Post–World War II anti-fascism

Short description: Opposition to fascism after World War II

A red flag with modern Antifaschistische Aktion, commonly shortened to Antifa

Template:Anti-fascism sidebar Post–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups (/ˈæntifɑː, ænˈtiːfə/[1]), anti-fascist movements and anti-fascist action networks, saw the development of political movements describing themselves as anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.

## Contents

* 1 Europe
* 1.1 Italy
* 1.2 Germany
* 1.3 Ireland
* 1.4 Netherlands
* 1.5 Romania
* 1.6 United Kingdom
* 1.7 Sweden
* 1.8 Ukraine
* 2 Asia
* 2.1 Kashmir
* 2.2 Japan
* 2.3 Myanmar
* 3 United States
* 4 Syrian Civil War
* 5 Gallery
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading

## Europe

Defendants in the Nuremberg Trials \- a judicial-political process intended to delegitimize Nazism, and Fascism more broadly, as criminal ideologies

The immediate aftermath of the Second World War saw Fascism and its ideological successors discredited as the ideologies of the defeated Axis powers, with the eradication of Fascist ideologies a stated goal of the victorious Allies, culminating in processes like the Nuremberg trials and de-Nazification. The onset however, of the Cold War saw the urgency attached to these goals diminish in the face of superpower competition, and anti-fascist activities becoming less prominent.

An antifascist sticker in Warsaw, Poland

The appearance of rightist political parties and their upsurge since the dissolution of the Soviet Union has stimulated a corresponding growth of anti-fascist movements. In Germany Neo-Nazism was never eradicated, and former Nazis including Reinhard Gehlen and former chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger rose to positions of great power. The Freedom Party of Austria was founded by politicians including former Nazis in 1955. In France, where the far-right National Rally was founded in 1972.

In post-WWII Great Britain, skinheads and football hooligans often promoted vehement racism; the English Defence League was founded in 2009. The Netherlands has seen the rise of a number of rightist parties, starting with the Centre Party, then the NVU, and then the PVV with Geert Wilders and the young Forum voor Democratie. The German right has grown rapidly since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, and the far-right party Alternative for Germany was founded in 2013, followed shortly thereafter by the anti-immigrant Pegida movement.

The war ends in Italy on 2 May 1945, with the complete surrender of German and RSI forces to the Allied forces, as formally established during the so-called Surrender at Caserta on 29 April 1945, marks the definitive defeat of Nazism and Fascism in Italy. By 1 May, all of northern Italy was liberated from occupation, including Bologna (21 April), Genoa (23 April), Milan (25 April), Turin[2] and Venice (28 April). The liberation put an end to two and a half years of German occupation, five years of war, and twenty-three years of fascist dictatorship.

The aftermath of World War II left Italy bitter toward the monarchy for endorsing the Fascist regime for over 20-plus years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.[3]

The liberation symbolically represents the beginning of the historical journey which led to the referendum of 2 June 1946, when Italians opted for the end of the monarchy and the creation of the Italian Republic. This was followed by the adoption of the 1948 Constitution of the Republic,[4] created by the Constituent Assembly and representatives from the anti-fascist forces that defeated the Nazis and the Fascists during the liberation of Italy and the Italian civil war.[5]

### Italy

Anti-fascist demonstration at Porta San Paolo in Rome, Italy, on the occasion of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2013

Today's Italian constitution is the result from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy.[5]

Antifa graffiti in Rome: Nationalism is an easy illusion.

File:Bella ciao, Representative Orchestra of Serbian Guards (ROG).ogg Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy that commemorates the victory of the Italian resistance movement against Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic, puppet state of the Nazis and rump state of the fascists, in the Italian Civil War, a civil war in Italy fought during World War II, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the National Liberation Committee of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including Benito Mussolini, who was shot three days later).[6]

Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI; "National Association of Italian Partisans") is an association founded by participants of the Italian resistance against the Italian Fascist regime and the subsequent Nazi occupation during World War II. ANPI was founded in Rome in 1944[7] while the war continued in northern Italy. It was constituted as a charitable foundation on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members.[8]

ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against historical revisionism and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 constitution, in which the ideals of the Italian resistance were collected.[8] Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.[9]

Bella ciao (it; "Goodbye beautiful") is an Italian folk song modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed nazism and fascism, and fought against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist Italian Social Republic between 1943 and 1945 during the Italian Civil War. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.[10] As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.[11][12]

* A parade for the liberation of Italy, Turin, 6 May 1945

* The ANPI logo

### Germany

Main article: Social:Antifa (Germany)

The historical seat of the Communist Party of Germany (Karl-Liebknecht-Haus) with prominently displayed logo of the Antifaschistische Aktion, 1932

In 1944, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, groups called Antifaschistische Ausschüsse, Antifaschistische Kommittees or Antifaschistische Aktion, all typically abbreviated to Antifa, spontaneously re-emerged in Germany, mainly involving veterans of pre-war KPD, KPO and SPD politics[13][14][15][16] as well as some members of other democratic political parties and the Confessing Church, which had opposed the Nazi co-optation of the Lutheran Church during the 1930s and 1940s.[17] Communists tended to make up at least half of the committees.[17]

In the western zones, these anti-fascist committees began to recede by the late summer of 1945, marginalized by Allied bans on political organization and by re-emerging divisions between Communists and others and the emerging state doctrine of anti-communism in what became West Germany.[18] In East Germany, the Antifa groups were absorbed into the new Stalinist state.[13]

The subsequent post-war history of the anti-fascist movement in Germany includes two distinct traditions, an East German tradition and a tradition that arose in West Germany during the 1970s, both drawing inspiration from the Antifa committees and from the earlier Antifaschistische Aktion of the Weimar Republic. According to German government institutions the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Agency for Civic Education, the contemporary Antifa or anti-fascist movement in Germany—the terms are often used interchangeably in German[19]—is composed of multiple far-left, autonomous, militant groups and individuals who describe themselves as anti-fascist. According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the use of the epithet fascist against opponents and the understanding of capitalism as a form of fascism are central to the movement.[20][19]

According to political scientist and Christian Democratic Union politician Tim Peters, the term anti-fascism is primarily used by the far left in contemporary Germany.[21]

In Communist East Germany, "anti-fascism" as interpreted within the Communist movement was part of the official ideology and language of the Communist state, and the original Antifaschistische Aktion ("Anti-Fascist Action") of the Communist Party of Germany was considered an important part of the heritage of the governing Socialist Unity Party of Germany; Eckhard Jesse, director of the Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism, notes that the term "anti-fascism" was ubiquitous in the language of the East German Communist party, and used to justify repression such as the crackdown on the East German uprising of 1953.[22][23]

"Antifascism" in East Germany generally meant the struggle against the western world and NATO in general, and against the western-backed Federal Republic of Germany and its main ally the United States in particular, which were seen as the main fascist forces in the world by the East German Communist party.[24] For example, from 1961 to 1989, the East German regime used the term "Anti-Fascist Protection Wall" (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) as the official name for the Berlin Wall.[25][26]

The contemporary German Antifa movement ultimately has its origins in West Germany, in the student-based Außerparlamentarische Opposition (extra-parliamentary opposition) of the 1960s and early 1970s which opposed the alleged "fascism" of the West German government.[27] The modern movement largely adopted the aesthetics of the Antifaschistische Aktion during the late Weimar Republic, including the abbreviated name Antifa and a version of its logo, while being ideologically somewhat dissimilar.

