Palmyrene Aramaic

Short description: Western Aramaic dialect spoken in the city of Palmyra in the early centuries AD

Palmyrene Aramaic

Palmyrean[1]

Limestone funerary slab

Region| Syrian Desert
Extinct| 1st millennium

Language family

Afro-Asiatic

* Semitic
* West Semitic
* Central Semitic
* Northwest Semitic
* Aramaic
* Eastern Aramaic
* Palmyrene Aramaic

Early forms

Proto-Afroasiatic

* Proto-Semitic
* Old Aramaic
* Middle Aramaic

Writing system

| Palmyrene alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3| –

Linguist List

| `qhy-pal`
Glottolog| `palm1242`[2]

Palmyrene Aramaic was a Middle Aramaic dialect, exhibiting both Eastern and Western Aramaic grammatical features, and is therefore often regarded as a dialect continuum between the two branches.[lower-alpha 1] It was primarily documented in Palmyra itself, but also found in the western parts of the Roman Empire, extending as far as Britannia. Dated inscriptions range from 44 BCE to 274 CE, with over 4,000 known inscriptions, mostly comprising honorific, dedicatory, and funerary texts. The dialect still retains echoes of earlier Imperial Aramaic. The lexicon bears influences from both Koine Greek and, to some extent, Arabic.[8][9][10]

The dual had disappeared from it.[8]

The written Palmyrene language was composed in a rounded script that later exhibited resemblances to the Syriac Estrangela script.[11]

## Contents

* 1 See also
* 2 References
* 3 Notes
* 4 Further reading

## See also

* Middle Aramaic dialects
* Palmyrena
* Palmyrene Empire

## References

1. ↑ "Palmyrean". LINGUIST List. http://multitree.org/codes/qhy-pal.
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Palmyrene Aramaic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/palm1242.
3. ↑ (in German) Tempus, Aspekt und Modalität im Reichsaramäischen. Harrassowitz. p. 47. "While the East Aramaic Palmyrene language seamlessly supplanted Imperial Aramaic as the language of Palmyra, likely in the second century BCE.…"
4. ↑ Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. OUP Oxford. p. 43. "…Palmyrene was a continuation of Official Aramaic and a close reflection of the spoken language of the Palmyrene region, with eastern Aramaic features…."
5. ↑ (in German) Die aramäischen Achikar-Sprüche aus Elephantine und die alttestamentliche Weisheitsliteratur. Walter de Gruyter. 2010. p. 649. ISBN 9783110212082. "Sie ist sonst erst wesentlich später in ostaramäischen Dialekten (etwa im Palmyrenischen) bezeugt."
6. ↑ Hellenistic and Roman Greece as a Sociolinguistic Area. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 271. "…Palmyrene Aramaic has preserved many old Aramaic features; on the other hand, it also shows isoglosses with the eastern dialects…"
7. ↑ King, Daniel (12 December 2018) (in English). The Syriac World. Routledge. ISBN 9781317482116. "It may be akin to the Eastern Aramaic dialect component in Palmyrene, but the regional element there is often eclipsed by the strong presence of an older literary tradition and defies exact dialectal classification (Gzella 2015a: 250-3)."
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Charles Fontinoy (1969) (in fr). Le duel dans les langues sémitiques. Librairie Droz. p. 76. ISBN 9782251661797. https://books.google.com/books?id=DiqPkJFFG48C.
9. ↑ Sebastian P. Brock: Greek and Latin Words in Palmyrene Inscriptions: A Comparison with Syriac, in: Eleonora Cussini (Hrsg.): A Journey to Palmyra. Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers (= Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 22). Brill, Leiden 2005, 11–25; Holger Gzella: Die Palmyrener in der griechisch-römischen Welt. Kulturelle Begegnung im Spiegel des Sprachkontaktes, in: Klio 87 (2005), 445–458; Ders.: Das Aramäisch in den römischen Ostprovinzen. Sprachsituationen in Arabien, Syrien und Mesopotamien zur Kaiserzeit, in: Bibliotheca Orientalis 63 (2006), 15–39.
10. ↑ Mohammed Maraqten: The Arabic Words in Palmyrene Inscriptions, in: ARAM 7 (1995), 89–108.
11. ↑ (in English) A Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls. Brill. p. 15. "... Palmyrene characteristics detectable in its forms. He wrote (1962, 61) that this script may be seen as “a Syriac type evolved from an early form of Aramaic alphabet, of Palmyrene type, and which enjoys independence from the Edessene .."

## Notes

1. ↑ The Palmyrene dialect has a dual affiliation because it combines features of both Western and Eastern Aramaic, but it is somewhat closer to the Eastern branch.[3][4][5][6][7]

## Further reading

* Daniels, Peter T. (1988). ""Shewing of Hard Sentences and Dissolving of Doubts": The First Decipherment". Journal of the American Oriental Society 108 (3): 419–436. doi:10.2307/603863. https://www.jstor.org/stable/603863.
* Hillers, Delbert R.; Cussini, Eleonora (1996). Palmyrene Aramaic Texts. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5278-7.
* Hans H. Spoer (1904). "Palmyrene Inscriptions found at Palmyra in April 1904". Journal of the American Oriental Society.
* John Swinton (1753). "An Explication of All the Inscriptions in the Palmyrene Language and Character Hitherto Publish'd. In Five Letters from the Reverend Mr John Swinton, M. A. of Christ-Church, Oxford, and F. R. S. to the Reverend Thomas Birch, D. D. Secret. R. S.". Philosophical Transactions 48: 690. Bibcode: 1753RSPT...48..690S.

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