paper from the Israeli Ministry of Intelligence, a junior ministry that conducts research but does not set policy, suggested a permanent expulsion of the population of Gaza into Egypt, which has been described as an endorsement of ethnic cleansing; the Israeli government downplayed the report as a hypothetical "concept paper".[146][147] Transfer is a topic of discussion and disagreement within Israel's government with some expressly calling for permanent expulsion of Palestinians from Gaza.[148]

A March 2025, report by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights accused Israel of sexual violence and "genocidal acts", concluding it had committed the crime against humanity of extermination.[149][150][151]

### West Bank violence

During the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Israel and settlers have committed violence against Palestinians, forcibly displacing and killing them.[152][153] A Palestinian activist said that the settler violence was the "tip of the iceberg" of the system that he described as genocidal and apartheid.[154] During the Gaza war, settler violence and Israeli raids heavily increased.[153] Eitay Mack, an Israeli human rights activist, wrote in the Middle East Eye that the Huwara rampage constituted a pogrom and incitement to genocide.[155] The Adalah Justice Project similarly said that Israeli officials' rhetoric before the attack was genocidal.[156] The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention stated that Israeli actions in the West Bank during the war were genocide.[157] UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese has detailed how the actions of Israel in the West Bank mirror those that have occurred in Gaza, seeking to ethnically cleanse the territory and that this "amounts to a genocidal campaign to erase Palestinians as a people".[158]

## Debate

### Conceptions of genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people[lower-alpha 3] in whole or in part. The term was coined and first defined in the 1940s by legal scholar, Raphael Lemkin.[160][161] It is legally defined in the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948.[162][163] Academics define it in a range of ways.[164][165]

According to Yair Auron, from 1948 to 2008, researchers did not analyse the Israel–Palestine conflict in terms of the concept of genocide, but discussion subsequently began. In 2017 Auron stated that he expected increasing discussion over time regarding the concept of a Palestinian genocide.[166][clarification needed]

### Allegations and legal cases

Allegations have been made against Israel in relation to the five acts mentioned in the UN Convention at various times:

* Israel has been accused of killing Palestinians. In South Africa's suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, prosecutors recognised the mass killing of Palestinians in Gaza since 2023.

* Israel has been accused of causing Palestinians serious bodily and mental harm. Among the attack types utilised by Israel against the Palestinians are psychological warfare during the Nakba,[167][34] and rape and sexual violence during the Nakba and the Gaza war.[35][140]
* Israel has been accused of imposing living conditions intended to destroy Palestinians as a group.[141] Following the Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982, an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride investigated reported violations of International Law by Israel and four of its six members concluded that "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights and identity of the Palestinian people amount[ed] to genocide".[67][68] The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal, a 'citizens' tribunal', in 2013 found Israel guilty of genocide for actions taken over the previous 67 years, agreeing with the prosecution that the "harsh conditions of life were deliberately inflicted to destroy" Palestinians.[168]
* Israel has been accused of preventing Palestinian births in the Gaza Strip since 2023. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights alleges that Israeli measures have been intended to prevent births. It lists such measures as: "lack of protection from military attacks, poor health services and unsafe access to healthcare, restricted access to adequate food and dire living conditions elevating risks during pregnancy." It notes that "[a]ll these violations have increased miscarriages among pregnant women, preterm labors and stillbirths while many of them fear maternal mortality or stillbirth due to lack of healthcare and ignoring their special needs."[169] In South Africa's suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, prosecutors noted the Israeli imposition of measures preventing Palestinian births through the destruction of essential health services vital for the survival of pregnant women and their babies. The suit read that all of such actions were "intended to bring about their [Palestinians] destruction as a group".[170]
* Israel has been accused of forcibly transferring children from Palestinian groups. Independent organisation Defence for Children International - Palestine (DCIP) has stated that since 2000, the Israeli military has detained some 13,000 Palestinian children, almost all boys between the ages of 12 and 17.[171] Miranda Cleland, a DCIP advocacy officer, stated: "Everywhere a Palestinian child turns, there is the Israeli military to exert some kind of control over their life". Based on collected affidavits from 766 children detained between 2016 and 2022, DCIP found approximately 59% had been abducted by soldiers at night. 75% of children were subjected to physical violence and 97% were interrogated without a family member or lawyer present. One quarter are placed in solitary confinement for two or more days even before the beginning of a trial.[171] Palestinian human rights group Addameer has concluded that throwing stones is the most frequent charge against Palestinian minors detained in the West Bank, punishable by up to 20 years in prison under Israeli military law.[171] The Geneva-based Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor notes that the Israeli army has abducted Palestinian children and transferred them out of Gaza. It stated: "Numerous testimonies that the rights group has received say that the Israeli army regularly detains and transfers Palestinian children without disclosing their whereabouts".[172]

### Academic debate

According to a May 2024 report by the University Network for Human Rights, "actions taken by Israel's government and military in and regarding Gaza following the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, constitute breaches of the international law prohibitions on the commission of genocide."[173] Human rights lawyer Susan Akram, commenting on the report and on the resistance to labeling Israel's actions as genocide, said, "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza".[174]

#### Debate on pre-2023 events

In 2010, political science professor Martin Shaw argued that the elimination of the majority of Palestinian Arab society in Israel in 1948 constituted genocide.[166] Shaw opined that the scope of genocide is not restricted to human annihilation, instead he recommends an "international historical perspective" that focuses on the aims of genocide and defines "genocidal violence" as widespread destructive measures aimed at civilians.[175] With the broadened definition of genocide, Shaw contends that the 1948 Nakba was partially genocidal with regard to Palestinian society: with "specific genocidal thrusts developed situationally and incrementally, through local as well as national decisions ... a partly decentered, networked genocide, developing in interaction with the Palestinian and Arab enemy, in the context of war".[175] Shaw further detailed this in 2013, in the context of arguments that since a relatively low number of Palestinian Arabs were killed in the Nakba compared to those expelled it could not be considered a genocide, where Shaw draws on Lemkin's definitions of societal destruction being the definition of genocide, which does not necessitate the annihilation of individuals in the group, and points to how this is the more common form of genocide observed in the literature.[161] In response to Shaw's 2010 article, psychologist and genocide scholar Israel Charny detailed how he believed Israel's actions in the Nakba were ethnic cleansing and involved genocidal massacres, it was overall genocide.[44]

In 2010, in considering the case of Palestinians in Gaza, historian and sociologist Uğur Ümit Üngör pointed to the extreme asymmetrical nature of violent conflict as the core element of genocidal dynamics, which he found present in the history of Israel and Palestine.[176]

Human rights scholars Haifa Rashed and Damien Short have voiced their belief that Lemkin's original concept of genocide can be used to analyse "the historical and continuing, cultural and physical, destructive social and political relations involved in the Israel/Palestine conflict".[177] In a separate publication, Rashed, Short, and John Docker argued that the conflict did not receive enough attention in the field of genocide studies, as the academic "field fears Zionist intimidation and ad hominem attack".[178] The trio raised the possible argument of the ongoing "Zionist project as a structural settler-colonial genocide against the Palestinian people".[178] The trio stated: "Discriminatory land and planning policies" could be viewed using the lens of a government repressing "minority rights" of Palestinian Israelis, but this "does not preclude individual victims experiencing this as genocidal".[178] This conception has also been supported by other academics.[50][179][180] Historian Lawrence Davidson, in his book about cultural genocide, included a chapter about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[181]

Some academics who support the case of genocide view the treatment of Palestinians by Israel over the past century as moving between repressive and destructive policies, with Rosemary Sayigh describing it as a continuing state of repression punctuated with "spasms of genocidal violence".[182][183]

Michael Sfard, an Israeli human rights lawyer who argued on behalf of Yesh Din that Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, said in 2021 that Israel's policy against the Palestinians did not meet the genocide threshold and the accusation cheapened the concept.[184][185]

Political sociologist Ronit Lentin wrote in 2010 that the 1948 Nakba was not "genocide", but ethnic cleansing or "spaciocide".[186] Derek Penslar, a professor of Israel Studies at the University of Oxford, opined in 2013 that Palestinians suffered "ethnic cleansing" during the Nakba, but "not a genocide", as Penslar said that the latter "means that you wipe out a people";[47] Rashed, Short, and Docker wrote that "Penslar mistakenly interprets the concept of genocide."[187]

Earlier, historian Ilan Pappé in 2006 and genocide scholar Mark Levene in 2007 both stated that the Nakba in 1948 was "ethnic cleansing", without stating that it was "genocide", with Levene stating that Pappé's research on the Nakba "demands the attention of readers and researchers engaged with the subject of genocide and its suboptimal variants", with the Nakba being "of ongoing relevance – just as much as the Armenian genocide".[19] John Docker argued in 2010 that while Pappé does not label the Nakba as a genocide, when reviewing the evidence and argumentation presented in Pappé's 2006 book The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, it aligns with Lemkin's conceptualisation of genocide.[188] Pappé would in 2006 and 2007 describe the killings of Palestinians by Israel in Gaza during 2006 as "genocide",[91] and in 2009 he described the 2009 Gaza War as "genocide", decrying that the "genocidal operations" are being treated as "unconnected to anything that happened in the past and not associated with any ideology or system".[24] Pappé in 2013 cited a speech by Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres that year as having failed to recognize the existence of Palestinians in the history of Israel, which to Pappé "is the point where ethnic cleansing becomes genocidal. When you are eliminated from the history book and the discourse of the top politicians".[189]

Political scientist Ian Lustick in 2006 described the Nakba as "the expulsion of Palestinians from their homes and refusal to allow them to return", and stated that "It was a tragic and unjust and opportunistically accelerated unfolding of the logic of circumstances, not a genocidal campaign."[190] Patrick Wolfe, in a 2006 article analyzing the relationship and differences between settler colonialism and genocide, discussed the example of Palestinians who "threw rocks [at Israelis] and died for their efforts", and further described Palestinians as becoming "more and more dispensable", with Gaza and the West Bank becoming increasingly like Indian reservations or even like the Warsaw Ghetto.[191][192]

File:1948 Arab-Israeli War 997008137024705171.jpgPalestinian men, behind barbed wire fence, before being expelled. Ramle, 10 July 1948

Nur Masalha in 2012 argued that the Nakba was both "politicide" ("dissolution of the Palestinian people's existence as a legitimate social, political and economic entity") and "cultural genocide" ("destruction and elimination of the cultural pattern of a group, including language, local traditions, ... monuments, place names, landscape, historical records ... in brief, the shrines of the soul of a nation"), with strategies for "de-Arabisation of the land" including new Hebrew names for places replacing Palestinian names, and planting forests over destroyed Palestinian villages.[193]

Yair Auron in 2017 analyzed the 1948 Nakba using the definition of genocide from the 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention (as any other definition would result in "complete chaos" according to Auron), concluding that "Israel committed ethnic cleansing but not a genocide", thus arguing that the underlying aim of the Nakba was not to kill Palestinians, but to "get rid of them, and in doing so, [the Israelis] commit massacres", noting the expulsion of people from over 400 villages.[166] According to Auron, ethnic cleansing is one of the "elements of genocide", though "not an act of genocide".[166] Auron differentiates massacres in genocides as being "part of the comprehensive plan", while massacres in ethnic cleansing are "localized and usually stem from hatred or vengeance".[166] Auron noted that the claim that the 1948 Nakba was genocide has been increasingly advanced by Palestinians, and is also promoted by some European and North American scholars.[166]

Auron argues that there are four main factors why he did not consider 1948 as a genocide against Palestinians: (1) the Arabs initiated the war, resulting in Israel experiencing "critical existential combat" for several weeks; (2) Israel had no "intention of annihilating" a social group; (3) generally, perpetrators of genocide have at least near-absolute force superiority, which Israel did not have; (4) despite "slurs", there was no "racist ideology" towards Palestinians, exemplified by Israeli groups like Hashomer living similarly to Bedouins.[166]

Bashir Bashir and Amos Goldberg in 2018 described the Nakba as part of "the same modern and global history of genocide and ethnic cleansing" as the Holocaust; although the events differed in "degree of murderousness", they shared a "common global framework of violence created by strong nationalism combined with imperial and colonial ideology and policies", with the Nakba involving the attempt to "de-Arabize and ethnic-cleanse Palestine".[194] Meanwhile, Alon Confino in 2018 contrasted the "genocide" of the Holocaust with the "ethnic cleansing" of the Nakba, describing the latter as aimed at "removing, not annihilating, an ethnic group".[195] Jerome Slater in 2020 described the Nakba as "ethnic cleansing" due to the "forced expulsions" of Palestinians, but also said that "no genocide" occurred due to around 150,000 Palestinians remaining in Israel at the end of the war, who "were allowed to remain there".[49]

Cary Nelson in 2019 stated that the notion of Israel having "engaged in genocide" was "unwarranted slander", and suggested that some people repeat it out of ignorance, just as those who repeated the blood libel about Jews poisoning the wells in Europe did. Nelson further described the accusation of Israel having "genocidal designs on Palestinians" as "false", and the accusation of Israel committing "incremental genocide" in Gaza as "malicious". Nelson described a phenomenon where academics "say publicly that Israel is a settler-colonialist, genocidal, racist, and apartheid state"; Nelson recommends that these allegations should be presented to higher education students "as debatable", instead of being "commonly" presented as facts.[196]

In a 2019 interview, Benny Morris stated that in his view, what happened to Palestinians in 1948 was not a genocide.[197] Morris had written in an earlier 2016 opinion article that the events of 1948 also did not amount to an ethnic cleansing.[198]

Marouf Hasian Jr. in 2020 stated the Nakba exemplified a situation where "empowered decisions-makers are reluctant to call some historical incidents colonial genocides", while "many Palestinian and other Arab writers" have compared the Nakba to "colonial genocides".[199] Hasian describes that some "Israelis worry that al-Nakba consciousness-raising threatens state legitimacy", while "many Israeli supporters" do not consider the Nakba as any form of genocide, instead arguing that there was "spontaneous Arab Palestinian fleeing that was based on calls from neighboring Arab nations".[199] Hasian concludes that "public deliberation, and political events" caused "so many" people to attempt to separate the 1948 Nakba from "the 'real' genocides".[199] Hasian further highlighted how restrictive "Auschwitz-centered, or Lemkin-like ways" of defining genocide was preventing consideration of the Nakba as genocide.[199]

Academics, such as Clare Brandabur and Mohammed Nijim, argue for considering not just specific events in the determination of whether Palestinians have been subjected to genocide, but for the totality of their treatment since at least the Nakba.[50][200] In Brandabur's article "Roadmap to Genocide", she argues that the sum of Israel's actions against Palestinians since the Nakba fit the definition of genocide as described by Lemkin in his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe.[50][201]

In 2024, historian Mark Levene labelled the mass destruction of infrastructure under Israel's Dahiya doctrine that had been implemented against Gaza since 2006, as urbicide and a tool of genocide.[202] In a 2024 academic article, historian Yoav Di-Capua charts a history of increasing genocidal ideology among Hardal, building on Kahanist ideology.[203] He identifies Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir as politicians who seek the adoption of the ideology of Hardal as national policy,[204] and pointing to an increasing presence of Hardalim among the officers and soldiers of the IDF.[205]