The first Antifa groups in this tradition were founded by the Maoist Communist League in the early 1970s. Antifa women, dissatisfied with observed sexism in the movement, created the feminist offshoot Fantifa in 1985.[28] From the late 1980s, West Germany's squatter scene and left-wing autonomism movement were the main contributors to the new Antifa movement and in contrast to the earlier movement had a more anarcho-communist leaning. The modern movement has splintered into different groups and factions, including one anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist faction and one anti-German faction who strongly oppose each other. German government institutions describe the contemporary Antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent, and Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism;[19][29][20][30] the federal office states that the underlying goal of the Antifa movement is "the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order" and capitalism.[20][19]

### Ireland

Antifa Graffiti in Longford, Ireland. It incorporates the Starry Plough, a traditional Irish left-wing symbol. Jonathan Arlow has written that "a close cultural lineage between elements within the left and a past revolutionary tradition will increase the appeal of anti-fascist activism among left-wing activists."[31]

Anti-fascist groups have emerged in the Republic of Ireland to oppose far-right and alt-right groups such as the National Party, Irish Freedom Party, Identity Ireland and Pegida Ireland, which lack significant public or electoral support but stage occasional rallies and are active online.[32]

Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) Ireland is one group,[33] while an alliance called Le Chéile (Irish: "together") was founded in 2020 to combat the far-right.[34]

PhD student Jonathan Arlow has written on the topic, saying "in the absence of effective extreme right forces, anti-fascism acts as a form of prophylactic action. In effect, the aim of this activism is to deny political space to extreme right micro groups before they become a popular force or a more serious political threat."[31]

### Netherlands

A well-known Dutch anti-fascist research group is the anti-fascist research group Kafka. The Netherlands also has several chapters of the international network Anti-Fascist Action (AFA / Antifa). Another anti-fascist association in the Netherlands is AFVN / Bond van Anti-fascisten (Dutch League of Former Resistants and Anti-Fascists), founded in 1968 by Communist resistance fighters from the Second World War, to warn against resurging fascism.

From 2000 onwards, the AFVN protested several fascist-inspired events and phenomena. The re-appearance of a Dutch opera-singer Johannes Heesters, who performed for the Nazis and was even photographed when visiting Dachau concentration camp and befriending SS-officers, led to loud protest that were nationally published.

The AFVN has had numerous successes, although the group remains relatively small. It effectively uses publicity as its main tool of influence. Some of the actions and events include the following:

* protesting a yearly commemoration of Nazi-graves on the day of national remembrance of the war dead, the 4th of May in Vorden; this remembrance was stopped
* protesting commemorations by the German ambassador and members of the Bundeswehr at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery, the largest in Europa containing about 31,000 Nazi-soldiers, SS and Dutch war criminal; after a petition and support from Jewish organisations such as Zentralrat der Juden in Berlin and Beate Klarsfeld and the management of Dachau concentration camp the ambassador relented in 2020
* protesting the selling of Nazi-items at dedicated trade fairs and by Dutch eBay subsidiary Marktplaats.nl; Marktplaats has since banished the sale of any item containing swastikas; two of these fairs closed
* protesting the sale of anti-semitic books by Dutch Ahold Delhaize subsidiary Bol.nl; these sales were halted[35]
* protesting the sale of two books containing extensive falsehoods on WW-II or the resistance and/or anti-Semitic utterances, namely the SS-admiring 'De SS'ers' ('The SS') by Armando and Sleutelaar and 'Grijs Verleden' ('Grey Past') by C. van der Heyden
* the commemoration of the so-called February strike against persecution of Jews in the region of Hilversum since 2015;
* protesting the commemoration of fallen Dutch aggressors from the Indonesian War of Independence from 1947 till 1950 in Roermond
* protesting the unwarranted honoring the writer Armando, author of the SS-admiring book 'De SS'ers' in former Amersfoort concentration camp; the event was canceled.

The AFVN is a member of the Féd. Int. des Résistants FIR.

Some of the AFA-groups are more active than others. The AFA-Fryslân (Frisia) is regionally one of the most active, especially combating the Dutch extreme right and their parties, such as the PVV and Forum voor Democratie. AFA-Fryslân regularly cooperates with the AFVN.

Another relatively successful venture is the yearly anti-discrimination march in Amsterdam on 21 March, organised by a coalition of 15 progressive groups. The coalition is named '21 Maart Tegen Racisme' ('21 March Against Racism').

Some of the Dutch anti-fascists, mostly of so-called 'autonomous' groups, but not Kafka or the AFVN, regard physical violence as a legitimate means of action. An example of this was the violent disruption of the reconciliation meeting between Hans Janmaat and the Center Party on March 29, 1986, in a hotel in Kedichem. The meeting was disrupted by radical, anti-fascist activists who set the hotel on fire. Janmaat's life partner Wil Schuurman became permanently disabled because after jumping out of a window on the first floor, one of her legs had to be amputated.

### Romania

The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was an organization for ethnic Germans in Romania. Emmerich Stoffel was the chairman of the Committee and Philipp Geltz its secretary.[36] The committee was based in Bucharest and published the newspaper Neuer Weg ('New Path').[36] By the late 1940s the post-Second World War wave of discriminations against the German minority in Romania had subdued.[37] At its meeting in December 1948, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party adopted a 'Resolution of the National Question' which outlined the need for the formation of a German Anti-Fascist Committee and a German-language newspaper.[38] The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was founded in March 1949 by a number of ethnic German party members, along with its organ Neuer Weg.[39][40]

### United Kingdom

Anti-fascist march in Aberdeen, Scotland on 28 November 2025

After World War II, Jewish war veterans in the 43 Group continued the tradition of militant confrontations with Oswald Mosley's Union Movement. In the 1960s, the 62 Group continued the struggle against neo-Nazis.[41]

In the 1970s, fascist and far-right parties such as the National Front (NF) and British Movement (BM) were making significant gains electorally, and were increasingly bold in their public appearances. This was challenged in 1977 with the Battle of Lewisham, when thousands of people disrupted an NF march in South London.[42] Soon after, the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) was launched by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). The ANL had a large-scale propaganda campaign and squads that attacked NF meetings and paper sales. The success of the ANL's campaigns contributed to the end of the NF's period of growth. During this period, there were also a number of black-led anti-fascist organizations, including the Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (CARF) and local groups like the Newham Monitoring Project.[43]

