Progressivism in South Korea

Short description: Pro-reform ideology in the East Asian nation

Progressivism (Korean: 진보주의; Hanja: 進步主義; RR: Jinbojuui) in South Korea is broadly associated with social democracy, cultural progressivism and left-wing nationalism.[1] South Korea's "progressivism" is often used in a similar sense to 'South Korean Left' or 'leftist'.[note 1]

Historically, there have been communist forces, but most of them have been powerless in South Korean politics.[5]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Hyukshinkye
* 1.2 PD and NL
* 1.3 Shinjwapa
* 2 Socialism in South Korea
* 3 Progressive parties
* 3.1 Gujwapa (Old Left)
* 3.1.1 Communist or far-left socialist
* 3.1.2 Hyukshinkye (Innovation-faction)
* 3.1.3 Minjungminju (PD)
* 3.1.4 Minjokhaebang (NL)
* 3.2 Shinjwapa (New Left)
* 3.3 Progressive-liberal
* 4 Progressive media
* 5 Progressive personalities
* 6 Major progressive parties election results of South Korea
* 6.1 Presidential elections
* 6.2 Legislative elections
* 6.3 Local elections
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References

## History

### Hyukshinkye

South Korea's early left-wing forces were mainly divided into 'communist' and 'non-communist'.

At that time, South Korean non-communist leftists were mainly called Hyukshinkye (Korean: 혁신계; Hanja: 革新系; lit. Innovation-faction). At that time, it was politically repressed by both centre-right liberal and far-right ultra-conservatives. In particular, the Korean War led to a significant weakening as some of the Hyukshinkye were also driven to communism. After the forced dissolution of the Progressive Party led by Cho Bong-am in 1958, it virtually collapsed politically.[6]

Progressive parties, including the United Socialist Party led by Kim Chul, continued the tradition of Hyukshinkye, but its power was minimal, and since the 1980s, Hyukshinkye's tradition has been completely cut off from power as Kim Chul and other key figures have shifted to pro-military conservative stances.[7]

### PD and NL

The United States remained silent about the massacres in Gwangju by new-military coup forces in the 1980s, and backed the Chun Doo-hwan government. This served as an opportunity for some of the democratization movement forces in South Korea to develop anti-American sentiment.[note 2] As a result, some of South Korea's moderate liberal pro-democratization activists gradually accepted socialism and became more left-wing. During this period, the left-wing movement in South Korea was largely divided into Minjungminju-wing (Korean: 민중민주파; lit. People's Democracy-faction, PD) and Minjokhaebang-wing (Korean: 민족해방파; lit. National Liberation-faction, NL). After the collapse of the Cold War in the 1990s, they moderated their tendencies than in the past to form a political party named Democratic Force.[9]

PD was a Western-style leftist party, influenced by American liberalism, social democracy and Soviet communism, while NL was a left-wing nationalist party that mixed South Korean indigenous ideas, radical reunificationism and social progressivism. PD and NL are political terms that refer to the two pillars of South Korea's progressive camp and are still frequently used today. As of now, the representative PD-affiliated progressive party is the Justice Party, and the representative NL-affiliated progressive party is the Minjung Party.[10][11][12][9]

### Shinjwapa

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the New Left movement in Europe and the United States and postmodernist discourse became known, creating a Shinjwapa (Korean: 신좌파; Hanja: 新左派; lit. New Left faction) in South Korea. They advocate youth rights, LGBT rights and feminism. Currently, South Korea's representative Shinjwapa parties include the Green Party and Basic Income Party.[13][14]

## Socialism in South Korea

South Korea's 'legitimate' socialist movement is considered part of South Korean progressivism. But not all progressives are socialists, so the two need to be distinguished.

## Progressive parties

### Gujwapa (Old Left)

#### Communist or far-left socialist

* Workers' Party of South Korea (1946–1953; banned)
* Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front → National Democratic Front of South Korea → Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front (1969–; banned)
* Socialist Revolutionary Workers' Party → Labor Party (2016–2022; unregistered; merged)
* People's Democracy Party (2016–)

#### Hyukshinkye (Innovation-faction)

* Preparatory Committee for National Construction → People's Party of Korea → People's Labor Party (1945–1950)
* Socialist Party (1951–1953)
* Progressive Party (1956–1958; banned)
* United Socialist Party of Korea (1961–1967; banned 1961–1966)