Palestinian legal scholar Rabea Eghbariah has argued in "Toward Nakba as a Legal Concept" for nakba to be understood as a legal concept on its own terms to describe the fragmented legal landscape Palestinians face as a consequence of Zionism and Israeli domination, with different yet overlapping elements including ethnic cleansing, apartheid, and genocide.[206]

#### Debate on post-2023 events

Main article: Social:Gaza genocide

In the context of the October 7 attacks, the Israeli counterattacks, and the imposed complete blockade, which included the denial of water and food to the civilian population, Israeli historian Raz Segal described it as a "textbook case of genocide" and connected it to the Nakba, the expulsion of Palestinians during the establishment of Israel in 1948.[207] With other academics also detailing Israel's attacks on infrastructure, food, and water as being genocidal in nature,[208][209][210] while others have described these actions as genocidal when Israel previously engaged in them prior to 2023.[211]

Following the outbreak of the Gaza war in 2023 after the October 7 attacks, Israeli Holocaust historian Omer Bartov warned that statements made by high-ranking Israeli government officials "could easily be construed as indicating a genocidal intent".[212] Bartov wrote that he believed that "there is no proof that genocide is currently taking place in Gaza", noting the distinctions between ethnic cleansing and genocide. However he called for "stop[ping] Israel from letting its actions become a genocide" and said that "[...] we may be watching an ethnic cleansing operation that could quickly devolve into genocide".[212] In February 2024, Bartov told Anadolu: "There seems to be intentional destruction of housing. There is destruction of places of worship, especially of mosques. There's destruction of universities and schools, which seems to be intentional. They can certainly come under war crimes, it can come under crimes against humanity, and it can come under genocide".[213]Template:Unreliable inline In April 2024, Amos Goldberg, professor of Holocaust History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, stated in an essay that: "Yes, it is genocide". He said: "It is so difficult and painful to admit it, but despite all that, and despite all our efforts to think otherwise, after six months of brutal war we can no longer avoid this conclusion."[214][lower-alpha 4]

Historian Yoav Di-Capua believes that politicians, such as Smotrich and Ben-Gvir, are using the Gaza war to implement a plan to have the ideology of Hardal adopted as national policy in Israel.[204]

### Legal debate

#### Before 2023

There has been longstanding legal debate on whether a case can be made that Israel has violated the Genocide Convention, with American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle, the professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, first suggesting that such a case should be brought to bear in 1998.[217][218][219] Boyle's argument is that Israel has "ruthlessly implemented a systematic and comprehensive military, political, and economic campaign with the intent to destroy in substantial part the national, ethnic, racial and different religious (Muslim and Christian) group" of Palestinians.[220]

The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal, a 'citizens' tribunal', in 2013 found Israel guilty of genocide for actions taken over the previous 67 years, agreeing with the prosecution that the "harsh conditions of life were deliberately inflicted to destroy" Palestinians.[168]

Ambulance destroyed in the neighborhood of Shuja'iyya in Gaza City during the 2014 Gaza War

The Russell Tribunal on Palestine, a 'people's tribunal', in response to the 2014 Gaza War held an extraordinary session where they determined Israel failed in its duties under the Genocide Convention to punish the direct crime of genocide and incitement to genocide.[221]

Stephen Sedley, writing in 2018 in the London Review of Books, discussed a trip organized by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office to Hebron to observe the Israeli army's treatment of Palestinian children, and wrote about how one of the first things they saw was graffiti on the door of a deserted Palestinian shop that said "Gas the Arabs". He remarked "Nobody, evidently, has a monopoly of genocidal abuse."[222]

Since 2021, there has been an ongoing investigation of war crimes in Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank conducted by the International Criminal Court (ICC).[223] On 9 November, Al Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, filed a lawsuit with the ICC, calling for the inclusion of Israeli crimes against humanity, namely apartheid and genocide, in their ongoing investigation and for the arrest of Benyamin Netanyahu, Isaac Herzog, Yoav Gallant and others suspected of committing these crimes.[164][224]

#### Since 2023

On 9 November 2023, three Palestinian civil rights groups filed a lawsuit against Israel with the International Criminal Court.[225] The groups charged Israel with war crimes, apartheid, and genocide, calling for the ICC to issue arrest warrants for significant Israeli officials.[225] On 13 November, Defence for Children International, Al-Haq, and Palestinians living in Gaza and the United States, represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights, filed a lawsuit against Joe Biden, Antony Blinken, and Lloyd Austin for failure to prevent genocide, citing Israel's "mass killings," targeting of schools and hospitals, collective punishment, use of chemical weapons, forced expulsion, and blockage of food, water, electricity and other basic needs.[226][227][228] The lawsuit seeks to enact an emergency order to end diplomatic and military aid to Israel for their international crimes.[229][226] On 22 November, Euro-Med Monitor urged the United Nations to constitute Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide, investigate crimes against humanity, and take action to prevent any more death or destruction.[230] On 22 December, Paula Gaviria Betancur, Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons (IDPs) warned that Israel's military operation in Gaza aimed to "deport the majority of the civilian population en masse" thus "repeating a long history of mass forced displacement of Palestinians by Israel".[231]

On 28 January 2024, a conference on resettling Gaza was attended by 11 cabinet ministers and 15 coalition members of the Israeli Knesset which, according to the Guardian "'appears to violate the international court of justice ruling last week that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to avoid acts of genocide in its war in Gaza, including the "prevention and punishment of genocidal rhetoric.'"[232]

In March 2024, the UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian territories, Francesca Albanese, issued a report stating that there were "reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating the commission" of acts of genocide had been met. Israel rejected the report.[233][234]

##### South Africa's genocide case against Israel

Stances of states on South Africa's genocide case against Israel:

South Africa

Countries that have supported South Africa's case

Countries that have opposed South Africa's case

Israel

In December 2023, South Africa became the first country to file a suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, accusing the state of committing genocide in Gaza in violation of the Genocide Convention.[170][235][236] South Africa stated that "acts and omissions by Israel ... are genocidal in character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent ... to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".[235][237] Genocidal actions listed in the suit included the mass killing of Palestinians in Gaza, the destruction of their homes, their expulsion and displacement,[lower-alpha 5] as well as the Israeli blockade on food, water and medical aid to the region. Additionally, South Africa noted the Israeli imposition of measures preventing Palestinian births through the destruction of essential health services vital for the survival of pregnant women and their babies. The suit read that all of such actions were "intended to bring about their [Palestinians] destruction as a group".[170] South Africa also asserts that statements made by Israeli officials, such as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, have displayed "genocidal intent".[170] A group of human rights organizations led by CODEPINK, World Beyond War, RootsAction and The People’s Forum supported South Africa in their suit.[239]

##### Nicaragua v. Germany (Genocide Convention)

On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Germany at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) under, inter alia, the Genocide Convention. These proceedings arose from Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.[240][241]: ¶ 16 [242] Imogen Saunders of the Australian National University wrote that Nicaragua's application was the "first ... to allege contribution to the act of genocide rather than the commission of the act itself".[243]

### Political perspectives

File:International recognition of Gaza genocide.svgPositions of national governments on whether Israel is committing genocide in the Gaza war:

Agree

Disagree

Unclear

Defer to the ICJ's advisory opinion in the case South Africa v. Israel

No data

Both Israel and Palestine frequently accuse the other of planning to commit genocide.[244][245]

In late 2023, various global leaders and officials voiced their perspectives on the Israel-Gaza conflict, with many labeling Israel's actions in Gaza as "genocide." Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian,[246] Pakistani Foreign Minister Jalil Abbas Jilani,[247] the Taliban,[248][249] Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,[250] Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro,[251] and the Kurdistan Communities Union were among those who condemned Israel's actions.[252][253] Palestinian-American U.S. Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib accused President Biden of supporting this "genocide,"[254] leading to a resolution for censure against her by the Republican caucus, sponsored by Marjorie Taylor Greene.[254] On 4 November, Tlaib released a video in which she directly accused President Biden of supporting "the genocide of the Palestinian people".[255][256] Craig Mokhiber from the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights resigned, criticizing the organization for its response to the Gaza war.[257][256] A day after Colombia withdrew its ambassador from Israel, President Gustavo Petro posted on X in Spanish: "It's called genocide, they do it to remove the Palestinian people from Gaza and take it over. The head of the state who carries out this genocide is a criminal against humanity. Their allies cannot talk about democracy."[258][259] Leaders from Turkey,[260] Brazil,[261] and Syria also condemned Israel's actions.[262]

The international response continued with various nations expressing strong condemnation. The Honduran ministry of foreign affairs stated "Honduras energetically condemns the genocide and serious violations of international humanitarian law that the civilian Palestinian population is suffering in the Gaza Strip".[263] South Africa recalled its diplomatic mission from Israel and criticized Israel's ambassador for disparaging those "opposing the atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government".[264] South African President Cyril Ramaphosa accused Israel of war crimes and acts "tantamount to genocide" in Gaza.[265] Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Al Sudani and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi labeled the conflict a "genocide."[266] Meanwhile, journalist Ishaan Tharoor highlighted that: "In protests around the world, in the corridors of the United Nations and in the angry chambers of social media, one word is getting louder and louder: genocide." with governments, UN rapporteurs, and scholars echoing this sentiment.[267] The same month Jeremy Corbyn, former leader of the UK Labour Party, called for an International Criminal Court investigation.[268]

UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and cited evidence including "increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to 'destroy the Palestinian people under occupation', loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure."[269]

Contrasting these views, Israel's Ambassador to the Philippines, Ilan Fluss, denied allegations of genocide, asserting Israel's efforts to minimize civilian casualties and target Hamas members.[270] US national security advisor John Kirby stated that applying the term "genocide" to Israeli actions was "inappropriate," while emphasizing Hamas' stated intent "What Hamas wants, make no mistake about it, is genocide," explaining "They want to wipe Israel off the map".[271][272]

In February 2024, law professor and United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, Michael Fakhri, accused the state of Israel of being "culpable" of genocide, as according to Fakhri, firstly "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian", and secondly Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying "small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza [...] We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children."[273]

### Cultural discourse

File:Gas the Arabs painted in Hebron.jpgGraffiti in Hebron, in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, calling for the gassing of Arabs, above a tag for the right-wing group the Jewish Defense League[274][275]

Statements of genocidal intent have long been a feature of the Israeli cultural landscape, not least in the chant or slogan of "Death to Arabs" – a regular invocation at far-right Israeli protests and marches, such at the annual march marking "Jerusalem Day".[276][277][278]

In 2023, several high-profile individuals and groups voiced strong opinions on the Israel-Gaza conflict, with some labelling Israel's actions as genocide. Writer Jazmine Hughes left The New York Times after signing an open letter condemning Israel's actions in Gaza calling them "an attempt to conduct genocide".[279][280] Musician Macklemore expressed his view that the conflict is a genocide at a rally in Washington.[281] Feminist scholars Angela Davis and Zillah Eisenstein, among nearly 150 other signatories, signed an open letter which reads "We will not be silent when the bells of genocide ring. Silence is complicity."[282] Mexican actress Melissa Barrera was reportedly fired from "Scream VII" for social media posts supporting Palestine and labelling Israel's actions as "genocide and ethnic cleansing".[283]

Russian-American author Masha Gessen when asked if what was happening in Gaza was a genocide said, "I think there are some fine distinctions between genocide and ethnic cleansing and I think that there are valid arguments for using both terms".[284] When pressed further they stated, "it is at the very least ethnic cleansing". This was followed soon after controversy surrounding Gessen's reception of the Hannah Arendt Prize over remarks in a New Yorker article critical of Israeli actions in the strip in which Gessen compared them to an Eastern European ghetto "being liquidated" by the Nazis.[285] In December 2023, Olly Alexander, set to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024,[286] signed a letter by the LGBT association Voices4London accusing Israel of genocide against Palestinians.[287] This stance led to condemnation from the Israeli government and the Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA), who asked the BBC to disallow Alexander's Eurovision participation. However, the BBC declined Israel's request, choosing not to sever ties with Alexander over his political views.[288]

## Rhetoric

### From Israeli officials

Those who have accused Israel of genocide have cited various statements made by Israeli government and military officials as evidence of intent to commit genocide. During the 2008–09 Gaza War, Israeli Defense Minister Matan Vilnai said: "The more Qassam [rocket] fire intensifies and the rockets reach a longer range, they will bring upon themselves a bigger Shoah because we will use all our might to defend ourselves." Colleagues said that his statement had meant "disaster" rather than "genocide".[289][290][291]

Scholars, such as Mark Levene,[292] Raz Segal, Luigi Daniele,[293] and Shmuel Lederman,[294] alongside news outlets such as AP News,[295] have highlighted the increasing genocidal rhetoric in Israeli discourse since Benjamin Netanyahu's 2015 prime ministership.[296] They specifically highlight comments from Bezalel Smotrich, Itamar Ben-Gvir, and Ayelet Shaked.[295][296][294] Levene applied A. Dirk Moses' analysis that "absolute securitization lends itself to collective targeting of human groups, more precisely civilians, regardless of issues of ethnos or genos."[297] Statements made by Israeli politicians during the 2023–24 Gaza War were cited by South Africa in its allegation at the International Court of Justice that Israel has committed genocide against the Palestinian people.[298]

On 28 October 2023, Netanyahu said Israelis were "committed to completely eliminating this evil from the world" and added: "You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember." The quotation refers to Deuteronomy 25:17 in the Hebrew Bible.[lower-alpha 6] Critics say Netanyahu's reference to Amalek alludes to an incident in 1 Samuel 15:3, in which God commands the Israelites to commit genocide against the Amalekites.[lower-alpha 7] Noah Lanard of Mother Jones described the Amalek verses as among the most violent in the Bible and said they have a long history of being used by Israelis on the far-right, such as Baruch Goldstein, to justify killing Palestinians.[302] Yair Rosenberg says the Deuteronomy verse refers to the need to remember an attack against the Jewish people.[301] NPR issued a correction to indicate that Netanyahu had added a citation to Deuteronomy, rather than Samuel, in his speech, but added: "Both stories call for the Israelites to completely eliminate their attackers. In the Book of Deuteronomy, the text reads 'blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven'."[303]

On 9 October 2023, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said Israel would launch a "complete siege" of Gaza, with plans to cut off electricity, food, water and fuel supplies, saying: "We are fighting human animals and will act accordingly."[304] Gallant's statements were criticized as expressing genocidal intent towards Palestinians, and of calling for collective punishment of Gazan civilians.[305][306][307][308] Israeli Minister of Finance Bezalel Smotrich stated that Israel had "returned Khan Yunis to the stone age".[309]

Other Israeli figures whose statements on the 2023 war have been cited by accusers include Ariel Kallner, a Knesset member for Likud, who said Israel's sole goal was "A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948",[307] and IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari, who said Israeli forces would turn Gaza into a "city of tents" with the focus on "damage and not on accuracy".[256] Amichay Eliyahu, a cabinet minister, and Tally Gotliv, a Likud parliament member, have called for Israel to use nuclear weapons on Gaza. Gotliv said: "It's time for a doomsday weapon. Not flattening a neighborhood. Crushing and flattening Gaza." Galit Distel-Atbaryan said that Israelis should focus on "Erasing all of Gaza from the face of the earth" and either forcing the Gazans into Egypt or killing them.[256] Raz Segal said statements such as these represented a "textbook case of genocide": "If this is not special intent to destroy, I don't know what is."[256] Anshel Pfeffer says that Benjamin Netanyahu has tolerated extreme rhetoric, including "apocalyptic threats and conspiracy theories", from his allies to serve his own personal political interests.[310]