The SWP disbanded the ANL in 1981, but many squad members refused to stop their activities. They were expelled from the SWP in 1981, many going on to found Red Action. The SWP used the term squadism to dismiss these militant anti-fascists as thugs. In 1985, some members of Red Action and the anarcho-syndicalist Direct Action Movement launched Anti-Fascist Action (AFA). Their founding document said "we are not fighting Fascism to maintain the status quo but to defend the interests of the working class".[44][45]

Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilizations, such as Remembrance Day demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, the Unity Carnival, the Battle of Cable Street's 55th anniversary march in 1991, and the Battle of Waterloo against Blood and Honour in 1992.[46] After 1995, some AFA mobilizations still occurred, such as against the NF in Dover in 1997 and 1998. However, AFA wound down its national organization and some of its branches and had ceased to exist nationally by 2001.[47]

There was a surge in fascist activity across Europe from 1989 to 1992 after the collapse of Communism. In 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) coordinated a large militant protest against the visit to London by French right-wing leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This sparked a surge in anti-fascist organizations throughout Europe. In the UK alone, in 1992 a number of left-wing groups formed anti-fascist front organizations, such as a re-launched ANL in 1992, the Socialist Party's Youth against Racism in Europe YRE, and the Revolutionary Communist Party's Workers Against Racism. A number of black-led organizations, along with the Labour Party Black Sections and the National Black Caucus, formed the Anti-Racist Alliance in 1991, which eventually became the National Assembly Against Racism.[48]

The magazine Searchlight was founded in 1975. The group founded Hope not Hate in 2004, which became independent in 2011.

In August 2018, the Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell called for a revival of "an Anti-Nazi League-type cultural and political campaign" following a number of far-right and racist incidents in the UK, including fascist attacks on a socialist bookshop by members of the far-right and UKIP, marches in favor of far-right activist Tommy Robinson and high-profile Islamophobia in the Conservative Party.[49][50]

### Sweden

2007 photo of Antifa graffiti in Trnava, Slovakia

Militant anti-fascism emerged in Sweden in the early 1990s, in particular around the yearly November 30 protests in Lund and Stockholm propelled by blockades of neo-Nazi marches in both cities in 1991.[51] The main militant antifascist group in the country was the Antifascistisk Aktion (AFA), founded in Sweden in 1993 with as many as 20 branches in the late 1990s. It was inspired by a group with the same name that had started in Copenhagen in 1991 and British groups with similar names from the 1980s. The early tactics mainly focused on large demonstrations, in particular blockades of marches inspired by the 30th November events in Lund between 1991 and 1993. In parts of Sweden where these actions were less anchored in memory culture, a more territorial repertoire of interpersonal violence instead dominated, particular in the late 1990s.[52] It was in this period that AFA published a detailed Activity Guide describing tactical uses of violence against neo-Nazis. In the early 2000s Antifascist Action split, with the now defunct, more Marxist and Workerkist Revolutionära Fronten (The Revolutionary Front) forming out of remnants of its Gothenburg, Stockholm and Örebro branches. Since the late 2000s the type of militant street-based antifascism that AFA and Revolutionära Fronten represented has declined, in response to a more parliamentarian and online focus in the far right. This is evident by the very limited public role in many of the largest antifascist demonstrations in the 2010s, including the large 2018 Gothenburg blockade of the Nordic Resistance Movement, the massive Kärrtorp protest, and the massive 13.000 person strong demonstration in 2014 in response to the stabbing of Showan Shattak and three other antifascists in Malmö.[53]

### Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, many anti-fascists have fought to defend Ukraine against Russia, which they regard as an imperialist and fascistic state under Vladimir Putin (see Ruscism and Putinism). They founded the Resistance Committee, an anti-fascist unit of Ukraine's Territorial Defense Forces. One of its most prominent members was anarchist Dmitry Petrov.[54] Another Ukrainian anti-fascist activist, Maksym Butkevych, fought Russian forces before being captured and held as a prisoner of war; Russian state media denounced him as a "Nazi".[55]

A network of anti-fascist groups in Ukraine and Europe, the Solidarity Collectives, was set up to gather equipment to send to comrades fighting Russian forces.[56]

The Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists is an anti-fascist militant group which is part of the Russian and Belarusian partisan movement. It supports Ukrainian resistance and opposes the Russian invasion by sabotaging railways and communications masts, and attacking army enlistment offices.[57]

## Asia

### Kashmir

In 2019, the Indian government revocated the special status of Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Jammu and Kashmir state.[58]

The lockdown and protests which followed led to the creation of militant groups like the People's Anti-Fascist Front.[59]

### Japan

In 2013, when Counter-Racist Action Collective (C.R.A.C.), which had been counter-acting against the conservative group Zaitokukai, began to denounce Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as a "fascist," groups calling themselves "Antifa" appeared around them. In addition to Tokyo, Antifa also have appeared in Hokkaido, Shizuoka, Aichi, and Hiroshima prefectures.[60] They then promoted the Democratic Party's presidential election and participated in "Abe Out" demonstrations with liberals and opposition members of the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan.[61][62][63]

In 2020, the activities of Antifa increased. In February, those waving the flag of Antifa were identified among those who were counter-acting against Zaitokukai.[60] In May, Antifa also participated in the protest against the Abe Cabinet's coronavirus measures. In the protest, a foreign man was holding the Antifa flag, which was written in German as "ANTIFASCHISTSCHE AKTION."[60] On May 17, Antifa was among the organizers of a nationwide protest against the revision of the Public prosecutor's office Law.[60] When George Floyd protests occurred in the U.S. at the end of May, protest of "Black Lives Matter" were held in Tokyo and Osaka in June, and Antifa was also seen.[60] On May 30 and June 6, Antifa and others led the protest against the hate crime by the police around the Shibuya Police Department.[64][65] George Floyd protests were also held at the same time, and many foreigners and opposition members of the Diet also participated in the protests.[61][66] Antifa's flag was raised, and there were arrests in the fight.[60][67][68] The incident began when a Kurdish man in Japan claimed to have been unfairly questioned by Metropolitan Police officers and subjected to violence. Mainichi Shimbun and Kyodo News reported this as a hate crime though the Metropolitan Police denied.[64][65][67][68][69] On June 10, the General Information Center for Foreign Residents of immigration bureaus across Japan received a "bomb threat" e-mail from a person claiming to be "Antifa" targeting the Immigration Bureau and the Shibuya Police Department for abusing foreigners.[60][70][71][72] However, on June 13, the Japanese Kurdish Cultural Association, which consists of Kurds, expressed a negative view of the protest claims on their official Facebook page. The association declared that they did not support the protest and did not take any part in it, and abandoned the said person, saying there was no room to defend his actions in light of Japanese laws and customs.[67][68][73] And the association announced that the demonstrators were not all involved in their usual protests against the crackdown on the Kurds or in their support activities.[67][68][73] They said that a less-than-justified demonstration like this seems to have encouraged prejudice against Kurdish residents in Japan. They also said it's strange that no Japanese major media have covered them at all on this matter.[67][68][73]

