Progressive conservatism

Short description: Political ideology combining progressive and conservative policies

Part of a series on

Conservatism

Variants

* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* National
* Neo
* New Right
* One-nation
* Paleo
* Reactionary
* Social
* Traditionalist

Concepts

* Familism
* Family values
* Private property
* Rule of law
* Communitarianism
* Civil Society
* Solidarity

People

* Burke
* De Maistre
* De Chateaubriand
* Von Metternich

Organizations

* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists
in Europe
* European People's Party
* International Democrat Union

Religious conservatism

* Christian Democracy (in Europe)
* Christian right
* Christian fundamentalism
* Jewish right
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Traditionalist Catholic

National variants

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Serbia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Related topics

* Aristocracy
* Capitalism
* Centre-right politics
* Corporatism
* Counter-revolutionary
* Fascism
* Liberalism
* Monarchism
* Neoliberalism
* Old Right (United States)
* Radical centrism
* Radical right
* Europe
* United States
* Reactionary
* Right-wing politics
* Toryism

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Template:Progressivism Progressive conservatism is a syncretic political ideology that attempts to combine conservative and progressive policies. While still supportive of a market economy, it stresses the importance of government intervention to contribute to the common good.

Progressive conservatism first arose in Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1870s and 1880s under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli respectively. Disraeli's 'One Nation' Toryism has since become the central progressive conservative tradition in the UK.

In the UK, the Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan,[1] David Cameron and Theresa May have been described as progressive conservatives.[2][3] The Catholic Church's Rerum Novarum (1891) is said to advocate a progressive conservative doctrine known as social Catholicism.[4]

In the United States, Theodore Roosevelt has been the principal figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition. Roosevelt regarded the Republican Party under Abraham Lincoln as having been a progressive conservative party, declaring in 1908 that his business had been to "take hold of the conservative party and turn it into what it had been under Lincoln, that is, a party of progressive conservatism, or conservative radicalism; for of course wise radicalism and wise conservatism go hand in hand."[5]

Roosevelt's successor William Howard Taft has also been associated with progressive conservatism,[6][7] together with future presidents Dwight David Eisenhower and Richard Nixon.[8][9][10]

After World War II, Germany adopted its social market economy, establishing a regulated market economy different to classic free market economies. This economic system was implemented under the first post-war chancellor Konrad Adenauer of the Christian Democratic Union (cf. Christian democracy).

Various European leaders such as former German Chancellor Angela Merkel have also aligned themselves with progressive conservative politics.[11] In some countries, such as South Korea, the main conservative camp may sometimes be more progressive on immigration than the centre-left camp.[12]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Europe
* 1.1.1 Germany
* 1.1.2 United Kingdom
* 1.2 North America
* 1.2.1 Canada
* 1.2.2 United States
* 2 See also
* 3 References

## History

### Europe

#### Germany

In Germany, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck enacted various progressive social welfare programs such as domestic health, accident, and old age insurance, out of conservative motivations to distance workers from the socialist movement and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the industrial revolution.[13]

In the early 20th century, politicians of the Free Conservative Party addressed means of attracting the working class away from social democracy and towards radical nationalism such as through promoting "patriotic worker" associations. Free Conservative Party member Adolf Grabowsky advocated imperialism as a national project to unify Germans and break down internal divisions, and declared that the Free Conservative Party "finally wants to organize itself in a decisive progressive-conservative manner, and hopes thereby to call forth the great new conservative movement which should enable the educated strata to drive once again to the right".[14]

In 1918, when the party was dissolved, moderate Free Conservatives joined the German People's Party (DVP), which was itself later dissolved in 1933 following Adolf Hitler's rise to power. After the Second World War, most members of the German People's Party joined the modern Free Democratic Party.