Ramzy Baroud of Arab News compared the rhetoric from Israeli officials with the language used in Rwanda ahead of the Rwandan genocide, such as the refrain by the Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) in Rwanda that Tutsis were "cockroaches" and a 1983 quote from former Israeli army chief of staff Rafael Eitan that Arabs are like "drugged cockroaches in a bottle".[307] Journalist Chris McGreal, who won an Amnesty International Media Award for his reporting of the Rwandan genocide,[311] also described the rhetoric against Palestinians as being "eerily familiar" to the rhetoric used against Tutsis.[312]

On 14 November 2023, Israel's finance minister Bezalel Smotrich said he welcomed "the initiative of the voluntary emigration of Gaza Arabs to countries around the world". He said that "the State of Israel will no longer be able to accept the existence of an independent entity in Gaza".[313] Critics, such as Palestinian National Initiative president Mustafa Barghouti, have likened the statement to a call for ethnic cleansing.[314] The Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Foreign affairs accused Israel of engaging in a "genocide" supported by Smotrich.[314] Likud Intelligence Minister Gila Gamliel said the international community should promote the "voluntary resettlement" of Palestinians in Gaza to sites around the globe.[315] A Channel 12 survey reported that 44 percent of responders said they were in favor of a renewal of Jewish settlement in Gaza.[316]

Protester in Berlin on 4 November 2023, holding a "Stop the Genocide in Gaza" sign

In November 2023, Israel's former justice minister, Ayelet Shaked, spoke of transforming Khan Younis into a soccer field with "the assistance of God and the IDF". He said Israel should pressure countries worldwide into accepting quotas of Gazan refugees, ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 per country.[317] Otzma Yehudit MK Limor Son Har-Melech, said: "there is no escape from returning and fully controlling the Gaza Strip", including "extensive and flourishing settlement" across "the entire length and width of the strip".[318] David Azoulay, the local council head of the town of Metula, said the people of Gaza should be transported to "Lebanon's shores where there are enough refugee camps". He said: "the entire Gaza Strip should be emptied and levelled flat, just like in Auschwitz. Let it become a museum, showcasing the capabilities of the State of Israel and dissuading anyone from living in the Gaza Strip" and "demonstrating the madness of the people who lived there". His statements were condemned by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.[319]

### From American officials since 2023

In the Florida legislature, Democratic Representative Angie Nixon, supporting a ceasefire resolution early in the Gaza war, highlighted the high death toll of Palestinians questioning how many had to die before a ceasefire was called for,[lower-alpha 8] Republican Representative Michelle Salzman replied instantly "All of them". Salzman's remark, perceived as a call for genocide, led to calls for censure or resignation from Nixon and the Florida chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations called for her to be censured or to resign.[321][322] CAIR-Florida Executive Director Imam Abdullah Jaber said in a statement: "This chilling call for genocide by an American lawmaker is the direct result of decades of dehumanization of the Palestinian people by advocates of Israeli apartheid and their eager enablers in government and the media."[323][non-primary source needed]

In October 2023, Republican Florida governor Ron DeSantis said "If you look at how [people in Gaza] behave, not all of them are Hamas, but they are all anti-Semitic" and called for a "swift and lethal response."[324] Republican US Congressman Max Miller, on Fox News, stated that Palestine is "about to get eviscerated ... to turn that into a parking lot." He said there should be "no rules of engagement" during Israel's bombardment of Gaza.[325] Miller also questioned the accuracy of the Gaza Health Ministry's claim that 10,000 people have been killed in Gaza, saying that he believes many of those killed have been "Hamas terrorists", not innocent civilians.[326] Republican U.S. Representative Brian Mast compared all Palestinians to Nazis in November on the House floor, stating "I don’t think we would so lightly throw around the term 'innocent Nazi civilians' during World War II. It is not a far stretch to say there are very few innocent Palestinian civilians."[327] On 31 January 2024, Mast said that Palestinian babies are not innocent civilians but "terrorists" who should be killed, that more infrastructure in Gaza needs to be destroyed, and "It would be better if you kill all the terrorists and kill everyone who are supporters."[328]

Republican Tennesse representative Andy Ogles said "I think we should kill them all." Arkansas senator Tom Cotton remarked "As far as I’m concerned, Israel can bounce the rubble in Gaza." Michigan representative Tim Walberg said "We shouldn’t be spending a dime on humanitarian aid. It [Gaza] should be like Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Get it over quick." South Carolina senator Lindsey Graham called the genocide a "religious war" and said he sides with Israel, calling on it to do "whatever the hell you have to do to defend yourself; level the place."[329] Florida representative Randy Fine called for Gaza to be nuked like Nagasaki and Hiroshima and made numerous statements endorsing genocide and starvation in Gaza, such as "There is no suffering adequate for these animals. May the streets of Gaza overflow with blood," "Release the hostages. Until then, starve away," "There is no starvation. Everything about the 'Palestinian' cause is a lie," and "Kill. Them. All. #NoMercy #BombsAway."[330][331] Former presidential candidate in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries, Nikki Haley, wrote "finish them" on an Israeli bomb bound for Gaza.[332]

Former Republican Representative Michele Bachmann appearing in December on The Charlie Kirk Show claimed all Palestinians were "clever assassins" and that they should be forcefully relocated to Iran. She received a round of applause from the audience, while Kirk replied that US policies should be more like those of the current Israeli government.[333][334]

Ahmad Abuznaid, the executive director of the US Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USPCR) said that "There is a bipartisan effort to dehumanise the Palestinian people," referring especially to President Joe Biden voicing doubt over the accuracy of the Palestinian death count and attacks on Palestinian American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib for her criticism of Israel's military offensive.[335]

## Responses to the accusation

A protester holds a poster stating "Not in our name, Jews against genocide," at a pro-Palestine march in Bristol, United Kingdom, 4 November 2023

The accusation of genocide has been largely rejected by Israelis.[91][336] Despite most Israelis rejecting the accusation of genocide, some Israelis and many in the Jewish diaspora – including several Holocaust survivors – have protested against the Israeli government, claiming that such accusations are true.[337][338][339]

Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore says that "Jews are now accused of the very crimes they themselves have suffered [...] when no genocide has taken place or been intended", with the effect that the word has "been so devalued by its metaphorical abuse that it has become meaningless".[340] In 2015, sociologist David Hirsh said there has never been a genocide of Palestinians, and that there was no evidence of genocide in Gaza. Hirsh says that accusations of genocide against Israel – whether in Gaza, the West Bank, or Lebanon – are commonly made by anti-Zionists to demonize Israel and "oversimplify the complex dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict".[25] Zionist history professor Robert S. Wistrich says the genocide accusation is "purely fictional".[341]

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has called the genocide accusation against Israel "meritless".[342] U.S. Democratic Party Representative Ritchie Torres calls the characterisation "blood libel".[343] Conservative American radio talk show host Dennis Prager says that characterising the conflict as a genocide against the Palestinians is antisemitic.[344]

In May 2024, NYU Langone Health fired Hesen Jabr, a Muslim Palestinian-American nurse, after she called Israel's actions in Gaza "genocide" during an award acceptance speech.[345]

## Victims

### Deaths

A bar chart from 2008 to before October 2023. 6,407 Palestinians have been killed during this time frame, while a smaller 308 Israelis have been killed.Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding the Gaza war in 2023. Most were civilians.[346][347]

Ilan Pappé reported in 2008 that since the year 2000 "almost 4,000 Palestinians have been killed by Israeli forces, half of them children, and more than 20,000 wounded."[lower-alpha 9] According to data from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 6,735 Palestinians had been killed from 1 January 2008, to 6 October 2023.[346][lower-alpha 10]

#### During the Gaza war

During the ongoing Gaza war, which began on 7 October 2023, a Reliefweb report released 18 November 2023, which labels Israel's actions in Gaza as a genocide, reported that 15,271 Palestinians in Gaza had been killed, 32,310 Palestinians had been injured, and an estimated 41,500 were unaccounted for.[357] Multiple news and academic outlets have subsequently reported on updated figures, with at least 20,000 Palestinians having been killed in Gaza, an estimated 70% of whom were women and children.[358][359] Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office by 3 January 2024, over 22,300 people had been confirmed dead.[360] About 7,000 people are missing, likely buried under the rubble.[361] Over 52,000 have been wounded.[362][363]

Indirect Palestinian deaths from disease in Gaza are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of health care infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee, and reduction in UNRWA funding; 186,000 Palestinians or more may have died as a result of the conflict according to a July 2024 conservative estimate by Rasha Khatib, Martin McKee, and Salim Yusuf published in The Lancet.[364] Michael Spagat criticized their methodology, saying that the projection "lacks a solid foundation and is implausible".[365] Even so, Spagat allowed it was "fair to call attention to the fact that not all of the deaths are going to be direct violent ones" and has called the death toll in Gaza "staggeringly high".[366][365]

### Displacement

In 1948, more than 700,000 Palestinians[31] – about half of prewar Mandatory Palestine's Arab population – fled from their homes or were expelled by Zionist militias and, later, the Israeli army[367][368][369] during the 1948 Palestine war.[370]

Since the beginning of the Gaza war, nearly 2 million people have been displaced within the Gaza Strip.[371][298]

## Alleged international complicity since 2023

File:Rep Beatty Ohio says Ceasefire now in Columbus, 2023-12-22 (8000-95).jpgA protestor in Columbus, Ohio, carrying a sign referring to United States President Joe Biden as "Genocide Joe", 22 December 2023

This section is an excerpt from Gaza genocide#Responsibility of third states and other entities[ edit ]

US National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, described by Israeli media outlet Ynet as "an exceptionally accomplished Israeli advocate",[372] said "Israel's trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, fine, let's use it appropriately".[373] On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights sued Biden for allegedly failing in his duties, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel committing genocide in Gaza in the Gaza war.[226] The complaint alleged that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure and forced expulsions amounted to genocide.[226][374] In a declaration in the lawsuit, genocide scholar William Schabas said that in his view there was a "serious risk of genocide" and that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the 1948 Genocide Convention and international law.[374][375] In January 2024 a federal judge dismissed the case Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al, saying the Constitution prevents his court from determining foreign policy, which is reserved to the political branches of U.S. government, though he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged President Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing "it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide."[376] In February 2024, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention stated the Biden Administration was complicit in the alleged Gaza genocide.[377] Ali Harb wrote that the US has continued to arm and fund the Israeli military while it conducts a genocide.[378] In February 2024, following a U.S. veto of a UN ceasefire resolution, Cuban president Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez stated, "They are accomplices of this genocide of Israel against Palestine".[379]

In February 2024 lawyers representing Palestinians in Germany filed a criminal complaint against various senior politicians including Olaf Scholz, Annalena Baerbock, Robert Habeck, and Christian Lindner for "aiding and abetting" the genocide in Gaza.[380][381] On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Germany at the ICJ under the Genocide Convention, concerning Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.[240][242]

In March 2024, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Foreign Minister Penny Wong, Opposition Leader Peter Dutton, and others were referred to the ICC by Sydney-based firm Birchgrove Legal as accessories to genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, citing the defunding of UNRWA, the provision of military aid, and "unequivocal political support" for Israel's actions during the Gaza war.[382][383]

## See also

* Gaza genocide
* Atrocity crime
* Demographics of Palestine
* Demographic history of Palestine (region)
* Genocides in history (21st century)#Israel/Palestine
* Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
* Israeli apartheid
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian war
* Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks
* Ten stages of genocide
* Timeline of the name Palestine
* Iranian reactions to the Gaza War (2008-2009)

## Notes

1. ↑ The designation of genocide can also be dependent on the specific event talked about, as an example while Ilan Pappé does not consider the Nakba an act of genocide,[22] he considers Israel's actions against Gaza in the Second Intifada and the 2008–2009 Gaza War, acts of genocide.[23][24]
2. ↑ Ilan Pappé (2006),[17][44] Mark Levene (2007),[45] Ronit Lentin (2010),[46] Derek Penslar (2013),[47] Yair Auron (2017),[48] Alon Confino (2018), Jerome Slater (2020)[49]
3. ↑ Usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group.[159]
4. ↑ Originally published in Hebrew in Sikha Mekomit,[215] Goldberg reiterated his view in a July 2024 interview with Elias Feroz in Jacobin.[216]
5. ↑ There has been 1,900,000 internally displaced persons in the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023[238]
6. ↑ "Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt; how he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, all that were enfeebled in thy rear, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. Therefore it shall be, when the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget." (Deuteronomy 25:17–19, Jewish Publication Society of America Version)[299][300] The phrase "Remember what Amalek did to you"(Hebrew: זכור את אשר עשה לך עמלק) is used in Holocaust memorials, including Yad Vashem and the Hague Jewish Monument.[301]
7. ↑ "Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass." (1 Samuel 15:3, King James Version)[256][226][302]
8. ↑ Around 10,000 Palestinians had been reported dead at the time of the debate.[320]
9. ↑ Most of these occurred during the Second Intifada where, from 29 September 2000 to 1 January 2005, 3,179[348][349][350]–3,354[351] Palestinians were killed.
10. ↑ 1,116[352]–1,417[353] Palestinian deaths in the Gaza War (2008–2009).
2,125–2,310 Palestinian deaths in the 2014 Gaza War.[354][355]
250+ Palestinian deaths in the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[356]

## References

### Footnotes

1. ↑ Lendman 2010, pp. 30–33. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLendman2010 (help)
2. ↑ Nijim 2023, p. 177. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNijim2023 (help)
3. ↑ Rashed & Short 2012, pp. 1143, 1148–1149. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShort2012 (help)
4. ↑ Docker 2012, p. 2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDocker2012 (help)
5. ↑ El-Affendi 2024, p. 1 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEl-Affendi2024 (help); Short 2016, p. 10 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShort2016 (help); Shaw 2013, p. 4 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShaw2013 (help); Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 13–15 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Usher 2006, pp. 10–14, 28–29 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUsher2006 (help); Saldívar 2010, pp. 826–827, 828–829 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSaldívar2010 (help); Khoury 2018, pp. 117–118 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhoury2018 (help); Nijim 2020, pp. 41–47; Samudzi 2024, pp. 7–8 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSamudzi2024 (help); United Nations 2022 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Nations2022 (help); Adhikari et al. 2018, p. 148 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAdhikariCarmichaelJonesKapila2018 (help); Üngör 2024, pp. 3–4: "or Israeli settler colonial genocide" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFÜngör2024 (help)
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Center for Constitutional Rights 2016, p. 6.
7. ↑ Eghbariah 2023 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEghbariah2023 (help); Shaw 2013, pp. 1–7 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShaw2013 (help); Nijim 2023, pp. 173–174, 176–177 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNijim2023 (help)
8. ↑ Docker 2012, p. 16 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDocker2012 (help); Munayyer 2015 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMunayyer2015 (help); Bruneau & Kteily 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBruneauKteily2017 (help); Kuttab 2023; Wintour 2023 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWintour2023 (help)
9. ↑ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza". Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 17 October 2023. https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/. "Statements of Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 suggest that beyond the killings and restriction of basic conditions for life perpetrated against Palestinians in Gaza, there are also indications that the ongoing and imminent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip are being conducted with potentially genocidal intent. Language used by Israeli political and military figures appears to reproduce rhetoric and tropes associated with genocide and incitement to genocide. Dehumanising descriptions of Palestinians have been prevalent. Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that "we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly". He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to "a full-scale response" and that he had "removed every restriction" on Israeli forces, as well as stating: "Gaza won't return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything." On 10 October, the head of the Israeli army's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, addressed a message directly to Gaza residents: "Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell". The same day, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari acknowledged the wanton and intentionally destructive nature of Israel's bombing campaign in Gaza: "The emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy.""
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Roelf, Wendell; Sterling, Toby (29 December 2023). "South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/.
11. ↑ "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". AP News (Associated Press). https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21.
12. ↑ Lazaroff, Tovah (2 January 2024). "Israel to defend itself at Int'l Court of Justice's genocide hearing on Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-780436.
13. ↑ ~

* "Bolivia to support South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel" (in en-US). The Jerusalem Post. 8 January 2024. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781214.
* Shamim 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShamim2024 (help)
* Human Rights Watch 2024
* Salem, Mohammed; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Anthony, Deutsch (10 January 2024). "Israel to face Gaza genocide charges at World Court". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-face-gaza-genocide-charges-world-court-2024-01-11/. ""Colombia and Brazil expressed their support of South Africa late Wednesday.""
* Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2024
* Khaliq, Riyaz ul (10 January 2024). "'Morally, politically:' Indonesia backs South Africa against Israel at ICJ". Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-morally-politically-indonesia-backs-south-africa-against-israel-at-icj/3105258.
* "Iran backs South Africa's Gaza genocide case against Israel at ICJ". Anadolu Agency. 11 January 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-backs-south-africas-gaza-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/3105929.
* "Iraq backs South Africa's case against Israel at ICJ". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-pounds-gaza-ahead-of-icj-genocide-hearing?update=2612364.