### Myanmar

On October 15, 2024, the Anti-Fascist Internationalist Front formed to train Chin rebels to fight against the Myanmar State Administration Council military junta. A co-founder, who goes by Azad, once volunteered with Kurdish forces in Syria.[74][75][76]

## United States

After World War II, but prior to the development of the modern antifa movement, violent confrontations with Fascist elements happened sporadically in the United States. In 1958, over 500 Lumbee men armed with rocks, sticks and firearms attacked and disrupted a Ku Klux Klan rally, wounding several Klansmen in an event known as the Battle of Hayes Pond. In 1979 the Maoist Communist Workers' Party confronted a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, first by disrupting a screening of The Birth of a Nation in China Grove, North Carolina and later organizing a rally and a march against the Klan on November 3 called the "Death to the Klan March" by the CWP.[77]

The Maoists distributed flyers that "called for radical, even violent opposition to the Klan",[77] suggesting the Klan "should be physically beaten and chased out of town."[77] In response, as the marchers collected, a caravan of ten cars (and a van) filled with an estimated 40 KKK and American Nazi Party members confronted the protesters, culminating in a shootout known as the Greensboro Massacre.

In the 2010s, self-described antifa groups have become increasingly active in Western Europe and North America.[78] These loose collectives first arose in the early 2010s in response to growing nationalism in countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, and France.[79][80][81] In the US, anti-fascist groups had existed since at least 1988 in the form of the Anti-Racist Action,[82] but an American movement using the same name has become increasingly active since 2016,[83][84] often affiliated with anarchism, and have become known for their clashes with far-right and alt-right groups.[82][85][86]

US anti-fascist activities have included violent disruptions and demonstrations which have drawn criticism from both sides of the mainstream political spectrum.[78][81][87] Through their anarchist and anti-nationalist orientation, antifa groups have sometimes been linked to the punk subculture (including straight edge) both in the US and in Europe.[88]

## Syrian Civil War

British fighters of the International Freedom Battalion's 0161 Antifa Manchester Crew in Rojava

Hundreds of foreign Antifa leftists have joined the International Freedom Battalion (founded in 2015) of the People's Protection Units (YPG) in the region called Rojava by Kurdish militias, in the North and East of Syria, out of a mixture of opposition to the Islamic State during the Syrian Civil War and willingness to defend what they call "Rojava Revolution" against the Turkish military and the Syrian Arab Republic.[89][90] The Leon Sedov Brigade adopted the Antifa symbol as their logo and consisted of Argentine Trotskyists. It rejected Royava for being too close to Assad and the "Stalinist" PKK.[91][92]

## Gallery

* Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (1930s; Germany)

* Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (Germany)

* Toilet brush symbol adopted for the Hamburg protests of the German Antifa, 2014

* Logo of Antifascistische Aktie (Netherlands)

* Polish logo of Akcja Antyfaszystowska

* Antifascist Action logo seen in US

* Logo of Sicilia Antifascista (Sicily)

* Logo of Action Antifasciste Marseille (Marseille)

* Logo of Union Antifasciste Toulousaine (Toulouse)

* Logo of Action Antifasciste 06 (France)

* Logo of Action Antifasciste 04 (France)

* Logo of Antifascistisk Aksjon (Norway)

* Logo of Antifa London (London)

* Logo of Acción Antifascista (Spain)

* Logo of Acció Antifeixista (Catalan Countries)