#### United Kingdom

Template:One-nation conservatism From the 1860s to the 1970s, progressive conservative politics were popular within the British Conservative Party. Winston Churchill considered himself a progressive conservative, and once said that a "strong Conservative Party with an overwhelming majority and a moderate even progressive leadership...might well be the fulfillment of all that Dizzy [Disraeli] and my father aimed at".[15] Progressive conservatives succeeded in pressing the Conservative Party to maintain similar social policies to that of the Labour Party, particularly the Bow Group that urged the Conservatives to be moderate on social policy and opposed more extreme conservative-minded bodies that disagreed with this moderation. One of the primary British progressive conservative advocates in this time was Rab Butler.[16] Butler was responsible for creating The Industrial Charter (1947) that sought to combine support of free enterprise with Tory interventionism that promised security of employment, promotion of full employment, and improvement of incentives to employees to help them develop skills and talents - allowing them to fulfill their full potential as individuals, and enhanced status for all employees regardless of their occupation. The Industrial Charter was criticized by Conservative leader Winston Churchill though he eventually supported it, and more harshly condemned by more right-leaning Conservatives as being a step towards socialism.[17]

Former British Prime Minister David Cameron was described as a progressive conservative. As British Conservative Party leader in 2009, he launched the Progressive Conservatism Project at the British think tank Demos.[2] In his speech, he outlined his vision of a contemporary progressive conservatism:

> First, a society that is fair, where we help people out of poverty and help them stay out of it – for life. Second, a society where opportunity is equal where everyone can, in Michael Gove’s brilliant phrase, “write their own life-story”. Third, a society that is greener, where we pass on a planet that is environmentally sustainable, clean and beautiful to future generations. And fourth, a safer society, where people are protected from threat and fear.

— David Cameron

Cameron's political ideology arguably inspired the creation of the progressive conservative think tank Bright Blue in 2014.

### North America

#### Canada

A variety of Canadian conservative governments have been progressive conservative, with Canada's major conservative party being officially named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003. Canadian Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen, R.B. Bennett, John Diefenbaker, Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney, and Kim Campbell led progressive conservative, 'Red Tory' governments.[18]

The Progressive Conservative Party merged with the Canadian Alliance in 2003 to form the Conservative Party. However, many of Canada's provinces still have 'Progressive Conservative' parties that continued using the Progressive Conservative name after the 2003 merger:

* The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba (in opposition)
* The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick (in opposition)
* The Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador (in government)
* The Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia (in government)
* The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (in government)
* The Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island (in government)
* The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan (in extraparliamentary opposition)

The Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta operated as a political party until 2017 before merging into the United Conservative Party. In 2025 the Alberta Party, a centrist party with one legislator in parliamentary opposition, renamed itself the Progressive Tory Party of Alberta, describing itself as a progressive conservative party.[19]

#### United States

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism in
the United States

Schools

* Compassionate
* Fiscal
* Fusion
* Libertarian
* Movement
* Neo
* Nationalist
* Paleo
* Social
* Traditional

Principles

* American exceptionalism
* Classical liberalism
* Family values
* Free market
* Free trade
* Judeo-Christian values
* Limited government
* Moral absolutism
* Natural law
* Pax Americana
* Republicanism
* Rule of law
* Tradition

History

* Bourbon Democrat
* Conservative coalition
* Conservative Democrat
* Conservative Manifesto
* Loyalists
* Modern timeline
* New Right
* Old Right
* Overview
* Rockefeller Republican
* Southern Agrarians