14. ↑ "Read the I.C.J. ruling" (in en-US). The New York Times. 26 January 2024. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/26/world/middleeast/icj-gaza-provisional-ruling.html.
15. ↑ Magid, Jacob (7 November 2023). "White House spokesman appears to reject claim Israel committing 'genocide'". Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/white-house-spokesman-appears-to-reject-claim-israel-committing-genocide/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Sales, Ben (27 May 2021). "People are accusing Israel of genocide. These human rights lawyers beg to differ". Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/people-are-accusing-israel-of-genocide-these-human-rights-lawyers-beg-to-differ/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pappé 2006. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPappé2006 (help)
18. ↑ Shaw 2013, pp. 1–2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShaw2013 (help)
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 9–10. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help)
20. ↑ Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 12–15 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Lentin 2008, p. 10 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2008 (help); Lentin 2010, pp. 20–21 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help): "While neither 'categorial murder' nor genocide, the Nakba has been described as 'ethnic cleansing' (Pappé, 2006) or 'spaciocide' (Hanafi, 2005), perpetrated by self categorising 'Jews', 'Zionists', or 'Israelis', against people they categorised as 'Arabs'."
21. ↑ Corn, David (3 November 2023). "During a Trip to Israel, Mike Johnson Connected With Far-Right Extremists". Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/mike-johnson-israel-extremists/. Retrieved 2 January 2024. "During the trip, Johnson observed, "You hear in the US about how the Palestinians or the Arab people are oppressed in these areas, and have these terrible lives. None of that is true. We didn't see any of it."".
22. ↑ Lentin 2010, pp. 20–21. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help)
23. ↑ Pappé, Ilan (28 January 2008). "Genocide in Gaza, Ethnic Cleansing in the West Bank". The Indypendent. https://countercurrents.org/Pappé280108.htm.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lentin 2010, p. 142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help)
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Hirsh, David (2015). "Anti Zionism and Antisemitism: Cosmopolitan Reflections". The Yale Papers: Antisemitism in Comparative Perspective: 106–107. https://isgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ISGAP-Working-Papers-David-Hirsh.pdf. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
26. ↑ Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022, pp. 511–512 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022 (help); Manna 2022, pp. 7–9 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2022 (help); Khalidi 2020, pp. 60, 76, 82, 88–89 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, pp. 48–51 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, Introduction harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Al-Hardan 2016, pp. xi, 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Hardan2016 (help); Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, p. 1 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 1, 10–13 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, ch. 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Abu-Lughod & Sa'di 2007, pp. 3, 8–9 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LughodSa'di2007 (help)
27. ↑ Sayigh 2023, pp. 285 and 288 n. 12–13 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSayigh2023 (help); Pappé 2021, pp. 70–71 and 80 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappé2021 (help); Khalidi 2020, p. 75 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, p. 49 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, pp. 7 and 33 n.4 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 1 and 12–18 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 5, 12–14, 75 and 254 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, pp. 23, 111 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Abu-Lughod & Sa'di 2007, pp. 10 and 18–19 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LughodSa'di2007 (help); Ali 2012, pp. 78–79; Samudzi 2024, p. 5 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSamudzi2024 (help)
28. ↑ Sayigh 2023, p. 281 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSayigh2023 (help); Khalidi 2020, pp. 75 and 83 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Slater 2020, p. 83 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, p. 49 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Manna 2013, p. 93 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2013 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 5, 107, and 117 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help)
29. ↑ Reynolds 2017, pp. v–vi. sfn error: no target: CITEREFReynolds2017 (help)
30. ↑ Nofal & Al Tahhan 2023. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNofalAl_Tahhan2023 (help)
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022, p. 511, "over 80 per cent" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022 (help); Pappé 2022, p. 128, "Three-quarters of a million Palestinians ... almost 90 per cent" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappé2022 (help); Khalidi 2020, p. 60, "Some 80 percent ... At least 720,000 ..." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Slater 2020, pp. 81 ("about 750,000"), 83 ("over 80 percent"), and 350 ("It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, p. 49, "750,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, p. 7, "some 750,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Manna 2013, pp. 93 ("approximately 750,000") and 99 n. 12 ("Recently, both Palestinian and Israeli scholars seem to agree on this estimate of 700,000–750,000 refugees.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2013 (help); Masalha 2012, p. 2, "about 90 per cent ... 750,000 refugees" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, pp. 6 ("at least 80 per cent") and 7 ("more than 700,000") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Kimmerling 2008, p. 280, "700,000 to 900,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKimmerling2008 (help); Sa'di 2007, p. 297, "at least 780,000 ... more than 80 percent" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSa'di2007 (help)
32. ↑ Sabbagh-Khoury 2023, pp. 36, 44, 163, 169–177, 183, 186–189, 226–236, 241, 247–251, 256, 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2023 (help); Sayigh 2023, pp. 281–282 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSayigh2023 (help); Manna 2022, pp. 49, 83, 152, 169–170, 174–176, 182, 201, 287 n. 2, 316 n. 26 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2022 (help); Khalidi 2020, pp. 250 n. 4 and 287 n. 58 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, p. 49 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Confino 2018, pp. 141–143 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFConfino2018 (help); Masalha 2018, p. 185 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2018 (help); Nashef 2018, pp. 95, 143 n. 4, 178–179, and 180 n.8 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNashef2018 (help); Lustick & Berkman 2017, p. 41 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLustickBerkman2017 (help); Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2017, pp. 396 n. 6 and 413 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017 (help); Natour 2016, p. 94 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNatour2016 (help); Fierke 2014, p. 805 n. 17 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFierke2014 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 16, 135–147 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, pp. 31, 70, and 84 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Ram 2009, p. 371 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRam2009 (help); Morris 2008, pp. 154–155, 163, and 281 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorris2008 (help); Abu-Lughod 2007, p. 89 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-Lughod2007 (help); Pappé 2006, pp. 91–95, 100, 109, 125, 147, 167–169, 190, 200, 204–211 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappé2006 (help); Bajec 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBajec2024 (help); Uddin 2023 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUddin2023 (help)
33. ↑ Hasian Jr. 2020, pp. 101 ("Israeli-sponsored radio messages that were used to 'wage psychological warfare'") and 103 ("Walid Khalidi, who wrote some of the first Palestinian summaries of what happened during the fall of Haifa in 1959, has recently revisited these issues and concluded that the British colluded with the Haganah in ways that made sure that the use of "psychological warfare tactics" would be used in ruthless ways so that the Plan Dalet could be carried out against unarmed civilians who needed to be moved out of these lands.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHasian_Jr.2020 (help); Slater 2020, p. 81 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 2 and 68, "From the territory occupied by the Israelis in 1948, about 90 per cent of the Palestinians were driven out — many by psychological warfare and/or military pressure and a very large number at gunpoint." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, p. 109 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Shlaim 2009, p. 55, "Morris describes the flight of the Palestinians wave after wave, town by town, and village by village. He gives numerous specific examples of psychological warfare, of intimidation, of expulsion by force and of atrocities committed by the armed forces of the infant Jewish state." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShlaim2009 (help); Morris 2008, pp. 160 ("To reinforce this "whispering," or psychological warfare, campaign, Allon's men distributed fliers, advising those who wished to avoid harm to leave "with their women and children."") and 332 ("employing 'psychological warfare by means of flyers and 'treatment' of civilian inhabitants'") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorris2008 (help); Sa'di 2007, p. 308, "Morris's (2004a) research confirms what Palestinians have argued all along; he shows definitively that active expulsion by the Jewish forces, the flight of civilians from the battle zones following the attacks of Jewish forces, psychological warfare, and fear of atrocities and random killing by the advancing Jewish forces were the main causes for the Palestinian refugee problem." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSa'di2007 (help); Pappé 2006, pp. 156 ("The UN 'peace' plan had resulted in people being intimidated and terrorised by psychological warfare, heavy shelling of civilian populations, expulsions, seeing relatives being executed, and wives and daughters abused, robbed and in several cases, raped."), 197 ("... from the Chief of Staff, Yigael Yadin: 'Your preparations should include psychological warfare and "treatment" (tipul) of citizens as an integral part of the operation.'"), and 278 n. 27 ("A range of strategies that could only be described as psychological warfare was used by the Jewish forces to terrorize and demoralize the Arab population in a deliberate attempt to provoke a mass exodus. Radio broadcasts in Arabic warned of traitors in the Arabs' midst, describing the Palestinians as having been deserted by their leaders, and accusing Arab militias of committing crimes against Arab civilians. They also spread fears of disease. Another, less subtle, tactic involved the use of loudspeaker trucks. These would be used in the villages and towns to urge the Palestinians to flee before they were all killed, to warn that the Jews were using poison gas and atomic weapons, or to play recorded 'horror sounds' - shrieking and moaning, the wail of sirens, and the clang of fire-alarm bells.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappé2006 (help); Morris 2004, pp. 129, 168-169 ("Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were 'to kill every [adult male] Arab encountered' and to set alight with firebombs 'all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route.'"), 230, 246, 250, 252, 468 ("He also ordered the launching of 'psychological warfare operations' and instructed the units 'to deal with the civilian [populations]'. Yadin did not elaborate but presumably the intention was to frighten civilian communities into flight."), 522 (Israel agreed that 'those of the civilian population who may wish to remain in Al Faluja and 'Iraq al Manshiya are to be permitted to do so ...' But within days Israel went back on its word. Southern Front's soldiers mounted a short, sharp, well-orchestrated campaign of low-key violence and psychological warfare designed to intimidate the inhabitants into flight. According to one villager's recollection, the Jews 'created a situation of terror, entered the houses and beat the people with rifle butts'.128 Contemporary United Nations and Quakers documents support this description. The UN Mediator, Ralph Bunche, quoting UN observers on the spot, complained that 'Arab civilians . . . at Al Faluja have been beaten and robbed by Israeli soldiers and . . . there have been some cases of attempted rape'."), and 591 ("If Jewish attack directly and indirectly triggered most of the exodus up to June 1948, a small but significant proportion was due to direct expulsion orders and to psychological warfare ploys ('whispering propaganda') designed to intimidate people into flight.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorris2004 (help); Fernández 2023 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFernández2023 (help)
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Israel's Gaza war adds psychological operations". NBC News. Associated Press. 11 January 2009. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28608585.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Sabbagh-Khoury 2023, pp. 185–186 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2023 (help); Sayigh 2023, p. 282 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSayigh2023 (help); Manna 2022, pp. 75-77 ("[p. 75] The Israeli army carried out killings (including massacres), pillaged, and raped in a number of border villages, including Safsaf, Saliha, Jish, Hula, and Sa'sa', on the day the villages were occupied or shortly thereafter."), 202, and 301 nn. 79-81 ("[n. 79] It seems likely that cases of rape during and after the 1948 war were underreported in the historical literature. With time, it becomes more difficult to investigate those events.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2022 (help); Hasian Jr. 2020, p. 84, "Palestinian researchers, archivists, interviewers, and others who help chronicle these events now have transcontinental allies who collect oral histories that are filled with tales of the rape of women and the killing of innocent children during the involuntary transfers of the 1940s." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHasian_Jr.2020 (help); Natour 2016, p. 94 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNatour2016 (help); Khoury 2012, p. 263, "Many stories of massacres, rape, and expulsion are known, and many other stories are still to be revealed: Tantura, Safsaf, Ein al-Zeitun, Sa'sa', Sha'ab, Kabri, Abou Shousha, Ai'laboun, and so on." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhoury2012 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 82–84, "[p. 82] The use of rape and other forms of sexual violence by Jewish forces in 1948 as weapons of war and instruments of ethnic cleansing has yet to be studied. In 1948 the rape of Arab women and girls was not a rare or isolated act committed by individual forces, but rather was used deliberately as an instrument to terrorise the civilian population and push people into fleeing their homes." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, p. 31 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Ram 2009, p. 373 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRam2009 (help); Morris 2008, pp. 406–407, "The Israelis' collective memory of fighters characterized by 'purity of arms' is also undermined by the evidence of rapes committed in conquered towns and villages. About a dozen cases—in Jaffa, Acre, and so on—are reported in the available contemporary documentation and, given Arab diffidence about reporting such incidents and the (understandable) silence of the perpetrators, and IDFA censorship of many documents, more, and perhaps many more, cases probably occurred. Arabs appear to have committed few acts of rape." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorris2008 (help); Humphries & Khalili 2007, pp. 209, 211-213 ("[p. 211-212] As Benny Morris writes, the regular and irregular military forces of the Yishuv had employed rape in 'several dozen cases' (Morris 2004a: 592) and the news of the rape, though subsequently silenced by both perpetrators and victims, spread as quickly as the news of massacres, aided by the fear and horror of the Palestinians and the 'whispering campaign' of the Yishuv military commanders ... these rapes were one of the more devastating components of Hagana assaults and perhaps the primary explanation behind the decision of many of the refugees to flee."), and 223-226 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHumphriesKhalili2007 (help); Sa'di 2007, pp. 293 ("On numerous occasions in the execution of Plan D, the Zionist forces expelled people from their towns and villages, committed rape and other acts of violence, massacred civilians, and executed prisoners of war."), 299-300 ("Morris (2004a) reports that there were 'about a dozen' cases of documented rape, often followed by murder. As he notes, 'We have to assume that the dozen cases of rape that were reported . . . are not the whole story. They are just the tip of the iceberg' (Morris, 2004b: 39)."), and 303-304 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSa'di2007 (help); Slyomovics 2007, pp. 31 ("Morris documents statistics of a dozen cases of rapes and twenty-four instances of massacres as supporting evidence for a pattern") and 33-38 ("[p. 37] It has been a major achievement by historians of 1948 that the conditions and numbers of actual rape and civilian massacre of the Palestinian population are finally recognized.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSlyomovics2007 (help); Pappé 2006, pp. 90, 132, 156, 184, 196, and 208-211 ("[p. 209] David Ben-Gurion seems to have been informed about each case and entered them into his diary. Every few days he has a sub-section: 'Rape Cases'.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappé2006 (help); Schulz 2003, pp. 28 and 136 ("According to [Kitty] Warnock [Land Before Honor: Palestinian Women in the Occupied Territories, Monthly Review Press 1990], honour was an ingredient in the exodus as fear and concern to save women from being raped was a reason for flight.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchulz2003 (help); Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
36. ↑ Slater 2020, p. 406. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help)
37. ↑ Usher 2006, p. 11–12. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUsher2006 (help)
38. ↑ Shaw, Martin; Bartov, Omer (2010). "The question of genocide in Palestine, 1948: an exchange between Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov". Journal of Genocide Research 12 (3–4): 243–259. doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.529698.
39. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
40. ↑ Abdullah, Daud (2019). "A century of cultural genocide in Palestine". in Bachman, Jeffrey S.. Cultural Genocide: Law, Politics, and Global Manifestations. Routledge. pp. 227–245. doi:10.4324/9781351214100-10. ISBN 978-1-351-21410-0. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781351214100-10/century-cultural-genocide-palestine-daud-abdullah.
41. ↑ Center for Constitutional Rights 2016, pp. 5–6.
42. ↑ Docker 2012, pp. 22–24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDocker2012 (help)
43. ↑ Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 13–14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help)
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Docker 2012, p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDocker2012 (help)
45. ↑ Levene, Mark (December 2007). "Book Reviews: The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine". Journal of Genocide Research (Routledge) 9 (4): 675–681. doi:10.1080/14623520701644465.
46. ↑ Lentin 2010, pp. 20–21, 23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help)
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Kalmus, Jonathan (14 March 2013). "Israel studies professor: 1948 really was ethnic cleansing, not genocide". The Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/103408/israel-studies-professor-1948-really-was-ethnic-cleansing-not-genocide.
48. ↑ Auron, Yair (4 October 2017). The Holocaust, Rebirth, and the Nakba: Memory and Contemporary Israeli–Arab Relations. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-5949-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=iD1DDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Slater 2020, pp. 80–87. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help)
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Brandabur, Clare (September 2004). "Roadmap to genocide". Nebula 5 (3): 25–49. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A186321548&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=14497751&p=AONE&sw=w. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
51. ↑ Ali 2012, pp. 78–80.
52. ↑ Bowker, Robert P. G. (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 1-58826-202-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=LOYtfyJFBIQC.