* The Three Arrows symbol is commonly used in the US antifa movement

## See also

* Black bloc
* Diversity of tactics

## References

1. ↑ "Language Log » Ask Language Log: How to pronounce "Antifa"?". http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=34177.
2. ↑ "Torino 1938|45 - la citta' della liberazione (Solo testo)". http://www.istoreto.it/torino38-45/ascii/liberazione.htm.
3. ↑ (in it) Italia, VI, Treccani, 1970, p. 456
4. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) The Western Political Quarterly vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948.JSTOR 442274
6. ↑ "Fondazione ISEC – cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano – 25 aprile" (in Italian). http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm.
7. ↑ "Chi Siamo". Website. ANPI.it. http://www.anpi.it/chi-siamo.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "RISCOPRIRE I VALORI DELLA RESISTENZA NELLA COSTITUZIONE" (in it). https://www.aclibresciane.it/attivita/riscoprire-i-valori-della-resistenza-nella-costituzione.
9. ↑ "Festa dell'anpi". anpi.it. http://anpifesta.org/.
10. ↑ "Bella ciao, significato e testo: perché la canzone della Resistenza non appartiene (solo) ai comunisti" (in it). 13 September 2022. https://notizie.virgilio.it/bella-ciao-significato-e-testo-perche-la-canzone-della-resistenza-non-appartiene-solo-ai-comunisti-1541819.
11. ↑ "ATENE – Comizio di chiusura di Alexis Tsipras". http://pstream.lastampa.it.dl1.ipercast.net/lastampa/2015/01/23/d37A1QUG.mp4.
12. ↑ "Non solo Tsipras: "Bella ciao" cantata in tutte le lingue del mondo Guarda il video – Corriere TV" (in it). http://video.corriere.it/bella-ciao-tutte-lingue-mondo-cosi-canto-partigiani-diventato-global/24c02342-a38b-11e4-808e-442fa7f91611.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The Lost History of Antifa". Jacobin Mag. 15 August 2017. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war.
14. ↑ Kahn, David (1950). Betrayal: Our Occupation of Germany. Beacon Service Co.
15. ↑ Office of Military Government Control Office, Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, U.S. Zone) (1945). Information Bulletin. (1–22): 13–15.
16. ↑ Krieger, Leonard (December 1949). "The Inter-Regnum in Germany: March-August 1945". Political Science Quarterly. 64 (4): 507–532
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pritchard, Gareth (2012). Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107013506.
18. ↑ Creuzberger, Stefan; Hoffmann, Dierk, eds. (2014). "Geistige Gefahr" und "Immunisierung der Gesellschaft": Antikommunismus und politische Kultur in der frühen Bundesrepublik (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Linksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2016. pp. 33–35. https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf. "Die Aktivitäten "antifaschistischer" Linksextremisten (Antifa) dienen indes nur vordergründig der Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Eigentliches Ziel bleibt der "bürgerlich-demokratische Staat", der in der Lesart von Linksextremisten den "Faschismus" als eine mögliche Herrschaftsform akzeptiert, fördert und ihn deshalb auch nicht ausreichend bekämpft. Letztlich, so wird argumentiert, wurzle der "Faschismus" in den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Strukturen des "Kapitalismus". Dementsprechend rücken Linksextremisten vor allem die Beseitigung des "kapitalistischen Systems" in den Mittelpunkt ihrer "antifaschistischen" Aktivitäten."
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'". Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 14 August 2017. https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017. "Das Aktionsfeld "Antifaschismus" ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Element der politischen Arbeit von Linksextremisten, insbesondere aus dem gewaltorientierten Spektrum. ... Die Aktivitäten von Linksextremisten in diesem Aktionsfeld zielen aber nur vordergründig auf die Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Im eigentlichen Fokus steht der Kampf gegen die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung, die als "kapitalistisches System" diffamiert wird, und deren angeblich immanente "faschistische" Wurzeln beseitigt werden sollen."
21. ↑ Peters, Tim (2007). Der Antifaschismus der PDS aus antiextremistischer Sicht. Springer. pp. 33–37, 152, 186. ISBN 9783531901268. https://books.google.com/books?id=YLRrg_SjPyIC.
22. ↑ Jesse, Eckhard (2015). Extremismus und Demokratie, Parteien und Wahlen: Historisch-politische Streifzüge. Böhlau Verlag. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9783412223021.
23. ↑ Agethen, Manfred; Jesse, Eckhard; Neubert, Ehrhart (2002) (in de). Der missbrauchte Antifaschismus. DDR-Staatsdoktrin und Lebenslüge der deutschen Linken. Freiburg: Verlag Herder. ISBN 978-3451280177.
24. ↑ Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute". Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart. LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. ISBN 9783825887896.
25. ↑ Berlin Wall: "Five things you might not know", The Telegraph, 11 August 2011
26. ↑ "13. August 1961: Mauerbau in Berlin" (in de). http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/node/178754.
27. ↑ Grunenberg, Antonia (1993). Antifaschismus – ein deutscher Mythos. Freiburg: Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3499131790.
28. ↑ Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook. Melville House Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 9781612197043. https://books.google.com/books?id=0_C5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57.
29. ↑ "Linksextremismus". Verfassungsschutzbericht 2018. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community. 2019. pp. 106–167. https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/vsbericht-2018.pdf.
30. ↑ Pfahl-Traughber, Armin (6 March 2008). "Antifaschismus als Thema linksextremistischer Agitation, Bündnispolitik und Ideologie" (in de). Federal Agency for Civic Education. http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/linksextremismus/33612/antifaschismus?p=all.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Arlow, Jonathan (January 2, 2020). "Antifa without fascism: the reasons behind the anti-fascist movement in Ireland". Irish Political Studies 35 (1): 115–137. doi:10.1080/07907184.2019.1570139. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2019.1570139.
32. ↑ Gallagher, Conor. "The far right rises: Its growth as a political force in Ireland". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/the-far-right-rises-its-growth-as-a-political-force-in-ireland-1.4358321.
33. ↑ Kilraine, John (October 10, 2020). "Two arrests after protesters clash outside the Dáil". RTÉ. https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/1010/1170689-dublin-protests/.
34. ↑ Duffy, Rónán (3 December 2020). "New anti-fascist alliance to stand 'Le Chéile' against rise of far-right in Ireland". https://www.thejournal.ie/far-right-le-cheile-5287724-Dec2020/.
35. ↑ "Bol haalt naziboek van website". February 28, 2020. https://wo2forum.nl/viewtopic.php?t=44220.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. 3. Bundesministerium für Vertriebene. 1953. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=GYhQAQAAIAAJ.
37. ↑ Elemér Illyés (1982). National minorities in Romania: change in Transylvania. East European monographs. p. 300. ISBN 9780880330053. https://books.google.com/books?id=BPS2AAAAIAAJ.
38. ↑ Monica Barcan; Adalbert Millitz (1978). The German Nationality in Romania. Meridiane. pp. 36. https://books.google.com/books?id=0mlpAAAAMAAJ.
39. ↑ Annett Müller; Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (2002). Abschied in Raten: vom Neuen Weg zur Allgemeinen Deutschen Zeitung für Rumänien : der Wandel der Zeitung nach der massenhaften Auswanderung der Deutschen aus Romänien. Hora. p. 74. ISBN 978-3-929848-23-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ijcbAQAAIAAJ.
40. ↑ Ulrich Merten (15 August 2013). Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II. Transaction Publishers. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-4128-5258-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=EXxUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279.
41. ↑ Prowe, Diethelm (November 1994). "'Classic' Fascism and the New Radical Right in Western Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts". Contemporary European History 3 (3): 289–313. doi:10.1017/S0960777300000904.
42. ↑ "The real losers in Saturday's battle of Lewisham | 1970–1979". century.guardian.co.uk. https://www.theguardian.com/century/1970-1979/Story/0,,106928,00.html.
43. ↑ "NMP's History of Resisting Racism and Injustice"; Alastair BonnettRadicalism, Anti-Racism and Representation, London: Routledge, 2013, p. 57; Nigel Copsey Anti-Fascism in Britain, Springer, 1999, pp. 125–183[ISBN missing]
44. ↑ "Anti-Fascist Action: Radical resistance or rent-a-mob?". Soundings – issue 14 Spring 2000. Amielandmelburn.org.uk. http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/soundings/14_53.pdf.