People

* Abrams
* Adelson
* Agnew
* Ailes
* Alito
* Amash
* Anton
* Armey
* Armitage
* Arpaio
* Ashcroft
* Atwater
* Babbtt
* Bachmann
* Baker
* Bakker (Jim)
* Bakker (Tammy Faye)
* Bannon
* Barbour
* Barr
* Barrack
* Beck
* Benson
* Bevin
* Blackburn
* Blackwell
* Blankenship
* Boehner
* Bolton
* Bond
* Bork
* Bossie
* Boykin
* Bozell Jr.
* Bradford
* Bradley
* Branstad
* Brat
* Breitbart
* Brewer
* Broidy
* Brooks
* Brownback
* Buchanan
* Buckley Jr.
* Bundy
* Burger
* Burnham
* Burns
* Bush 41
* Bush 43
* Bush (George P.)
* Bush (Jeb)
* Bush (Prescott)
* Cain
* Cantor
* Card
* Carlson (Gretchen)
* Carlson (Tucker)
* Carson
* Cernovich
* Chambers
* Cheney
* Christie
* Cleveland
* Coburn
* Cohn
* Colson
* Conway (George)
* Conway (Kellyanne)
* Corker
* Cotton
* Coolidge
* Coors (Holly)
* Coors (Joseph)
* Coors (Pete)
* Coulter
* Clarke
* Crowder
* Cruz
* Cuccinelli
* Curtis
* DeLay
* DeMint
* Derbyshire
* Dewey
* Dice
* diGenova
* Dirksen
* Dobbs
* Dobson
* Dolan (Terry)
* Dolan (Timothy)
* Dole
* Donohue
* D'Souza
* Duggar
* Dulles (Allen)
* Dulles (John Foster)
* Eastland
* Earhardt
* Eastwood
* Elder
* Eisenhower
* Erickson
* Falwell
* Falwell Jr.
* Feulner
* Fiorina
* Fischer
* Fleming
* Forbes
* Ford
* Francis
* Friedman
* Friess
* Frist
* Frum
* Gaetz
* Gates
* Gerson
* Gianforte
* Gingrich
* Gohmert
* Gottfried
* Goldberg
* Goldwater
* Gonzales
* Gorka
* Gorsuch
* Goss
* Gowdy
* Graham (Billy)
* Graham (Franklin)
* Graham (Lindsey)
* Grant
* Grassley
* Guilfoyle
* Giuliani
* Hagee
* Haig
* Hamm
* Hannity
* Hastert
* Hasselbeck
* Hatch
* Helms
* Hewitt
* Hicks
* Hoover
* Hoppe
* Horowitz
* Holmes
* Huckabee
* Hunt
* Huntsman
* Icahn
* Ingraham
* Jaffa
* Jeffress
* Jindal
* Johnson
* Jones
* Jordan
* Kasich
* Kavanaugh
* Kelly
* Kemp
* Kennedy
* Keyes
* King (Alveda)
* King (Steve)
* Kirk
* Kirkpatrick
* Kissinger
* Klayman
* Knowland
* Kobach
* Koch (Charles)
* Koch (David)
* Koch (Fred)
* Krauthammer
* Kristol (Bill)
* Kristol (Irving)
* Kushner
* Laffer
* Lahren
* LaPierre
* Lee
* LeMay
* Leo
* Levin
* Lewandowski
* Limbaugh
* Lindbergh
* Lodge
* Loesch
* Lott
* Lowry
* Luce
* Maddox
* Malkin
* Manafort
* Mason
* Massie
* McCain
* McCarthy (Joseph)
* McCarthy (Kevin)
* McCloy
* McConnell
* McCurtain
* McEnany
* McDaniel
* McDonald
* McFarlane
* McMahon (Linda)
* McMahon (Vince)
* Meadows
* Meese
* Mercer (Rebekah)
* Mercer (Robert)
* Meyer
* Miller
* Moore
* Mueller
* Mullin
* Mulvaney
* Murchison
* Murdoch
* Napolitano
* Negroponte
* Nixon
* Nehlen
* Noonan
* Norquist
* North
* Novak
* Nugent
* Nunes
* O'Keefe
* Oliver
* Olson (Barbara)
* Olson (Theodore)
* O'Reilly
* Osborne
* Osteen
* Owens
* Pataki
* Parscale
* Palin
* Patton
* Paul (Rand)
* Paul (Ron)
* Peale
* Pearson
* Pence
* Perkins
* Perot
* Perry
* Peterson
* Phillips
* Pierson
* Pipes
* Podhoretz (John)
* Podhoretz (Norman)
* Pompeo
* Porterfield
* Powell
* Prager
* Price
* Priebus
* Rand
* Reagan
* Reed
* Rice
* Rivera
* Roberts (John)
* Roberts (Oral)
* Robertson (Pat)
* Robertson (Phil)
* Rockefeller
* Romney
* Rock
* Rove
* Ryan
* Rubio
* Rumsfield
* Ruffin
* Russell Jr.
* Sanders
* Sanford
* Santorum
* Sailer
* Sasse
* Savage
* Scaife
* Scalia
* Scalise
* Scaramucci
* Schlafly
* Schlesinger
* Scott (Darrell)
* Scott (Tim)
* Sekulow
* Sessions
* Shapiro
* Sheldon
* Shultz
* Skousen
* Smith
* Sobran
* Sowell
* Starr
* Stevens
* Stimson
* Stoddard
* Strauss
* Stone
* Taft (Robert A.)
* Taft (William Howard)
* Tantaros
* Tebow
* Thiel
* Thomas
* Thompson (Fred)
* Thompson (Tommy)
* Thune
* Thurmond
* Toensing
* Toomey
* Trump (Donald)
* Trump (Ivanka)
* Trump (Lara)
* Trump Jr.
* Tuberville
* Tyrrell
* Van Drew
* Varney
* Vandenberg
* Viguerie
* Volpe
* Walker
* Walsh
* Wayne
* Weaver
* Weinberger
* Welch Jr.
* West
* Weyrich
* Whitaker
* White (Dana)
* White (Paula)
* Whitman
* Wolfowitz
* Will
* Williams (Armstrong)
* Williams (Walter E.)
* Wilson
* Wynn