53. ↑ Gerson, Allan (1978). Israel, the West Bank and International Law. Psychology Press. p. 162. ISBN 0-7146-3091-8. http://www.hjil.org/articles/hjil-2-2-levie.pdf. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
54. ↑ Usher 2006, pp. 12, 14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUsher2006 (help)
55. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
56. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
57. ↑ Malone, Linda A. (1985). "The Kahan Report, Ariel Sharon and the Sabra-Shatilla Massacres in Lebanon: Responsibility Under International Law for Massacres of Civilian Populations". Utah Law Review: 373–433. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http://scholar.google.com.tr/scholar?hl=en&q;=massacres+in+lebanon&btnG;=&as;_sdt=1%2C5&as;_sdtp=#search="massacres lebanon". Retrieved 1 January 2013.
58. ↑ Nijim 2020, pp. 26–27.
59. ↑ "U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982". United Nations. https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/A_RES_37_123_EN.pdf.
60. ↑ Rashed & Short 2012, pp. 1154–1155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShort2012 (help)
61. ↑ Ali 2012, p. 16.
62. ↑ "Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D". United Nations. http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares37123d#focus.
63. ↑ Kuper, Leo (1997). "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses". in Andreopoulos, George J.. Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-8122-1616-4.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 Schabas 2000, p. 455. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchabas2000 (help)
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Schabas 2000, p. 454. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchabas2000 (help)
66. ↑ "Professor William A. Schabas". http://www.nuigalway.ie/human_rights/Staff/william_schabas.html.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Schabas 2000, p. 235. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchabas2000 (help)
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Said 1984, p. 27. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaid1984 (help)
69. ↑ "Israel in Lebanon: Report of the International Commission to Enquire into Reported Violations of International Law by Israel during Its Invasion of the Lebanon". Journal of Palestine Studies 12 (3): 117–133. 1983. doi:10.2307/2536156.
70. ↑ Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East. Nation Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8.
71. ↑ Schiff & Ya'ari 1985, pp. 246, 265. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchiffYa'ari1985 (help)
72. ↑ "104 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the events at the refugee camps in Beirut- 8 February 1983". https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook6/pages/104 report of the commission of inquiry into the e.aspx.
73. ↑ Silver, Eric (1984). Begin: The Haunted Prophet. Random House. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-394-52826-7. https://archive.org/details/beginhauntedprop00silv/page/239.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Rmeileh, Rami (18 September 2023). "Sabra & Shatila echoes past & ongoing Palestinian suffering" (in en). The New Arab. https://www.newarab.com/opinion/sabra-shatila-echoes-past-ongoing-palestinian-suffering.
75. ↑ "Lokman Slim: The daring Lebanese activist, admired intellectual" (in en). The New Arab. 6 February 2021. https://www.newarab.com/news/lokman-slim-daring-lebanese-activist-admired-intellectual. "Their film "Massaker" — which studied six perpetrators of the 1982 Christian militia massacres of 1,000 people at the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian camps in Beirut — was awarded the Fipresci Prize at the 2005 Berlinale."
76. ↑ "Israel branded 'racist' by rights forum". CNN. 2 September 2001. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/09/02/durban.racism/.
77. ↑ Lee, Ken (24 June 2003). "Jenin rises from the dirt" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3015814.stm.
78. ↑ "Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'" (in en-GB). BBC News. 18 April 2002. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1937048.stm.
79. ↑ "Naught for your comfort". The Economist. 8 August 2002. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2002/08/08/naught-for-your-comfort.
80. ↑ Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin (17 April 2002). "Why I'm Boycotting Anything 'Made in Israel'". The Independent. https://www.converge.org.nz/pma/cra0399.htm.
81. ↑ Wood, Paul (3 May 2002). "'No Jenin massacre' says rights group" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1965471.stm.
82. ↑ Rees, Matt (13 May 2002). "Untangling Jenin's Tale" (in en-us). Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002406-1,00.html. Retrieved 24 August 2025.
83. ↑ Global Voices (28 May 2010). "Israel: The Freedom Flotilla - PR Stunt or Humanitarian Act?". http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/29542/4e134cda2e86b825d4534e2f0277cf16.htm.
84. ↑ "Light at the End of Their Tunnels? Hamas and the Arab Uprisings". 14 August 2012. p. 38, note 283. https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle East North Africa/Israel Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf. "The prime minister is comfortable with limited economic growth in Gaza, particularly as a way to modify Hamas's urge to get into trouble. We still want there to be a discrepancy between economic life in Gaza and the West Bank, but we no longer feel it needs to be so large."
85. ↑ "Gaza Up Close". 28 June 2023. https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close.
86. ↑ Press, Associated (25 May 2011). "Egypt to reopen Gaza strip crossing for first time since 2007" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/egypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing.
87. ↑ "World stands united against 'genocide' in Gaza". Al Arabiya. 28 December 2008. https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/12/28/62977.
88. ↑ "Australian demonstrations show solidarity with Palestinian people". World Socialist Web Site. 5 January 2009. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/aust-j05.html.
89. ↑ "Caracas expels Israeli ambassador". France 24. Agence France-Press. 7 January 2009. https://www.france24.com/en/20090107-caracas-expels-israeli-ambassador-.
90. ↑ Lendman 2010, p. 30. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLendman2010 (help)
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Pappé 2010, pp. 201–205. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPappé2010 (help)
92. ↑ Pappé, Ilan (2017). Ten Myths About Israel. Verso Books. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-78663-019-3.
93. ↑ Dvais, Charles (13 August 2014). "Israel's War on Palestine: It's Bad, but Is It 'Genocide'?". Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/israels-war-on-gaza-is-it-genocide-813/.
94. ↑ Nijim 2023, pp. 165, 173, 176–177. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNijim2023 (help)
95. ↑ Cook 2010, p. 24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCook2010 (help)
96. ↑ Lendman 2010, pp. 29–38. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLendman2010 (help)
97. ↑ Üngör 2024, pp. 5–6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFÜngör2024 (help)
98. ↑ Al-Jaza'iri, Isa (2 June 2010). "Flotilla massacre exposes criminal blockade of Gaza". https://www.marxist.com/flotilla-massacre-exposes-blockade-of-gaza.htm.
99. ↑ Feldman, Allen (12 August 2014). "Genocidal desistance in Gaza". openDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/genocidal-desistance-in-gaza-0/.
100. ↑ Armstrong, Mick (6 August 2014). "What is happening in Palestine is genocide". Socialist Alternative. https://redflag.org.au/article/what-happening-palestine-genocide.
101. ↑ "Gaza Strip: A beginner's guide to an enclave under blockade". Al Jazeera. 14 March 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip.
102. ↑ "Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of the blockade - June 2022". 30 June 2022. https://www.ochaopt.org/content/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022.
103. ↑ "Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15". Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15.
104. ↑ Gavriely-Nuri, Dalia (2013). The Normalization of War in Israeli Discourse, 1967–2008. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-7391-7260-5.
105. ↑ Gaita, Raimond, ed (2010). Gaza: Morality, Law & Politics. UWA Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-74258-096-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=bQviYWQZGCUC&pg=PA1.
106. ↑ Fisher, David; Wicker, Brian (2010). Just war on terror?: A Christian and Muslim response. Ashgate Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4094-0808-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rxtr6qSB2zcC&pg=PA164.
107. ↑ Wiegand, Krista (2010). Bombs and ballots: governance by Islamist terrorist and guerrilla groups. Ashgate Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7546-7891-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=WlDkiLkscSQC&pg=PA131.
108. ↑ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza". News Daily. http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/.
109. ↑ Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2014). Gaza: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-19-020189-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=4fhzBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207.
110. ↑ Richemond-Barak, Daphné (2018) (in en). Underground Warfare. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-045724-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Zanotti, Jim; Migdalovitz, Carol; Sharp, Jeremy M.; Addis, Casey L.; Blanchard, Christopher M.; Margesson, Rhoda (19 February 2009). ﻿Israel and Hamas: Conflict in Gaza (2008–2009)﻿ (Report). Congressional Research Service. pp. 6–7. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40101.pdf.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 McCarthy, Rory (5 November 2008). "Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/05/israelandthepalestinians.
113. ↑ "Q&A: Gaza conflict". BBC News. 18 January 2009. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm.
114. ↑ Kroll, John; Torchia; de Montesquiou, Alfred (18 January 2009). "Israeli troops exiting Gaza; Hamas ceases fire". The Plain Dealer. Associated Press (Cleveland). http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2009/01/israel_withdraws_from_gaza_str.html.
115. ↑ McCarthy, Rory (16 September 2009). "Israel rejects war crimes findings of UN Gaza inquiry". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/israel-rejects-war-crimes-gaza.
116. ↑ Bright, Arthur (26 December 2008). "Israel set to launch 'limited operation' in Gaza". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1226/p99s01-duts.html.
117. ↑ "Gaza Humanitarian Situation Report – January 2, 2009 as of 14:30". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2 January 2009. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf.
118. ↑ "Gaza clashes spark 'major crisis'". BBC News. 6 January 2009. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7813671.stm.
119. ↑ ﻿Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories﻿ (Report). United Nations. 25 September 2009. p. paragr. 1680–81. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf.
120. ↑ Boyle, Francis A. (28 December 2009). "International Law And Israel's War On Gaza". https://www.countercurrents.org/boyle281209.htm.
121. ↑ Zonszein, Mairav (27 March 2015). "Israel killed more Palestinians in 2014 than in any other year since 1967" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967.
122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Center for Constitutional Rights 2016, pp. 6–7.
123. ↑ "Holocaust Survivors Condemn Israel for 'Gaza Massacre,' Call for Boycott". Haaretz. 23 August 2014. https://www.haaretz.com/2014-08-23/ty-article/holocaust-survivors-condemn-israel-for-gaza-massacre/0000017f-e738-dea7-adff-f7fb2fbe0000.
124. ↑ Boren, Zachary Davies (25 August 2014). "Holocaust survivors and their descendants accuse Israel of 'genocide'". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/holocaust-survivors-and-their-descendants-accuse-israel-of-genocide-9687994.html.
125. ↑ "Abbas: Israel waging war of genocide in Gaza". Al Jazeera. 27 September 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/27/abbas-israel-waging-war-of-genocide-in-gaza.
126. ↑ Arman, Abukar (27 July 2014). "On Gaza, genocide, and impunity". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/7/27/on-gaza-genocide-and-impunity.
127. ↑ Corbett, Jessica (10 May 2021). ""These Are Not 'Clashes'": Media Slammed for Coverage Amid Deadly IDF Attacks on Gaza". https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/05/10/these-are-not-clashes-media-slammed-coverage-amid-deadly-idf-attacks-gaza.
128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Mackey, Robert (11 May 2021). "This Is Not Fine: Why Video of an Ultranationalist Frenzy in Jerusalem Is So Unsettling". https://theintercept.com/2021/05/11/not-fine-video-ultranationalist-frenzy-jerusalem-unsettling/.
129. ↑ JTA & Kampeas 2021. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJTAKampeas2021 (help)
130. ↑ Rosenfeld, Arno (15 July 2021). "What if a quarter of Jews really do think Israel is a genocidal, apartheid state?". The Forward. https://forward.com/news/473044/what-if-a-quarter-of-jews-really-do-think-israel-is-a-genocidal-apartheid/.
131. ↑ "Israel/OPT: Israel must lift illegal and inhumane blockade on Gaza as power plant runs out of fuel". 12 October 2023. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-israel-must-lift-illegal-and-inhumane-blockade-on-gaza-as-power-plant-runs-out-of-fuel/.
132. ↑ "UN chief reiterates Gaza ceasefire call, condemns 'collective punishment' of Palestinians". United Nations. 15 January 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145537.
133. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
134. ↑ Michaelson 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMichaelson2024 (help)
135. ↑ "Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide". https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity.
136. ↑ Khalil, Shaimaa; Taha, Youssef (25 December 2023). "Israel Gaza war: Hamas says 70 killed in Israeli air strike on camp". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67817939.
137. ↑ "The UN says there's 'full-blown famine' in northern Gaza". PBS NewsHour (Public Broadcasting Service). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/the-un-says-theres-full-blown-famine-in-northern-gaza.
138. ↑ Beaumont 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeaumont2024 (help)
139. ↑ Bowen 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowen2024 (help)
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 "Israel/oPt: UN experts appalled by reported human rights violations against Palestinian women and girls". 19 February 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-human-rights-violations-against.
141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Srivastava, Mehul. "Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868.
143. ↑ "forcible transfer". Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/forcible_transfer#:~:text=The term "forcible transfer" describes,International Criminal Court (ICC).
144. ↑ "UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire". https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls.
145. ↑ Segal, Raz. "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide.
146. ↑ Abraham, Yuval (30 October 2023). "Expel all Palestinians from Gaza, recommends Israeli gov't ministry". +972 Magazine. https://www.972mag.com/intelligence-ministry-gaza-population-transfer. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
147. ↑ Teibel, Amy (31 October 2023). "An Israeli ministry, in a 'concept paper,' proposes transferring Gaza civilians to Egypt's Sinai" (in en). AP News. https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-population-transfer-hamas-egypt-palestinians-refugees-5f99378c0af6aca183a90c631fa4da5a.
148. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (5 November 2023). "Israel Quietly Pushed for Egypt to Admit Large Numbers of Gazans". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/world/middleeast/israel-egypt-gaza.html.
149. ↑ Keaten, Jamey (14 March 2025). "Extermination and Acts of Genocide". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/gaza-israel-palestinians-sexual-abuse-human-rights-9cb6955b34a86631b30225fe23d5567f.
150. ↑ Le Poidevin, Olivia (13 March 2025). "UN experts accuse Israel of genocidal acts and sexual violence in Gaza" (in en-US). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/.
151. ↑ Gritten, David (13 March 2025). "Gaza war: UN experts accuse Israel of 'genocidal acts' and sexual violence" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyr154314vo.
152. ↑ Sayegh & Hanieh 2024.
153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 Jaber 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJaber2024 (help)
154. ↑ Pernot 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPernot2024 (help)
155. ↑ Mack 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMack2024 (help)
156. ↑ "US faces growing call to deny entry to Israel's Bezalel Smotrich". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/us-faces-growing-call-to-deny-entry-to-israels-bezalel-smotrich.
157. ↑ "Israel is Committing Genocide across Palestine: Active Genocide Alert Condemning Ongoing Violence in the West Bank". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. 8 April 2024. https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/israel-is-committing-genocide-across-palestine:-active-genocide-alert-condemning-ongoing-violence-in-the-west-bank.
158. ↑ OHCHR 2025.
159. ↑ "Article II", Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, United Nations, 9 December 1948, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.pdf, retrieved 14 January 2024
160. ↑ Center for Constitutional Rights 2016, p. 1.
161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 Shaw 2013, pp. 4–5. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShaw2013 (help)
162. ↑ Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (2014). "Legal definition of genocide". United Nations. https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf.
163. ↑ Voice of America (15 March 2016). "What Is Genocide?". Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/what-is-genocide/3238713.html.
164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 Burga 2023.
165. ↑ Samuel, Sigal (13 November 2023). "How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza" (in en-US). https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine.
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 166.3 166.4 166.5 166.6 Auron, Yair (4 October 2017). The Holocaust, Rebirth, and the Nakba: Memory and Contemporary Israeli–Arab Relations. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-5949-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=iD1DDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
167. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 13–15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help)
169. ↑ "Israel's Measures Intended to Prevent Births within Gaza Strip [EN/AR"]. 30 March 2024. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israels-measures-intended-prevent-births-within-gaza-strip-enar.
170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 170.2 170.3 Lawal, Shola (3 January 2024). "Can South Africa's ICJ case against Israel stop war in Gaza?". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/3/can-south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-stop-war-in-gaza.
171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 171.2 Chacar, Henriette (30 December 2023). "For Palestinians arrested under occupation, a childhood disrupted". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-arrested-under-israeli-occupation-childhood-disrupted-2023-12-30/.
172. ↑ "Israel 'kidnaps' Palestinian infants from Gaza, takes them to unknown place". TRT World. Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/israel-kidnaps-palestinian-infants-from-gaza-takes-them-to-unknown-place-16510307.
173. ↑ International human rights clinic, Boston University School of Law; International human rights clinic, Cornell Law School; Centre for human rights, University of Pretoria; Lowenstein human rights project, Yale Law School (15 May 2024). ﻿Genocide in Gaza: Analysis of international law and its application to Israel's military actions since October 7, 2023﻿ (Report). University Network for Human Rights. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b3538249d5abb21360e858f/t/66475850eceb152a52fd55fe/1715951696844/Genocide+in+Gaza+-+Final+version+051524.pdf.
174. ↑ Bouranova, Alene (6 June 2024). "Is Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza? New Report from BU School of Law's International Human Rights Clinic Lays Out Case" (in en). https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/. "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza."
175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 Al-Hardan 2016, pp. 48–49. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAl-Hardan2016 (help)
176. ↑ Üngör 2024, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFÜngör2024 (help)
177. ↑ Rashed & Short 2012, p. 1142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShort2012 (help)
178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 178.2 Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help)
179. ↑ Abed, Mohammed (2006). "Clarifying the Concept of Genocide". Metaphilosophy (Blackwell Publishing) 37 (3–4): 308–330 [327–328]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2006.00443.x.
180. ↑ Saldívar 2010, pp. 826–827. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaldívar2010 (help)