45. ↑ AFA (London) Constitution Part 1.4
46. ↑ "Diamond in the Dust – The Ian Stuart Biography". Skrewdriver.net. http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html.
47. ↑ Nigel Copsey (2016). Anti-Fascism in Britain London: Routledge, [ISBN missing]
48. ↑ Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley (2005). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8; Stefano Fella, Carlo Ruzza (2012). Anti-Racist Movements in the EU: Between Europeanisation and National Trajectories. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-29090-7, pp. 67–68
49. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (7 August 2018). "John McDonnell: revive Anti-Nazi League to oppose far right". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/07/john-mcdonnell-revive-anti-nazi-league-oppose-far-right.
50. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (15 August 2018). "Anti-Nazi League founders call for new national campaign". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/15/anti-nazi-league-founders-call-for-new-national-campaign.
51. ↑ Brink Pinto, Andrés; Pries, Johan (2017). Wennerhag, Magnus; Fröhlich, Christian; Piotrowski, Grzegorz. eds. "Rethinking transformative events to understand the making of new contentious performances: The "autonomous left" and the anti-fascist blockade in Lund 1991". Radical Left Movements in Europe (Routledge): 156. doi:10.4324/9781315603483-9. https://www.academia.edu/34629137.
52. ↑ Brink Pinto, Andrés; Pries, Johan (2019). "Challenging fascist spatial claims: the struggle over the 30 November marches in southern Sweden". in Lundin, Johan. Anti-fascism in the Nordic Countries: New Perspectives, Compasrisons and Transnational Connection. Routledge. p. 254. doi:10.4324/9781315171210-16. https://www.academia.edu/38282357.
53. ↑ Merill, Samuel; Pries, Johan (2019). "Translocalising and Relocalising Antifascist Struggles: From #KämpaShowan to #KämpaMalmö". Antipode 51 (1): 248. doi:10.1111/anti.12451. Bibcode: 2019Antip..51..248M. https://www.academia.edu/37732490.
54. ↑ "Meet the motley crew of anarchists and anti-fascists fighting Russia in Ukraine". 9 June 2022. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/06/09/meet-the-motley-crew-of-anarchists-and-anti-fascists-fighting-russia-in-ukraine.
55. ↑ "'No truth' in conviction of captured Ukrainian human rights activist". 22 March 2023. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/ukraine-maksym-butkevych-conviction-severodonetsk-luhansk/.
56. ↑ "Meet the Activists Arming Leftists on Ukraine's Frontlines". 12 December 2022. https://novaramedia.com/2022/12/12/meet-the-activists-arming-leftists-on-ukraines-frontlines/.
57. ↑ "'It's Not His Country, It's Ours': The Russian 'Partisans' At War With The Kremlin". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 January 2023. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-anti-kremlin-partisans-war-sabotage-jake-hanrahan-film/32205391.html.
58. ↑ "UN urged to place sanctions on India for its war crimes in IIOJK". 5 September 2022. https://www.radio.gov.pk/05-09-2022/un-urged-to-place-sanctions-on-india-for-its-war-crimes-in-iiojk.
59. ↑ "'Won't Allow Israeli-type Settlement': Militant Body Warns 'RSS Agents' Against 'Usurping J&K Land'". 20 December 2020. https://www.news18.com/news/india/wont-allow-israeli-type-settlement-militant-body-warns-rss-agents-against-usurping-jk-land-3195239.html.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 "各地で姿を現す日本版「アンティファ」の実態に迫る 公安警察も警戒強めだした新たなる極左行動集団の活動" (in ja). June 16, 2020. https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/60922.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "ジャーナリスト・石井氏「議員がテロ集団と名指しされたアンティファと深く関わる日本共産党と立憲民主党、それを報道しないメディアを持つ日本は何なんでしょうか」" (in ja). June 2, 2020. https://snjpn.net/archives/199220.
62. ↑ "怒りは限界に達した 名古屋で「安倍は辞めろ」デモ" (in ja). January 13, 2020. http://www.jcp-aichi.jp/2020/0113/15868.html.
63. ↑ "路上から安倍政治に怒り" (in ja). Japanese Communist Party. January 21, 2019. https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik18/2019-01-21/2019012115_01_1.html.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "「警官に押さえ込まれけが」 渋谷署前で200人が抗議デモ クルド人訴えに共鳴" (in ja). May 30, 2020. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200530/k00/00m/040/179000c.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "警視庁渋谷署前で再び抗議デモ 職務質問でクルド人男性がけが" (in ja). June 6, 2020. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200606/k00/00m/040/119000c.
66. ↑ "渋谷署前のデモ、立憲・石川大我議員の後ろに米大統領がテロ組織と認めた『ANTIFA』の旗 → 石川議員、ツイート削除…" (in ja). June 1, 2020. https://snjpn.net/archives/199062.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 "在日クルド人ヘイトクライム抗議デモに在日クルド協会が関与否定の異例声明" (in ja). June 15, 2020. https://biz-journal.jp/2020/06/post_162934.html.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 "警察への抗議デモは「偏見を助長した」 在日クルド人団体「苦言」の背景" (in ja). June 15, 2020. https://www.j-cast.com/2020/06/15387992.html.
69. ↑ "渋谷で「警察は人種差別するな」 500人抗議、クルド人職質にも" (in ja). Tokyo Shimbun. June 6, 2020. https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/33873.
70. ↑ "「手榴弾爆破させる」 渋谷署などに予告メール クルド人男性への職務質問などに抗議か" (in ja). June 11, 2020. https://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/200611/afr2006110007-n1.html.
71. ↑ "東京入管に爆破予告のメール 12日の窓口業務が中止に" (in ja). 11 Jun 2020. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200611/k10012467281000.html.
72. ↑ "東京入国管理局に爆破予告メールが届く" (in ja). 12 Jun 2020. https://www.arabnews.jp/article/japan/article_16460/.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 "渋谷警察署デモに関して日本クルド文化協会が見解発表「正当な理由があるとは言い難いデモ」" (in ja). June 15, 2020. https://getnews.jp/archives/2585184.
74. ↑ Why I left the US Deep South to fight in Myanmar's brutal civil war. The Telegraph. Sarah Newey. November 13, 2024
75. ↑ The Revolution in Myanmar. Ill Will. September 13, 2024
76. ↑ Statement from "Anti-Fascist Internationalist Front" Myanmar. Libcom.org. October 15, 2024
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 "The Greensboro Massacre". University of North Carolina – Greensboro. https://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/topicalessays/GreensMassacre.aspx.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Stockman, Farah (2 Feb 2017). "Anarchists Respond to Trump's Inauguration, by Any Means Necessary". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/us/anarchists-respond-to-trumps-inauguration-by-any-means-necessary.html.
79. ↑ Copsey, Nigel (2017). Anti-Fascism in Britain. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 210. ISBN 9781138926493.
80. ↑ Horn, Heather (29 March 2012). "Anti-Islamic vs. Anti-Fascist: Europe's Clashing Protest Movements". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/anti-islamic-vs-anti-fascist-europes-clashing-protest-movements/255214/.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Yates, Will (20 February 2017). "America's extremist battle: antifa v alt-right". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-39004753.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Strickland, Patrick (21 February 2017). "US anti-fascists: 'We can make racists afraid again'". Aljazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/anti-fascists-racists-afraid-170221100950730.html.
83. ↑ Beinhart, Peter. "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/.
84. ↑ "Behind Berkeley's Semester of Hate". New York Times. 4 August 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/education/edlife/antifa-collective-university-california-berkeley.html?_r=0.
85. ↑ "UK police arrest 12 at London protest, block clashes". Business Insider. 1 April 2017. http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-uk-police-arrest-12-at-london-protest-block-clashes-2017-4.
86. ↑ Osborne, Samuel (25 June 2017). "EDL and anti-fascists clash with police in London". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/edl-english-defence-league-anti-fascists-clash-police-london-britain-first-birmingham-a7807401.html.
87. ↑ Sheffield, Matthews (10 March 2017). "Anti-fascist radicals: Liberals don't realize the serious danger of the alt-right". Salon. http://www.salon.com/2017/03/10/anti-fascist-radicals-liberals-dont-realize-the-serious-danger-of-the-alt-right/.
88. ↑ Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics. PM Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1604860511. https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
89. ↑ "Interview with YPG Commander Cihan Kendal". 19 September 2019. http://www.weareplanc.org/blog/interview-with-ypg-commander-cihan-kendal/. (2016)
90. ↑ The Untold Story of Syria's Antifa Platoon. How a ragtag crew of leftist revolutionaries and soldiers of fortune helped defeat ISIS. Rolling Stone (2018)
91. ↑ "Leftist Groups on the Syrian Civil War". 19 August 2016. https://syriainbrief.wordpress.com/2016/08/19/leftist-groups-on-the-syrian-civil-war/. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
92. ↑ "Revolutionaries for Hire - Mattia Salvia". The Baffler. 24 July 2018. https://thebaffler.com/latest/revolutionaries-for-hire-salvia. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