Parties

* American Party
* American Independent Party
* Conservative Party of New York State
* Constitution Party
* Democratic Party (early)
* Federalist Party
* Libertarian Party
* Native American Party
* Prohibition Party
* Reform Party
* Republican Party (modern)
* States' Rights Democratic Party

Think tanks

* Acton Institute
* Alexis de Tocqueville Institution
* American Enterprise Institute
* Center for Immigration Studies
* Center for Security Policy
* Center for the National Interest
* Charles Koch Institute
* Claremont Institute
* Competitive Enterprise Institute
* David Horowitz Freedom Center
* Discovery Institute
* Ethics and Public Policy Center
* Family Research Institute
* Gatestone Institute
* The Heartland Institute
* The Heritage Foundation
* Hoover Institution
* Hudson Institute
* Intercollegiate Studies Institute
* Institute on the Constitution
* Manhattan Institute
* Mises Institute
* Pacific Research Institute
* Project for the New American Century
* Ripon Society
* R Street Institute
* Rockford Institute
* State Policy Network
* Tax Foundation

Other organizations

* ACT! for America
* Alliance Defending Freedom
* American Center for Law & Justice
* American Family Association
* American Liberty League
* Arlington Group
* Chalcedon Foundation
* Christian Coalition of America
* Christian Voice
* Club for Growth
* Concerned Women for America
* ConservAmerica
* The Conservative Caucus
* Council of Conservative Citizens
* Council for National Policy
* Eagle Forum
* Faith and Freedom Coalition
* Family Research Council
* Federalist Society
* Federation for American Immigration Reform
* The Fellowship
* Focus on the Family
* Foundation for Individual Rights in Education
* Foundation for Moral Law
* Freedom Caucus
* Freedom Partners
* FreedomWorks
* Gun Owners of America
* Independent Women's Forum
* John Birch Society
* John M. Olin Foundation
* Judicial Watch
* Leadership Institute
* Liberty Lobby
* Log Cabin Republicans
* Media Research Center
* Moral Majority
* National Conservative PAC
* National Federation of Independent Business
* National Organization for Marriage
* National Rifle Association
* National Right to Life Committee
* National Taxpayers Union
* NumbersUSA
* Oath Keepers
* Philadelphia Society
* Regnery Publishing
* Republican Main Street Partnership
* Republican Study Committee
* Second Amendment Caucus
* Susan B. Anthony List
* Tea Party Patriots
* Turning Point USA
* Traditional Values Coalition
* United States Chamber of Commerce
* Young America's Foundation
* Young Americans for Liberty
* Youth for Western Civilization