181. ↑ Davidson, Lawrence (2012). "4. Israel and Palestinian Cultural Genocide" (in en). Cultural Genocide. Rutgers University Press. pp. 65–88. doi:10.36019/9780813553443-004. ISBN 978-0-8135-5344-3. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.36019/9780813553443-004/html?lang=en.
182. ↑ Shaw 2013, p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShaw2013 (help)
183. ↑ Sayigh, Rosemary (October 1983). "Women in Struggle: Palestine". Third World Quarterly (Taylor & Francis) 5 (4): 880–886. doi:10.1080/01436598308419739.
184. ↑ Sales, Ben (26 May 2021). "People are accusing Israel of genocide. These human rights lawyers beg to differ". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/people-are-accusing-israel-of-genocide-these-human-rights-lawyers-beg-to-differ/.
185. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
186. ↑ Lentin 2010, p. 23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help)
187. ↑ Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, pp. 12–13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help)
188. ↑ Docker 2012, pp. 2–4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDocker2012 (help)
189. ↑ Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, p. 15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help)
190. ↑ Lustick, Ian (2006). "Negotiating Truth: The Holocaust, Lehavdil, and al-Nakba". Journal of International Affairs 60 (1): 51–77.
191. ↑ Wolfe, Patrick (21 December 2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240.
192. ↑ Lentin 2016, p. 40. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLentin2016 (help)
193. ↑ Masalha 2012, pp. 10, 11, 88, 120. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help)
194. ↑ Bashir & Goldberg 2018, p. 20, § "The Historical Global Register: The Holocaust and the Colonial Framework", pp. 14–20. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help)
195. ↑ Confino 2018, p. 138. sfn error: no target: CITEREFConfino2018 (help)
196. ↑ Nelson, Cary (7 June 2009). Israel Denial: Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism, & The Faculty Campaign Against the Jewish State. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04508-9.
197. ↑ Aderet, Ofer (22 January 2019). "'Israel Will Decline, and Jews Will Be a Persecuted Minority. Those Who Can Will Flee to America'" (in en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2019-01-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-will-decline-and-jews-will-be-persecuted-those-who-can-will-flee/0000017f-e552-d9aa-afff-fd5a159f0000none Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
198. ↑ Morris, Benny (10 October 2016). "Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948" (in en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-10-10/ty-article/.premium/israel-conducted-no-ethnic-cleansing-in-1948/0000017f-db91-d3a5-af7f-fbbfa2270000.
199. ↑ 199.0 199.1 199.2 199.3 Hasian, Marouf (2020). Debates on Colonial Genocide in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8, 10, 78, 80, 103. ISBN 978-3-030-21277-3.
200. ↑ Nijim 2023, pp. 190–191. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNijim2023 (help)
201. ↑ Lemkin, Raphael (1944). "Genocide". Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 79–95. http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
202. ↑ Levene 2024, pp. 6–7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevene2024 (help)
203. ↑ Di-Capua 2024, p. 4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDi-Capua2024 (help)
204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 Di-Capua 2024, pp. 5, 12–13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDi-Capua2024 (help)
205. ↑ Di-Capua 2024, pp. 13–14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDi-Capua2024 (help)
206. ↑ Cohen, J. A. (2 July 2024). ""The Law Cannot Let Itself See the Nakba"" (in en). Jewish Currents. https://jewishcurrents.org/the-law-cannot-let-itself-see-the-nakba. Retrieved 24 January 2026.
207. ↑ Segal 2023. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSegal2023 (help)
208. ↑ Semerdjian 2024, p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSemerdjian2024 (help)
209. ↑ Samudzi 2024, pp. 6–7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSamudzi2024 (help)
210. ↑ Stacey, Diego (4 November 2023). "Pedro Arrojo, UN Special Rapporteur: 'The Gaza war is heading towards genocide'". El País. https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-04/pedro-arrojo-un-special-rapporteur-the-gaza-war-is-heading-towards-genocide.html. ""deprivation of access to food or medicine, among others [...] even if there is no clear intention, the data show that the war is heading towards genocide""
211. ↑ Nijim 2023, pp. 168, 180–183. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNijim2023 (help)
212. ↑ 212.0 212.1 Bartov, Omer (10 November 2023). "Opinion | What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html.
213. ↑ "Genocide and more: The varied forms of destruction in Gaza". Anadolu Agency. 8 February 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/genocide-and-more-the-varied-forms-of-destruction-in-gaza/3131585.
214. ↑ Goldberg, Amos (18 April 2024). "Yes, it is genocide". https://thepalestineproject.medium.com/yes-it-is-genocide-634a07ea27d4.
215. ↑ Goldberg, Amos (17 April 2024). "כן, זה רצח עם" (in he). https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/134005/.
216. ↑ Goldberg, Amos (7 July 2024). "Israeli Historian: This Is Exactly What Genocide Looks Like". Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2024/07/amos-goldberg-genocide-gaza-israel. "I admit that, at first, I was reluctant to call it genocide, and sought any indication to convince myself that it is not. No one wants to see themselves as part of a genocidal society. But there was explicit intent, a systematic pattern, and a genocidal outcome — so, I came to the conclusion that this is exactly what genocide looks like. And once you come to this conclusion, you cannot remain silent.".
217. ↑ Lendman 2010, pp. 30–31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLendman2010 (help)
218. ↑ Boyle, Francis A. (2000). "Palestine: Sue Israel for Genocide before the International Court of Justice!". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 20 (1): 161–166. doi:10.1080/13602000050008979.
219. ↑ Boyle, Francis A. (2010). "Israel's Crimes against Palestinians: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, Genocide" (in en). The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 259–262. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_33. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_33.
220. ↑ Rashed, Short & Docker (2014), p. 13; citing: sfnmp error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Boyle (2003), p. 159 sfnmp error: no target: CITEREFBoyle2003 (help).
221. ↑ ﻿Extraordinary Session on Gaza: Summary of Findings﻿ (Report). Brussels. 25 September 2014. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/dplc/dv/summary-of-findings_/summary-of-findings_en.pdf.
222. ↑ Sedley, Stephen (10 May 2018). "Stephen Sedley · Short Cuts: Labour and Anti-Semitism". London Review of Books 40 (9). https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v40/n09/stephen-sedley/short-cuts. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
223. ↑ "ICC receives lawsuit over Israel's 'apartheid', 'genocide' in Gaza" (in en). Al Jazeera. 9 November 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide.
224. ↑ Rights, Al Mezan Center for Human (9 November 2023). "Palestinian human rights organizations call on ICC to issue arrest warrants against Israeli leaders for genocide and incitement to genocide" (in en). https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46313.
225. ↑ 225.0 225.1 "Three rights groups file ICC lawsuit against Israel over Gaza 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. 9 November 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide.
226. ↑ 226.0 226.1 226.2 226.3 226.4 McGreal, Chris (13 November 2023). "US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine.
227. ↑ Thakker, Prem (13 November 2023). "Palestinians Sue Biden for Failing to Prevent Genocide in Gaza" (in en-US). The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2023/11/13/gaza-lawsuit-biden-israel-genocide/.
228. ↑ "Defense for Children International—Palestine, et al. v. . Joseph Biden, et al.". 13 November 2023. https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2023/11/Complaint_DCI-Pal-v-Biden_w.pdf.
229. ↑ "Stop the Genocide" (in en). 13 November 2023. https://ccrjustice.org/node/10102.
230. ↑ "Euro-Med Monitor to UN: Recognise Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide - occupied Palestinian territory" (in en). 22 November 2023. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/euro-med-monitor-un-recognise-israels-actions-gaza-genocide.
231. ↑ OHCHR 2023.
232. ↑ McKernan, Bethan (29 January 2024). "Israeli ministers attend conference calling for 'voluntary migration' of Palestinians". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/29/israeli-ministers-attend-conference-calling-for-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians.
233. ↑ Albanese, Francesca (25 March 2024). "Anatomy of a Genocide". United Nations. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/anatomy-of-a-genocide-report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territory-occupied-since-1967-to-human-rights-council-advance-unedited-version-a-hrc-55/.
234. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 Wintour, Patrick (4 January 2024). "Stakes high as South Africa brings claim of genocidal intent against Israel". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/04/stakes-high-as-south-africa-brings-claim-of-genocidal-intent-against-israel.
236. ↑ "Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures". 29 December 2023. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf.
237. ↑ "South Africa files case at ICJ accusing Israel of 'genocidal acts' in Gaza". Al Jazeera. 29 December 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/south-africa-files-case-at-icj-accusing-israel-of-genocidal-acts-in-gaza.
238. ↑ "Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza". 18 December 2023. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza.
239. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 "Nicaragua files application to World Court, accusing Germany of complicity in Gaza genocide". Middle East Eye. 1 March 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza.
241. ↑ Argüello Gómez, Carlos J. (1 March 2024). "Application instituting proceedings". https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/193/193-20240301-app-01-00-en.pdf#page=29.
242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 van den Berg, Stephanie (1 March 2024). "Nicaragua files case at World Court against Germany for aiding Israel". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/nicaragua-files-case-world-court-against-germany-aiding-israel-2024-03-01/.
243. ↑ Saunders, Imogen (6 March 2023). "Interventions and Inadmissibility: Nicaragua v Germany, the Monetary Gold principle, and the Genocide Convention at the International Court of Justice". https://law.anu.edu.au/interventions-and-inadmissibility-nicaragua-v-germany-monetary-gold-principle-and-genocide.
244. ↑ Short 2016, p. 70. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShort2016 (help)
245. ↑ Samudzi 2024, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSamudzi2024 (help)
246. ↑ "Iran Accuses Israel of 'Genocide' Against the Palestinians in Gaza". Asharq Al-Awsat. 13 October 2023. https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4602621-iran-accuses-israel-‘genocide’-against-palestinians-gaza.
247. ↑ "FM Jilani equates Israeli strikes, blockade of Gaza to genocide against Palestinians". Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1781220/fm-jilani-equates-israeli-strikes-blockade-of-gaza-to-genocide-against-palestinians.
248. ↑ "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan condemns in the strongest terms the bombardment of the Al-Mamadani Hospital in Gaza by the Zionist forces and deems this act barbaric and a crime against humanity." (in en-US). 18 October 2023. https://mfa.gov.af/en/the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-condemns-in-the-strongest-terms-the-bombardment-of-the-al-mamadani-hospital-in-gaza-by-the-zionist-forces-and-deems-this-act-barba/. "We stand in solidarity with the Palestinians, and with countries and organizations calling for the immediate end of the ongoing genocide and bringing its perpetrators to justice."
249. ↑ Sharma, Vasu (14 November 2023). "Decoding Pakistan and Afghanistan's Public Responses to the Israel-Hamas War" (in en-US). https://www.stimson.org/2023/decoding-pakistan-and-afghanistans-public-responses-to-the-israel-hamas-war/. "The Taliban's response to the current conflict is entirely in support of the Palestinians and calls out Israeli aggression for violating their rights and the sanctity of Al-Aqsa and other mosques in Palestine. In a series of tweets, Afghanistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs referred to Israel's bombardment as a "genocide.""
250. ↑ Mohamed, Edna; Najjar, Farah; Stepansky, Joseph. "Abbas: Israel's war on Gaza is 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2488711.
251. ↑ "Israel committing 'genocide' against Palestinian people". 10 October 2023. https://en.mehrnews.com/news/206973/Israel-committing-genocide-against-Palestinian-people.
252. ↑ "KCK: Attacks on the Palestinian people must stop" (in en). 18 October 2023. https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/kck-attacks-on-the-palestinian-people-must-stop-69877. "Last night, the Israeli state launched an airstrike on a hospital in Gaza and unfortunately hundreds of people lost their lives in this attack. This attack is an attack of massacre and genocide."
253. ↑ "Kalkan: We defend the just cause of the Palestinian people until the end" (in en). 5 November 2023. https://anfenglish.com/features/kalkan-we-defend-the-just-cause-of-the-palestinian-people-until-the-end-70128. "Some time ago, Armenians in Karabakh were facing genocide. People were suffering. Now the same situation is happening in Gaza."
254. ↑ 254.0 254.1 Demirjian, Karoun (30 October 2023). "Democratic Rifts Over Israel Burst to the Forefront in Congress". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/us/politics/democrats-israel-gaza.html.
255. ↑ "US Representative Tlaib accuses Biden of supporting genocide against Palestinians". Reuters. 4 November 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-representative-tlaib-accuses-biden-supporting-genocide-against-palestinians-2023-11-04/.
256. ↑ 256.0 256.1 256.2 256.3 256.4 256.5 Narea & Samuel 2023. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNareaSamuel2023 (help)
257. ↑ Houghtaling, Ellie Quinlan (31 October 2023). "He Went There: Top U.N. Official Resigns Citing "Genocide" in Gaza". The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza. "Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it."
258. ↑ "'Genocide', Colombia says as Latin American states condemn Israel over Gaza". Al Jazeera. 2 November 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza.
259. ↑ Rueda, Manuel. "Israel suspends military exports to Colombia over its president's criticism of Gaza siege". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28.
260. ↑ Gumrukcu, Tuvan; Karakas, Burcu (20 October 2023). "Turkey's Erdogan calls on Israel to stop its attacks on Gaza 'amounting to genocide'". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-stop-attacks-gaza-amounting-genocide-2023-10-20/.
261. ↑ Verdélio, Andreia (25 October 2023). "President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide". https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide.
262. ↑ "Syria denounced Western support for Israel's massacre in Gaza". 26 October 2023. https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/10/26/syria-denounced-western-support-for-israels-massacre-in-gaza/#:~:text=Damascus, Oct 26 (Prensa Latina,led by the United States..
263. ↑ Sforza, Lauren (6 November 2023). "These 8 countries have pulled ambassadors from Israel amid Hamas war". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/4296621-these-8-countries-have-pulled-ambassadors-from-israel-amid-hamas-war/.
264. ↑ Magome, Mogomotsi (6 November 2023). "South Africa recalls ambassador and diplomatic mission to Israel and accuses it of genocide in Gaza". Associated Press. https://www.timesunion.com/news/world/article/south-africa-recalls-ambassador-and-diplomatic-18471371.php.
265. ↑ Imray, Gerald (21 November 2023). "South African leader accuses Israel of war crimes". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestine-putin-xi-brics-0c070286b154198a36f0cf7440f973b5.
266. ↑ Mahmoud, Sinan (6 November 2023). "Iraq and Iran describe Israel's war in Gaza as 'genocide' against Palestinians". The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2023/11/06/iraqi-pm-visits-tehran-on-first-stop-of-regional-tour-to-discuss-israel-gaza-war/. ""Anyone who wants to contain this conflict and to prevent its spillover in the region should exert pressure on the authorities of the occupation to stop this aggression and the devastating and systematic killing, " Mr Al Sudani said. [...] "The aid from the United States to the Zionist regime [Israel] is encouraging them to kill and commit cruel acts of neglect against the Palestinian people, " Mr Raisi said. [...] "These horrible crimes against humanity are a genocide, which is carried out by the Zionist regime [Israel] with the support of the United States and certain European countries.""
267. ↑ Ishaan, Tharoor (7 November 2023). "Israel's war in Gaza and the specter of 'genocide'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/07/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine/.
268. ↑ Corbyn, Jeremy (6 November 2023). "The ICC must investigate the crime of genocide in Gaza". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/6/the-icc-must-investigate-the-crime-of-genocide-in-gaza.
269. ↑ "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". 16 November 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against. "Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure."
270. ↑ Antonio 2023: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians." sfn error: no target: CITEREFAntonio2023 (help)
271. ↑ Lazaroff, Tovah (21 November 2023). "Kirby: word genocide thrown around inappropriately against Israel" (in en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/international/article-774296.
272. ↑ Magid, Jacob (21 November 2023). "'Genocide' accusations by anti-Israel activists 'pretty inappropriate' — White House". Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/genocide-accusations-by-anti-israel-activists-pretty-inappropriate-white-house/. ""Israel is not trying to wipe the Palestinian people off the map. Israel is not trying to wipe Gaza off the map. Israel is trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, Fine. Let's use it appropriately," Kirby says."
273. ↑ Lakhani 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLakhani2024 (help)
274. ↑ Harkinson, Josh (11 March 2015). "Why are US taxpayers subsidizing right-wing Israeli settlers?" (in en-US). Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/03/hebron-fund-israeli-settlers-tax-exempt-irs-avaaz/. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
275. ↑ Matar, Haggai (10 May 2014). "How I got involved in a 14-year-old girl's murder case" (in en-US). +972 Magazine. https://www.972mag.com/how-i-got-involved-in-a-14-year-old-girls-murder-case/. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
276. ↑ Sorek, Tamir (6 February 2025). "Mainstreaming a Genocidal Imagination in Israeli Society: Settler-Colonialism, Settler Anxiety, and Biblical Cues". Journal of Genocide Research (Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies): 1–24. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2456321.
277. ↑ Ziv, Oren (30 May 2022). "WATCH: Jewish supremacists chant 'Death to Arabs' during Flag March". +972 Magazine. https://www.972mag.com/jewish-supremacists-flag-march-jerusalem/.
278. ↑ Doyle, Chris (2 June 2022). "Israel–Palestine: Would western media walk on eggshells if Arabs were chanting 'death to Jews'?". Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-arabs-chanting-death-jews-western-media-eggshells.
279. ↑ Selk, Avi; Chery, Samantha (4 November 2023). "N.Y. Times writer quits over open letter accusing Israel of 'genocide'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/04/nyt-jazmine-hughes-resigns/.
280. ↑ "Statement of Solidarity". 26 October 2023. https://www.writersagainstthewarongaza.com/.
281. ↑ Moench, Mallory; Gordon, Anna (5 November 2023). "Key Moments From the Pro-Palestinian Marches Across the U.S.". TIME. https://time.com/6331688/protest-marches-us-gaza-war-ceasefire/.
282. ↑ Zhang, Sharon (30 October 2023). "Over 140 Prominent Feminist Scholars Demand Ceasefire, End to Occupation in Gaza". https://truthout.org/articles/over-140-prominent-feminist-scholars-demand-ceasefire-end-to-occupation-in-gaza/.
283. ↑ "Susan Sarandon, Melissa Barrera dropped from Hollywood companies after comments on Israel–Hamas war". Associated Press News. 22 November 2023. https://apnews.com/article/melissa-barrera-susan-sarandon-israel-palestine-scream-101895c5aafe2ec2f77e3dcda706e6ec.
284. ↑ Gessen, Masha (21 December 2023). "Masha Gessen Responds to Controversy After Comparing Gaza to a Nazi Ghetto" (in en) (video). Amanpour and Company. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU6kP9UqhGI&t=977s.
285. ↑ Gessen, Masha (9 December 2023). "In the Shadow of the Holocaust". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/in-the-shadow-of-the-holocaust. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
286. ↑ Penna, Dominic (20 December 2023). "BBC urged to sack Eurovision entrant who called Israel an 'apartheid state'" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/20/bbc-pressure-olly-alexander-eurovision-israel-apartheid/.