## Further reading

* Birchall, Sean, ed (2013). Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action. Freedom Press. ISBN 978-1-904491-12-5.
* Brinks, J. H. “Political Anti-Fascism in the German Democratic Republic.” Journal of Contemporary History 32, no. 2 (1997): 207–17. [1].
* Bullstreet, K. (2001). Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984–1993. Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 978-1-873605-87-5. https://libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993.
* Class War/3WayFight/Kate Sharpley Library Interview from Beating Fascism: Anarchist Anti-Fascism in Theory and Practice, anarkismo.net
* Copsey, N. (2011) "From direct action to community action: The changing dynamics of anti-fascist opposition", in Copsey, Nigel (2011). The British National Party : contemporary perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-48384-1. OCLC 657270952.
* Renton, Dave. Fascism, Anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s. Springer, 2016.
* Stout, James (2020-06-22). "A Brief History of Anti-Fascism". https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-anti-fascism-180975152/.
* Testa, M. (2017). "'A Good Deal of Disorder' or The Anarchists & Anti-Fascism In The UK" (in English). Anarchist Studies 25 (2): 9–25. ProQuest 2084393632. ISSN 0967-3393.
* United Front Against Fascism records, 1945-2021. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Theory

| Core tenets|

* Nationalism
* Imperialism
* Authoritarianism
* Totalitarianism
* One-party state
* Dictatorship
* Personality cult
* Direct action
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Indoctrination
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Eugenics
* Heroism
* Militarism
* Economic interventionism
* Protectionism
* Statolatry
* New Man
* Totalitarianism
* Social order
* Anti-communism
* Anti-capitalism
* Anti-democracy

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Ideas|

* Actual Idealism
* Anti-democratic thought
* Class collaboration
* Corporatism
* Heroic capitalism
* National capitalism
* National Socialism (Nazism)
* National syndicalism
* State capitalism
* Supercapitalism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism
* Social order

Variants

* Austrian
* British
* Clerical
* Falangism
* Hutu Power
* Integralism
* Italian
* Ilminism
* Japanese
* Kahanism
* Legionarism
* Metaxism
* National Anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* National Radicalism
* National Socialism
* National Syndicalism
* Neo
* Proto
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Rexism
* Strasserism
* Shōwa Restoration

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* Ossewabrandwag
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Al-Muthanna Club
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Ganap Party
* Grey Wolves
* Imperial Rule Assistance Association
* Philippine Falange
* Sakurakai
* Tōhōkai
* Blue Shirts Society
* Korean National Youth Association

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Fascists
* British People's Party (1939)
* British Union of Fascists
* La Cagoule
* Clerical People's Party
* Faisceau
* Flemish National Union
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Imperial Fascist League
* Lapua Movement
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* Nationalist Party (Iceland)
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* New Party (UK)
* Patriotic People's Movement (Finland)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Rexist Party

Central Europe|

* Arrow Cross Party
* Austrian National Socialism
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Fatherland Front (Austria)
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp Falanga
* National Radical Camp (1934)
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nazism
* Nazi Party
* Sudeten German Party
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung

Southern Europe|

* Albanian Fascist Party
* Democratic Fascist Party
* Falange
* Freethinkers' Party
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Italian Fascism
* Italian Social Republic
* Metaxism
* National Fascist Party
* National Union (Portugal)
* Republican Fascist Party
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Ustaše
* ZBOR

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Iron Guard
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Fascist Community
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Social Movement (Bulgaria)
* National Radical Camp Falanga
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Slovak People's Party
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Vlajka

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Parti national social chrétien
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Gold shirts
* German American Bund
* Silver Legion of America

South America|

* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Falangism in Latin America
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union (Argentina)
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* Revolutionary Union

People

* Abba Ahimeir
* Gabriele D'Annunzio
* Nimio de Anquín
* Ion Antonescu
* Sadao Araki
* Radasłaŭ Astroŭski
* Marc Augier
* Maurice Bardèche
* John Beckett
* Jacques Benoist-Méchin
* Henri Béraud
* Werner Best
* Pierre Biétry
* Luis Carrero Blanco
* Zoltán Böszörmény
* Giuseppe Bottai
* Robert Brasillach
* Josef Bühler
* Marcelo Caetano
* Alphonse de Châteaubriant
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
* Gustavs Celmiņš
* Frits Clausen
* Enrico Corradini
* Carlo Costamagna
* Charles Coughlin
* Nichifor Crainic
* A. C. Cuza
* Richard Walther Darré
* Alceste De Ambris
* Marcel Déat
* Léon Degrelle
* Paul Déroulède
* Savitri Devi
* Roman Dmowski
* Engelbert Dollfuss
* Ion Dragoumis
* Pierre Drieu La Rochelle
* Gottfried Feder
* Albert Forster
* Francisco Franco
* Hans Frank
* Friedrich Franz V
* Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
* Giovanni Gentile
* Ion Gigurtu
* Joseph Goebbels
* Octavian Goga
* Chen Gongbo
* Puyi
* Jorge González von Marées
* Hermann Göring
* Giuliano Gozi
* Arthur Greiser
* Fritz Grobba
* Hans F. K. Günther
* Wilhelm Gustloff
* Emil Hácha
* Rudolf Hess
* Reinhard Heydrich
* Heinrich Himmler
* Adolf Hitler
* Émile Janvion
* Wang Jingwei
* William Joyce
* Edgar Jung
* Meir Kahane
* Bronislav Kaminski
* Max Leo Keller
* Ikki Kita
* Yevhen Konovalets
* Alexandros Koryzis
* Vihtori Kosola
* Fritz Julius Kuhn
* Agostino Lanzillo
* Charles Lindbergh
* Dimitrije Ljotić
* Leopoldo Lugones
* Hristo Lukov
* Curzio Malaparte
* Nikola Mandić
* Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
* Charles Maurras
* Tefik Mborja
* Ioannis Metaxas
* Robert Michels
* Oswald Mosley
* Asit Krishna Mukherji
* Heinrich Müller
* Benito Mussolini
* Eoin O'Duffy
* Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin
* Sergio Panunzio
* Giovanni Papini
* Ante Pavelić
* Patrick Pearse
* William Dudley Pelley
* Philippe Pétain
* Ernest Peterlin
* Plaek Phibunsongkhram
* Bolesław Piasecki
* Alfred Ploetz
* Robert Poulet
* José Antonio Primo de Rivera
* Vidkun Quisling
* Rudolf Rahn
* Pedro Pablo Ramírez
* Lucien Rebatet
* Hanna Reitsch
* Cécil von Renthe-Fink
* Joachim von Ribbentrop
* Dionisio Ridruejo
* Alfredo Rocco
* Konstantin Rodzaevsky
* Alfred Rosenberg
* Leon Rupnik
* Plínio Salgado
* Rafael Sánchez Mazas
* Margherita Sarfatti
* Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
* Carl Schmitt
* Kurt Schuschnigg
* Arthur Seyss-Inquart
* Horia Sima
* Ardengo Soffici
* Troy Southgate
* Othmar Spann
* Ugo Spirito
* Milan Stojadinović
* Gregor Strasser
* Otto Strasser
* Mykola Stsiborskyi
* Ferenc Szálasi
* Jozef Tiso
* Shūmei Ōkawa
* Gonzalo Torrente Ballester
* Aleksandar Tsankov
* Georges Valois
* Anastasy Vonsyatsky
* Lee Beom seok
* Yeom dong jin