Media

* American Affairs
* The American Conservative
* The American Spectator
* American Renaissance
* American Thinker
* Blaze Media
* Breitbart News
* Campus Reform
* Chicago Tribune
* CBN
* City Journal
* Claremont Review of Books
* CNSNews.com
* Commentary
* Conservative Review
* Chronicles
* Daily Caller
* Daily Signal
* Daily Wire
* Dallas Morning News
* Drudge Report
* The Federalist
* First Things
* Fox Business
* Fox News
* FrontPage Magazine
* Front Porch Republic
* Gateway Pundit
* Hot Air
* Human Events
* Independent Journal Review
* InfoWars
* Jewish World Review
* Jihad Watch
* Las Vegas Review-Journal
* LifeSiteNews
* LifeZette
* Modern Age
* National Affairs
* The National Interest
* National Review
* The New American
* The New Criterion
* NewsBusters
* Newsmax
* New York Observer
* New York Post
* One America News Network
* PanAm Post
* Policy Review
* Power Line
* PragerU
* PJ Media
* Rare
* Real News Update
* RedState
* RSBN
* Sinclair Broadcast Group
* The Spotlight
* Taki's Magazine
* Townhall
* TruthRevolt
* Twitchy
* VDARE
* The Wall Street Journal
* Washington Examiner
* The Washington Free Beacon
* The Washington Times
* The Weekly Standard
* The Western Journal
* WorldNetDaily

Variants and movements

* Asian and Pacific Islander conservatism
* Black conservatism
* Christian right
* Conservative Democrats
* Female conservatism
* Green conservatism
* LGBT conservatism
* Libertarian conservatism
* Libertarian Republicans
* Patriot movement
* Radical Right
* Right-libertarianism
* Tea Party movement

See also

* American nationalism
* Bibliography
* Libertarianism
* List

* v
* t
* e

In the United States, the Republican Party has historically included progressive conservative factions. At the beginning of the 20th century, progressive conservatives in the GOP included figures such as Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. As president, Roosevelt formulated the Square Deal, a domestic program which focused on breaking up monopolies, protecting consumers, and conserving the environment.[20] When Taft assumed the presidency in 1909 after Roosevelt stepped down, he pledged to continue Roosevelt's policies, but was soon criticised by Roosevelt and the rest of the Republican Party's progressive wing for reducing tariffs and for the Pinchot-Ballinger affair.[21] Taft was nominated as the Republican Party's presidential nominee at the 1912 Republican National Convention despite hard-fought efforts from Roosevelt to prevent this - this led Roosevelt and other progressives to split from the Republican Party and create the Progressive Party, which entered the 1912 US presidential election with the aim of denying Taft a second term. Both Taft and Roosevelt were defeated by Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, and the Progressive Party was dissolved in 1920.

Between the 1930s and 1970s, the Rockefeller Republicans were very influential in the GOP - they held moderate to conservative views on economics, while also holding liberal or progressive positions on social issues. They supported a modest social safety net and were in favor of continuing some of the New Deal programs introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt. They supported big business but tolerated some economic regulation and were in favor of public-private partnerships.[22] As a faction, the Rockefeller Republicans started going into decline after the nomination of Barry Goldwater for president in 1964, and by the end of the presidency of George H.W. Bush, they had become an endangered minority in the party.[23] However, socially progressive Republicans continue to win local and state elections in the Northeastern United States, and have occasionally been referred to by the media as 'Rockefeller-style' Republicans,[24] but this trend was largely absent from the 2022 United States gubernatorial elections, where Democratic candidates won the governorships against right-wing Republicans in Maryland and Massachusetts, both of which had moderate Republican incumbents, along with the rightward shift of the party in general.