287. ↑ "UK Eurovision act Olly Alexander criticised for signing statement calling Israel an 'apartheid state' and accusing it of genocide". Sky News. 21 December 2023. https://news.sky.com/story/uk-eurovision-act-olly-alexander-criticised-for-signing-statement-calling-israel-an-apartheid-state-and-accusing-it-of-genocide-13035601.
288. ↑ Penna, Dominic (22 December 2023). "BBC will not stop Eurovision contestant expressing his political views" (in en-GB). The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/22/bbc-eurovision-contestant-olly-alexander-political-views/.
289. ↑ Rashed & Short 2012, p. 1155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRashedShort2012 (help)
290. ↑ Shaw 2010, pp. 2–3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShaw2010 (help)
291. ↑ McCarthy, Rory (1 March 2008). "Israeli minister warns of Holocaust for Gaza if violence continues". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/01/israelandthepalestinians1.
292. ↑ Levene 2024, p. 5. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevene2024 (help)
293. ↑ Segal & Daniele 2024, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSegalDaniele2024 (help)
294. ↑ 294.0 294.1 Lederman 2024, pp. 1–2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLederman2024 (help)
295. ↑ 295.0 295.1 Goldenberg, Tia (18 January 2024). "Harsh Israeli rhetoric against Palestinians becomes central to South Africa's genocide case". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-south-africa-genocide-hate-speech-97a9e4a84a3a6bebeddfb80f8a030724.
296. ↑ 296.0 296.1 Segal & Daniele 2024, pp. 1–2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSegalDaniele2024 (help)
297. ↑ Levene 2024, p. 2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevene2024 (help)
298. ↑ 298.0 298.1 El-Affendi 2024, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEl-Affendi2024 (help)
299. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
300. ↑ El-Affendi 2024, p. 2. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEl-Affendi2024 (help)
301. ↑ 301.0 301.1 Rosenberg, Yair (21 January 2024). "What Did Top Israel War Officials Really Say About Gaza?". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/01/israel-south-africa-genocide-case-fake-quotes/677198/.
302. ↑ 302.0 302.1 Lanard, Noah (3 November 2023). "The dangerous history behind Netanyahu's Amalek rhetoric". https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/benjamin-netanyahu-amalek-israel-palestine-gaza-saul-samuel-old-testament/.
303. ↑ "Netanyahu's references to violent biblical passages raise alarm among critics". Morning Edition (National Public Radio). 7 November 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211133201/netanyahus-references-to-violent-biblical-passages-raise-alarm-among-critics.
304. ↑ Karantth 2023. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKarantth2023 (help)
305. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".: "While it appears that Gallant was specifically referring to Hamas fighters in that comment, the rest of the minister's remarks called for further oppression of all people in Gaza by denying them basic human needs."; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
306. ↑ Schifrin, Nick; Sagalyn, Dan; Kopelev, Sonia; Warsi, Zeba (11 January 2024). "Experts give 2 perspectives on accusations Israel is committing genocide in Gaza". PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/experts-give-2-perspectives-on-accusations-israel-is-committing-genocide-in-gaza. ""They used Yoav Gallant, the defense minister's statement that he's going after — that they're fighting human animals. He says, oh, I just meant Hamas, but, in fact, if you listen to him, he was talking about the siege, which is of everybody in Gaza.""
307. ↑ 307.0 307.1 307.2 Baroud, Ramzy (23 October 2023). "Israel's Gaza war rooted in dehumanizing, genocidal language". Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2396301.
308. ↑ "Corrections: Jan. 24, 2024". The New York Times. 24 January 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/pageoneplus/corrections-jan-24-2024.html. ""Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything.""
309. ↑ "Smotrich: Sinwar senses weakness, only military pressure will return hostages" (in en). Israel National News. 9 April 2024. https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/388213.
310. ↑ Pfeffer, Anshel (20 November 2023). "Why Netanyahu Won't Shut Down the Crazy Talk About 'Resettling' Gaza" (in en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-20/ty-article/.premium/why-netanyahu-wont-shut-down-the-crazy-talk-about-resettling-gaza/0000018b-ee0b-d6a0-a7ff-ee7fa0c30000.
311. ↑ "Awards for Guardian journalists". The Guardian (London). 26 November 2002. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/nov/26/theguardian.pressandpublishing.
312. ↑ McGreal, Chris (16 October 2023). "The language being used to describe Palestinians is genocidal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/16/the-language-being-used-to-describe-palestinians-is-genocidal.
313. ↑ "Israeli minister calls for voluntary emigration of Gazans" (in en). Reuters. 14 November 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-minister-calls-voluntary-emigration-gazans-2023-11-14/.
314. ↑ 314.0 314.1 "Israeli minister supports 'voluntary migration' of Palestinians in Gaza" (in en). Al Jazeera. 14 November 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/israeli-minister-supports-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians-in-gaza.
315. ↑ "Likud minister suggests world should promote 'voluntary resettlement' of Gazans". The Times of Israel. 19 November 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/likud-minister-suggests-world-should-promote-voluntary-resettlement-of-gazans/.
316. ↑ "Survey shows substantial support for renewal of Jewish settlement in Gaza after war". The Times of Israel. 18 November 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/survey-shows-substantial-support-for-renewal-of-jewish-settlement-in-gaza-after-war.
317. ↑ "Ayelet Shaked makes provocative statements on relocating population in Gaza". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2023. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231122-ayelet-shaked-makes-provocative-statements-on-relocating-population-in-gaza/.
318. ↑ "Otzma Yehudit MK calls for control of Gaza Strip" (in en-US). The Jerusalem Post. 24 November 2023. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-774881.
319. ↑ "Israel council leader says Gaza 'should become Auschwitz'" (in en). The New Arab. 18 December 2023. https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-council-leader-says-gaza-should-become-auschwitz.
320. ↑ Salam 2023: "We are at 10,000 dead Palestinians. How many will be enough?"
321. ↑ Mitrovica, Andrew. "Getting away with a call to genocide in Gaza" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/20/all-of-them.
322. ↑ Salam, Erum (10 November 2023). "Outrage grows after 'chilling call for genocide' by Florida Republican" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/florida-republican-michelle-salzman-palestine.
323. ↑ "CAIR-Florida Condemns Lawmaker's Call for Killing of 'All' Palestinians, Calls for GOP Censure and Public Repudiation". Council on American-Islamic Relations. 10 November 2023. https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-florida-condemns-lawmakers-call-for-killing-of-all-palestinians-calls-for-gop-censure-and-public-repudiation/.
324. ↑ Alafriz, Olivia (14 October 2023). "DeSantis: U.S. should not accept Gaza refugees" (in en). Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/14/desantis-they-are-all-anti-semitic-00121587.
325. ↑ "US congressman: 'Palestine will be turned into a parking lot'". Middle East Monitor. 26 October 2023. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231026-us-congressman-palestine-will-be-turned-into-a-parking-lot/.
326. ↑ Eaton, Sabrina (17 November 2023). "U.S. Rep. Max Miller defends Israel's conduct of Hamas war after visit to Tel Aviv" (in en). https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/us-rep-max-miller-defends-israels-conduct-of-hamas-war-after-visit-to-tel-aviv.html.
327. ↑ Otten, Tori (1 November 2023). "Republican Representative Directly Compares All Palestinians to Nazis". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. https://newrepublic.com/post/176559/republican-representative-brian-mast-compares-palestinians-nazis. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
328. ↑ Otten, Tori (1 February 2024). "GOP Congressman Says Dead Palestinian Babies Aren't All That Innocent". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. https://newrepublic.com/post/178679/gop-congressman-brian-mast-dead-palestinian-babies-not-innocent. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
329. ↑ Harb, Ali (7 October 2025). "'Not a punchline': 15 dehumanising quotes on Gaza atrocities by US figures" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/7/not-a-punchline-15-dehumanising-quotes-on-gaza-atrocities-by-us-figures.
330. ↑ Carroll, Rosaleen (29 July 2025). "AIPAC denies pulling Randy Fine endorsement after derogatory comments on Gaza starvation - AL-Monitor: The Middle East's leading independent news source since 2012" (in en). https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/07/aipac-denies-pulling-randy-fine-endorsement-after-derogatory-comments-gaza.
331. ↑ "Randy Fine 'dropped by AIPAC' over Gaza starvation remarks" (in en-EN). The New Arab. 29 July 2025. https://www.newarab.com/news/randy-fine-dropped-aipac-over-gaza-starvation-remarks.
332. ↑ "Nikki Haley writes 'Finish Them!' on Israeli bomb bound for Gaza" (in en). Al Jazeera. 29 May 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2024/5/29/nikki-haley-writes-finish-them-on-israeli-bomb-bound-for-gaza.
333. ↑ "Michele Bachmann Calls for Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza: 'They Need To Be Removed From That Land'" (in en). 18 December 2023. https://www.mediaite.com/tv/michele-bachmann-calls-for-ethnic-cleansing-in-gaza-they-need-to-be-removed-from-that-land/.
334. ↑ Media Matters Staff (18 December 2023). "Michelle Bachmann to Charlie Kirk: "It's time that Gaza ends. The 2 million people who live there, they are clever assassins. They need to be removed from that land."" (in en). https://www.mediamatters.org/charlie-kirk/michelle-bachmann-charlie-kirk-its-time-gaza-ends-2-million-people-who-live-there-they.
335. ↑ Harb, Ali. "Anti-Palestinian sentiment rises amid bipartisan US support for Israel" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/anti-palestinian-sentiment-rises-amid-bipartisan-us-support-for-israel.
336. ↑ Polya, Gideon (2010). "Ongoing Palestinian Genocide" (in en). The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–42. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_3. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_3. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
337. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
338. ↑ "Jewish Voice for Peace calls on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide". Jewish Voice for Peace. 11 October 2023. https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/. "The Israeli government has declared a genocidal war on the people of Gaza. As an organization that works for a future where Palestinians and Israelis and all people live in equality and freedom, we call on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide of Palestinians."
339. ↑ Rocca, Ryan; Carty, Matt (10 November 2023). "Protest held at Toronto's Union Station over Israel-Hamas conflict" (in en-CA). Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10081243/toronto-union-station-pro-palestine-protest/.
340. ↑ Montefiore, Simon Sebag (27 October 2023). "The Decolonization Narrative Is Dangerous and False". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/10/decolonization-narrative-dangerous-and-false/675799/. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
341. ↑ Wistrich, Robert S. (2014). "Gaza, Hamas, and the Return of Antisemitism". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 8 (3): 35–48. doi:10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
342. ↑ Samuels, Ben (9 January 2024). "Blinken: Genocide Charge Against Israel Is 'Meritless'; Palestinians Must Be Allowed Return to North Gaza". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-01-09/ty-article/.premium/blinken-genocide-charge-against-israel-meritless-palestinians-must-be-allowed-return/0000018c-ef8f-da6b-abdd-ffcf48d60000.
343. ↑ Fandos, Nicholas (11 November 2023). "Two Young Democratic Stars Collide Over Israel and Their Party's Future" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/nyregion/aoc-torres-israel-gaza.html.
344. ↑ Prager, Dennis; Telushkin, Joseph (2003) (in English). Why the Jews?: The Reason for Antisemitism. Simon & Schuster. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-7432-4620-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=wAeeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19.
345. ↑ Oladipo, Gloria (31 May 2024). "New York hospital fires nurse after calling Gaza war a 'genocide' in speech". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/31/new-york-university-hospital-fires-nurse-gaza-war-genocide.
346. ↑ 346.0 346.1 "Data on casualties". https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties.
347. ↑ Alfonseca, Kiara (11 October 2023). "Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel-Gaza crossfire as death toll rises". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889.
348. ↑ "Breakdown of Fatalities: 27 September 2000 through 1 January 2005". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. http://212.150.54.123/casualties_project/stats_page.cfm. Full report: Radlauer, Don (29 September 2002). "An Engineered Tragedy: Statistical Analysis of Casualties in the Palestinian – Israeli Conflict, September 2000 – September 2002". International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=439.
349. ↑ "Intifada toll 2000–2005". BBC News. 8 February 2005. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3694350.stm.
350. ↑ "Field Update on Gaza from the Humanitarian Coordinator". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 9 January 2009. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_01_09_english.pdf.
351. ↑ "B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities". B'Tselem. http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before.
352. ↑ Lappin, Yaakov (2009). "IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers". The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/israel/idf-releases-cast-lead-casualty-numbers.
353. ↑ "Confirmed figures reveal the true extent of the destruction inflicted upon the Gaza Strip; Israel's offensive resulted in 1,417 dead, including 926 civilians, 255 police officers, and 236 fighters.". 2009. http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/36-2009.html.
354. ↑ "Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1". 23 June 2015. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc.
355. ↑ Nijim 2023, pp. 179–180. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNijim2023 (help)
356. ↑ "2021 was the deadliest year since 2014, Israel killed 319 Palestinians in oPt 5-year record in house demolitions: 895 Palestinians lost their homes". B'Tselem. https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20220104_in_deadliest_year_since_2014_israel_killed_319_palestinians_in_opt.
357. ↑ Euro-Med Monitor (18 November 2023). "Friday 17 November: Twenty thousand Palestinians believed to be killed in Israel's genocide of Gaza". https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/friday-17-november-twenty-thousand-palestinians-believed-be-killed-israels-genocide-gaza-enar.
358. ↑ Faddoul, Alix; Shannon, Geordan; Asghar, Khudejha; Boukari, Yamina; Smith, James; Neilson, Amy (18 December 2023). "The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide". The Lancet 403 (10421): 25–26. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02751-4. PMID 38128558. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-4/fulltext.
359. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
360. ↑ "Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll Hits 22,313". Barron's. 3 January 2024. https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news.
361. ↑ "Deaths in Gaza surpass 14,000, according to its authorities". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/23/deaths-in-gaza-surpass-14000-according-to-its-authorities.
362. ↑ Thomas 2023. sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas2023 (help)
363. ↑ AP News 2023a. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAP_News2023a (help)
364. ↑ Khatib, Rasha; McKee, Martin; Yusuf, Salim (2024). "Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential". The Lancet (Elsevier BV) 404 (10449): 237–238. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 38976995. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext. Retrieved 28 July 2024. "Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7·9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.".
365. ↑ 365.0 365.1 Bigg, Matthew Mpoke (11 July 2024). "Fighting Isn't the Only Killer of Gazans Amid the War, Researchers Say" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html.
366. ↑ Horton, Jake; Sardarizadeh, Shayan; Durbin, Adam (16 May 2024). "Gaza war: Why is the UN citing lower death toll for women and children?" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893.
367. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
368. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".: "There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba. All of the leading Israeli New Historians—particularly Morris, Shlaim, Pappé, and Flapan—extensively examined the issue and revealed the facts. Other accounts have reached the same conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, "A War to Start All Wars"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Palestinians and 1948"; Walid Khalidi, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited"; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country" (Haaretz, July 18, 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68. In July 2019, the Israeli government sought to cover up the extensive documentary evidence in its state archives that revealed detailed evidence about the extent of the Nakba—even the evidence that had already been published by newspapers and Israeli historians. A Haaretz investigation of the attempted cover-up concluded: "Since early last decade, Defense Ministry teams have scoured local archives and removed troves of historic documents to conceal proof of the Nakba, including Israeli eyewitness reports at the time" (Shezaf, "Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs")."
369. ↑ "Why Nakba is the Palestinians' most sombre day, in 100 and 300 words". BBC News. 15 May 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44114385. "... up to 750,000 Palestinians who had lived on that land fled or were expelled from their homes."
370. ↑ McDowall, David; Palley, Claire (1987). The Palestinians. Minority Rights Group Report no 24. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-946690-42-8.
371. ↑ Graham-Harrison, Emma; Borger, Julian (19 December 2023). "Palestinian death toll in Gaza nears 20,000 with nearly 2 million people displaced". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/19/palestinian-casualties-in-gaza-near-20000-with-nearly-2m-people-displaced.
372. ↑ Shmilovitz, Tzippy (18 December 2023). "How John Kirby became one of Israel's leading spokespeople". https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt.
373. ↑ "White House Asked Point Blank About Pro-Ceasefire Protesters Calling Biden 'Genocide Joe'". 20 November 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpiceCp2Cp0.
374. ↑ 374.0 374.1 Mansoor, Sanya (21 November 2023). "Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot" (in en). TIME. https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
375. ↑ Hanson, Natalie (23 November 2023). "Palestinians file lawsuit accusing Biden administration of violating Genocide Convention". https://www.courthousenews.com/palestinians-file-lawsuit-accusing-biden-administration-of-violating-genocide-convention/.
376. ↑ Hubler, Shawn (31 January 2024). "A federal judge dismisses a suit to block U.S. support of Israel — but urges Biden to re-examine his approach". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html.
377. ↑ "In Gaza, Biden administration complicit: Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406. "None of the Biden Administration's tactics to deny genocide and avoid accountability will withstand the test of time. President Biden and key administration officials are on a path to be remembered as the principal enablers of one of the worst genocides in the 21st century"
378. ↑ Harb, Ali. "Biden is said to be angry at Netanyahu, but US rewards keep coming". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692.
379. ↑ "Cuba: US 'accomplices' in devastation of Gaza". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122.
380. ↑ Schaer, Cathrin (23 February 2024). "German lawyers sue Scholz, alleging complicity in Gaza 'genocide'". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza.
381. ↑ "Gaza victims sue German government for 'aiding genocide against Palestinians'". Middle East Monitor. 23 February 2024. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/.
382. ↑ "Anthony Albanese dismisses ICC war crimes allegations: Experts weigh in on the claims" (in en). SBS News. 5 March 2024. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql.
383. ↑ Rothwell, Donald (5 March 2024). "Why have Anthony Albanese and other politicians been referred to the ICC over the Gaza war?" (in en-US). http://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079.