Works

| Literature|

* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Fascist Manifesto
* Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America
* La Conquista del Estado
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* Zweites Buch
* Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista

|

Periodicals|

* l'Alba
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* La Conquista del Estado
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen
* Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden
* Fashist
* Figli d'Italia
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* La France au travail
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Novopress
* Nea Imera
* NS Månedshefte
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Le Pays Réel
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Al-Sha'ab
* Signal
* Slovák
* Slovenská pravda
* Der Stürmer
* Tomori
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter

Film|

* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Sculpture|

* Allach

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema
* Nazi plunder
* Syndicalism
* Conservatism

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasci and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Hlinka Youth
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* NS Ungdomsfylking
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustashe Youth

Paramilitary|

* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Black Brigades
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts
* Blueshirts (Falange)
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Einsatzgruppen
* Gold shirts
* Greenshirts
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Iron Wolf
* Lăncieri
* Legião Portuguesa (Estado Novo)
* Makapili
* Rodobrana
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)
* Silver Legion of America
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Ustashe Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Yokusan Sonendan

Student|

* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Gruppi Universitari Fascisti
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio

|

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* 6 February 1934 crisis
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani genocide
* Spanish Civil War
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Denazification
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Alt-right
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-Nazi League
* Christofascism
* Clerical fascism
* Cryptofascism
* Esoteric Nazism
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* Francoism
* French fascism
* Germanisation
* Glossary of Nazi Germany
* Hindu fascism
* Hitler salute
* Italianization
* Italianization of South Tyrol
* Islamofascism
* Japanization
* Ku Klux Klan
* Neo-fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Roman salute
* Social fascism
* Synarchism
* Tropical fascism
* Unite Against Fascism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Anarchism

Concepts|

* Anarchy
* Anarchist Black Cross
* Anationalism
* Anti-authoritarianism
* Anti-militarism
* Autonomous social center
* Autonomous zone
* Permanent
* Temporary
* Black bloc
* Classless society
* Class struggle
* Commune
* Human community
* Model of government
* Community unionism
* Consensus democracy
* Conscientious objector
* {{{sp}}}|uk|s|z}}ation
* Deep ecology
* Direct action
* Direct democracy
* Especifismo
* Expropriative anarchism
* Free association
* Free love
* Free school
* Freethought
* Grassroots
* Horizontalidad
* Individualism
* Individual reclamation
* Industrial unionism
* Isocracy
* Law
* Participism
* Parecon
* Parpolity
* Prefigurative politics
* Proletarian internationalism
* Propaganda of the deed
* Rewilding
* Social revolution
* Social center
* Somatherapy
* Stateless society
* Squatting

Issues|

* Animal rights
* Arts
* Capitalism
* Education
* Criticism
* Islam
* Marxism
* Nationalism
* Orthodox Judaism
* Religion
* Love and sex
* Violence

Schools
of thought|

| Classical|

* Individualist
* Egoist
* Illegalist
* Philosophical
* Mutualist
* Social
* Collectivist
* Communist
* Magonist

|

Post-classical|

* Feminist
* Green
* Naturist
* Primitivist
* Social ecology
* Pacifist
* Insurrectionary
* Religious
* Christian
* Buddhist
* Jewish
* Without adjectives

Contemporary|

* Black
* Crypto
* Free-market
* Agorist
* Capitalist
* Left-wing
* National
* Postcolonial
* Post-anarchist
* Post-left
* Queer
* Transhumanist

Other|

* Existentialist
* Lifestyle
* Panarchism

Types
of federation|

* Affinity group
* Anarcho-syndicalism
* Synthesis anarchism
* Platformism
* Union of egoists

Economics|

* {{{sp}}}|uk|s|z}}ation
* Co-operatives
* Cost the limit of price
* Decentralized planning
* Economic democracy
* Free store
* Gift economy
* Market abolitionism
* Mass strike
* Mutual aid
* Participatory economics
* Really Really Free Market
* Refusal of work
* Social ownership
* Wage slavery
* Workers' self-management

Culture|

* Films
* Anarchist Bookfair
* Anarcho-punk
* Archives
* Culture jamming
* DIY culture
* Freeganism
* History of anarchism
* Independent Media Center
* Infoshop
* "The Internationale"
* "Land and liberty"
* "No gods, no masters"
* Popular education
* "Property is theft!"
* Radical cheerleading
* Radical environmentalism
* Squatting
* Symbolism
* Glossary
* A las Barricadas

By region|

* Africa
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* China
* Cuba
* Czech Republic
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* France
* French Guiana
* Germany
* Greece
* India
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Korea
* Mexico
* Monaco
* New Zealand
* Poland
* Puerto Rico
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Singapore
* South Africa
* Spain
* Sweden
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Venezuela
* Vietnam

Lists|

* Anarcho-punk bands
* Books
* Communities
* Fictional characters
* Jewish anarchists
* Musicians
* Periodicals

Related
topics|

* Anti-corporatism
* Anti-capitalism
* Anti-consumerism
* Anti-fascism
* {{{sp}}}|uk|s|z}}ation
* Anti-racism
* Anti-speciesism
* Anti-statism
* Anti-war
* Autarchism
* Autonomism
* Critical theory
* Environmentalism
* Epistemological anarchism
* Anarchy (international relations)
* Labour movement
* Libertarian Marxism
* Libertarian socialism
* Libertarian municipalism
* Left-libertarianism
* Feminism
* Radical
* Libertarianism
* Marxism
* Philosophy
* Neozapatismo
* Revolution
* Communism
* Council
* Socialism
* Revolutionary
* Syndicalism
* Situationism
* Voluntaryism

* Portal
* Outline

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post–World War II anti-fascism. Read more

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