The Democratic Party has also historically included some progressive conservatives, and like their Republican counterparts, they too have become a minority in their party. In the 1930s, Southern Democrats (who made up the majority of the Democratic Party's voter base at the time) supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's economically progressive New Deal programs while remaining socially conservative on topics such as segregation.[25] Many of these Southern Democrats later switched to the Republican Party.[26] Some Conservative Democrats from the South opposed the New Deal and formed the Conservative Coalition, an alliance of the conservative wings of both major parties - this alliance lasted until 1994. The Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic Party is considered the main successor to the Conservative Coalition. Founded in 1995, the Blue Dog Democrats initially continued promoting the socially conservative policies of its predecessor - today, however, the Blue Dogs promote a mixture of social progressivism and moderate fiscal conservatism, and are generally considered centrist.[27]

John Bel Edwards synthesized "progressive views on economics and his commitment to a strong social safety net" with moderate to conservative social views as governor of Louisiana, a traditionally conservative state.[28]

Jared Golden, the U.S. representative for Maine's 2nd congressional district since 2019, has described his political philosophy as "progressive conservatism".[29]

## See also

* Bright Blue
* Christian democracy
* Conservative liberalism
* Green conservatism
* Compassionate conservatism
* Konrad Adenauer Foundation
* Liberal conservatism
* Neoclassical liberalism
* One-nation conservatism
* Paternalistic conservatism
* Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
* Radical centrism
* Red Tory
* Social market economy
* Third Way
* Tory Reform Group
* Bull Moose Party

## References

1. ↑ Trevor Russel. The Tory Party: its policies, divisions and future. Penguin, 1978. p. 167.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 David Marr. "Power Trip: The Political Journey of Kevin Rudd", Issue 38 of Quarterly Essay Series. Black Inc., 2010. p. 126.
3. ↑ Ruth Lister. Understanding Theories and Concepts in Social Policy. Bristol, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: The Policy Press, 2010. p. 53.
4. ↑ Emile F. Sahliyeh. Religious resurgence and politics in the contemporary world. Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York Press, 1990. p. 185.
5. ↑ Lincoln's Enduring Legacy Perspective from Great Thinkers, Great Leaders, and the American Experiment By John Barr, 2011, P.166
6. ↑ Paterson Daily Press 5 Sep 1907
7. ↑ The Robesonian 29 Feb 1912
8. ↑ Ocala Star-Banner 29 Apr 1960
9. ↑ The Owosso Argus-Press 11 Jun 1960
10. ↑ More The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America By Robert M. Collins, Robert M. Collins Professor of History University of Missouri, 2002, P.104-105
11. ↑ Noack, Rick (30 June 2017). "Why Angela Merkel, known for embracing liberal values, voted against same-sex marriage". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/06/30/why-angela-merkel-known-for-embracing-liberal-values-voted-against-same-sex-marriage/.
12. ↑ "Why Korean conservatives are more open to immigration than liberals" (in en). 2024-02-13. https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=368726.
13. ↑ Union Contributions to Labor Welfare Policy and Practice: Past, Present and Future. Routledge, 16, 2013. p. 172.
14. ↑ Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change After Bismarck. University of Michigan Press, 1980. p. 325.
15. ↑ Norman Rose. Churchill: The Unruly Giant. First American Edition. New York, New York, USA: Simon & Schuster Inc, 1995. p. 208.
16. ↑ Peter Duignan, Lewis H. Gann. The rebirth of the West: the Americanization of the democratic world, 1945-1958. Paperback edition. Lanham, Maryland, USA; London, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1996. p. 239.
17. ↑ Peter Dorey. British conservatism and trade unionism, 1945-1964. Surrey, England, UK; Burlington, Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing, 2009. pp. 44–48.
18. ↑ Hugh Segal. The Right Balance. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre, 2011. pp. 113–148.
19. ↑ Kavanagh, Hannah (20 December 2025). "Alberta Party to become Progressive Tory Party of Alberta: Guthrie" (in en). CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/alberta-party-to-become-progressive-tory-party-of-alberta-guthrie/.
20. ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt: Domestic Affairs | Miller Center" (in en). 2016-10-04. https://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/domestic-affairs.
21. ↑ "William Taft: Domestic Affairs | Miller Center" (in en). 2016-10-04. https://millercenter.org/president/taft/domestic-affairs.
22. ↑ Barrett, Marsha E. (6 June 2022). "Defining Rockefeller Republicanism: Promise and Peril at the Edge of the Liberal Consensus, 1958–1975" (in en). Journal of Policy History 34 (3): 336–370. doi:10.1017/S0898030622000100. ISSN 0898-0306.
23. ↑ "Straddling divide between GOP moderates and conservatives, Bush was last of a kind" (in en). 2018-12-01. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/moderate-republican-internationalist-george-h-w-bush-was-last-kind-n870461.
24. ↑ Ball, Molly (2015-02-17). "The Bluest Republican" (in en). https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-bluest-republican/384969/.
25. ↑ Lemieux, Scott (2013-03-04). "Fear and the New Deal" (in en-us). https://prospect.org/api/content/a5cfc05d-51b8-5fd9-8aeb-b56b85b88b64/.
26. ↑ "Southern Democrats Coaxed to GOP Dance". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0622/22031.html.
27. ↑ "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs.". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/0604/Centrist-Democrats-are-back.-But-these-are-not-your-father-s-Blue-Dogs.
28. ↑ S.J, Matt Malone (2018-12-14). "The America Profile: Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards, the pro-life Catholic Democrat" (in en-US). https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/12/14/america-profile-louisiana-governor-john-bel-edwards-pro-life-catholic/.
29. ↑ Solender, Andrew (April 8, 2025). "The House Democrat who actually loves Trump's tariffs". Axios. https://www.axios.com/2025/04/08/trump-tariffs-house-democrats-jared-golden.