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## Further reading

* Abdo, Nahla (2024). "Israel's settler colonialism and the genocide in Gaza: Alternatives". Studies in Political Economy 105 (1): 94–106. doi:10.1080/07078552.2024.2325298.
* Abdo, D. N.; Masalha, N., eds (2018). An oral history of the Palestinian Nakba. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-786-99351-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=bf80EAAAQBAJ.
* BADIL (2015). "Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2013-2015". http://www.badil.org/en/publication/survey-of-refugees.html?download=1192:badil-survey-2015.
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* Cohen, Hillel (2017). "The First Israeli Government (1948–1950) and the Arab Citizens: Equality in Discourse, Exclusion in Practice". in Rouhana, Nadim N.; Huneidi, Sahar S. (in en). Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–102. ISBN 978-1-107-04483-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
* Eid, Haidar (24 June 2022). "Fifteen years of Gaza blockade: Open the doors of our prison now". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/24/gaza-blockade-15-years.
* Fisk, B. N. (2019). "Canaanite genocide and Palestinian Nakba in conversation: A postcolonial exercise in bi-directional hermeneutics". Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 18 (1): 21–49. doi:10.3366/hlps.2019.0201. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/hlps.2019.0201.
* Hacker, Emily (2020). "Genocide and Public Health in Palestine" (in en). Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–39. ISBN 978-3-319-74365-3.
* Jamshidi, Maryam (6 May 2024). "Genocide and Resistance in Palestine under Law's Shadow". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–35. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2348377.
* Knopf-Newman, Marcy Jane (21 November 2011) (in en). The Politics of Teaching Palestine to Americans: Addressing Pedagogical Strategies. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-00220-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=TeVeAQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
* Litvin, Yoav (21 December 2023). "The anatomy of Zionist genocide". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/12/21/the-anatomy-of-zionist-genocide.
* Loewenstein, Antony; Moor, Ahmed, eds (2024) (in en). After Zionism: One State for Israel and Palestine (New ed.). Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-739-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=VEUhBQAAQBAJ.
* Masalha, Nur (2003). The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem. Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt18dztmq. ISBN 978-0-7453-2120-2.
* Rouhana, Nadim (22 May 2025). "Mowing the Lawn: Lethal Metaphors in Israeli National Security Culture Pre-7 October". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–22. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2506162.
* Pappé, Ilan (1 May 2020). "An Indicative Archive: Salvaging Nakba Documents" (in en). Journal of Palestine Studies 49 (3): 22–40. doi:10.1525/jps.2020.49.3.22. ISSN 0377-919X. https://online.ucpress.edu/jps/article/49/3/22/110797/An-Indicative-Archive-Salvaging-Nakba-Documents.
* Perugini, Nicola; Gordon, Neve (9 April 2024). "Medical Lawfare: The Nakba and Israel's Attacks on Palestinian Healthcare" (in en). Journal of Palestine Studies 53: 68–91. doi:10.1080/0377919X.2024.2330366. ISSN 0377-919X.
* Sultany, Nimer (9 May 2024). "A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–26. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2351261.
* "Palestine refugees". https://www.unrwa.org/palestine-refugees.
* "Frequently asked questions" (in en). https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions.
* Roundtable in Journal of Genocide Research:
* Fassin, Didier (5 February 2024). "The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–7. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941.
* McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (25 April 2024). "Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community?". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–9. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403.
* Tanielian, Melanie S. (5 February 2024). "The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–9. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866.
* Whyte, Jessica (17 April 2024). "A "Tragic Humanitarian Crisis": Israel's Weaponization of Starvation and the Question of Intent". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–15. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2339637.
* Karmy, Rodrigo, ed (2024) (in es-cl). Palestina: Anatomía de un Genocidio. Política. Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones. ISBN 978-956-00-1820-5.

## External links

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* "UN panel discussion: 2023 War on Gaza: The Responsibility to Prevent Genocide". United Nations. 12 December 2023. https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1v/k1vpr1yczg.

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