* v
* t
* e

Conservatism

* Timeline

Schools|

| International|

* Christian democracy
* Corporatism
* Cultural
* Green
* Liberal
* Nationalist
* Paternalistic
* Progressive
* Social
* Traditionalist

|

American|

* Compassionate
* Fiscal
* Fusionism
* Libertarian
* Traditionalist
* Social
* Neo
* Old Right
* Paleo
* Rockefeller Republicans

British|

* Andism
* High Tory
* One-nationism
* Powellism
* Thatcherism

Canadian|

* Blue Tory
* Clerico-nationalism
* Red Tory

French|

* Bonapartism
* Gaullism
* Legitimism
* Neo-Bonapartism
* Orléanism
* Ultra-royalism

German|

* Revolutionary

Greek|

* Metaxism

Spanish|

* Carlism

Turkish|

* Democracy
* Erdoğanism

Concepts|

* Family values
* Free markets
* Natural law
* Organic society
* Private property
* Protectionism
* Social hierarchy
* Social norm
* Social order
* Subsidiarity
* Tradition

National variants|

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Russia
* Serbia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Thinkers|

* Raymond Aron
* Irving Babbitt
* Maurice Barrès
* Louis de Bonald
* William F. Buckley Jr.
* Edmund Burke
* Cato the Elder
* Whittaker Chambers
* François-René de Chateaubriand
* G. K. Chesterton
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Juan Donoso Cortés
* Chantal Delsol
* Julius Evola
* Niall Ferguson
* Robert Filmer
* Milton Friedman
* Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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* George Grant
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* Eric Hoffer
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* Peter Viereck
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Politicians|

* Shinzo Abe
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* Cardinal Richelieu
* Nelson Rockefeller
* António de Oliveira Salazar
* Margaret Thatcher
* Donald Trump
* Éamon de Valera
* Geert Wilders

Organizations|

* Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
* Asia Pacific Democrat Union
* European People's Party
* International Democrat Union
* List of conservative parties

Identity politics|

* Black
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Related topics|

* Aristocracy
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* Cobdenism
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* Gladstonian liberalism
* Integralism
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* Europe
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* Right-wing authoritarianism
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* Secular liberalism
* Small-c conservatives
* Social Darwinism
* Tory socialism
* Venizelism

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Political ideologies

* Left-wing politics
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* Hardline
* Establishment
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* Anarchism
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* Liberalism
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* Progressivism (Progressive conservatism)
* Radicalism
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* Social democracy
* Socialism
* Utilitarianism

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive conservatism. Read more

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