#### Minjungminju (PD)

* The People's Party (1990–1992)
* People's Victory 21 → Democratic Labor Party (1997–2011)
* Youth Progressive Party → Socialist Party → Hope Socialist Party → Korea Socialist Party → Socialist Party (1998–2012)
* New Progressive Party (2008–2012)
* Unified Progressive Party (2011–2012)[15]
* Progressive Justice Party → Justice Party (2012–) - However, there are a few Minjokhaebang and Shinjwapa factions in the Justice Party.
* Labor Party (2013–)
* Socialist Revolutionary Workers' Party → Labor Party (2016–2022; unregistered; merged)

#### Minjokhaebang (NL)

* People's Victory 21 → Democratic Labor Party (1997–2011)
* Unified Progressive Party (2011–2014; banned)[16]
* People's United Party (2016–2017)
* New People's Party (2017)
* Minjung Party → Progressive Party (2017–)

### Shinjwapa (New Left)

* Green Social Democrats (2004)
* Green Peace Party (2002–2004)
* Social Democratic Party of Korea (2002–2004)
* Green Party Korea (2012–)
* Future Party (2017–)
* Basic Income Party (2020-)

### Progressive-liberal

* Democratic Independent Party (1947–1948)[note 3]
* Progressive Party (1956–1958)
* People's Party (1988)
* Hankyoreh Democratic Party (1988–1991)
* Popular Party (1989–1992)
* Participation Party (2010–2011)
* Unified Progressive Party (2011–2012, factions)[15]
* Youth Party (2012)
* Justice Party (2012–)

* Peace and Justice (2018)

* Future Party (2017–)
* Basic Income Party (2020–)
* Let's Go! Environmental Party (2020–)

## Progressive media

* OhmyNews - liberal-leaning bias
* Pressian - progressive
* Voice of the People - progressive, resistance nationalism
* Yeoseong Shinmun - feminism

## Progressive personalities

* Bong Joon-ho
* Ha-Joon Chang
* Han Sang-gyun (ko)
* Hong Sehwa
* Hong Seok-cheon
* Jang Hye-young
* Kwon In-sook
* Lee Hyori[17]
* Lim Ji-hyeon (ko)
* Lee Yeong-hui (ko)
* Lyuh Woon-hyung
* Rhyu Si-min
* Roh Hoe-chan
* Ryu Ho-jeong
* Pak Noja
* Shin Hae-chul
* Sim Sang-jung
* Yun Hyon-seok

## Major progressive parties election results of South Korea

### Presidential elections

Election  | Candidate  | Total votes  | Share of votes  | Outcome  | Party name

|
|
|
|
|

1952  | Cho Pong-am  | 797,504  | 11.4%  | Defeated N | Independent
1956  | Cho Pong-am  | 2,163,808  | 30.0%  | Defeated N | Independent
1987  | Baik Ki-wan  | Quit midway through  | Independent
1992  | Baik Ki-wan  | 238,648  | 1.0%  | Defeated N | Independent
1997  | Kwon Young-ghil  | 306,026  | 1.2%  | Defeated N | People's Victory 21
2002  | Kwon Young-ghil  | 957,148  | 3.9%  | Defeated N | Democratic Labor Party
2007  | Kwon Young-ghil  | 712,121  | 3.0%  | Defeated N | Democratic Labor Party
Geum Min  | 18,223  | 0.07%  | Defeated N | Korea Socialist Party
2012  | Lee Jung-hee  | Quit midway through  | Unified Progressive Party
Kim So-yeon  | 16,687  | 0.05%  | Defeated N | Independent
Kim Soon-ja  | 46,017  | 0.15%  | Defeated N | Independent
2017  | Sim Sang-jung  | 2,017,458  | 6.17%  | Defeated N | Justice Party
Kim Sun-dong  | 27,229  | 0.08%  | Defeated N | People's United Party

### Legislative elections

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Election  | Total seats  | Total votes  | Share of votes  | Outcome  | Election leader  | Party name

|
|
|
|
|
|

1950  |

2 / 210

| 89,413  | 1.3%  | new 2 seats; minority  | Jo So-ang  | Socialist Party
1960  |

4 / 233

| 541,021  | 6.0%  | new 4 seats; minority  | Seo Sang-il  | Social Mass Party

1 / 233

| 57,965  | 0.6%  | new 1 seats; minority  | Jeon Jin-han  | Korea Socialist Party
1967  |

1 / 175

| 249,561  | 2.3%  | new 1 seats; minority  | Seo Min-ho  | Mass Party

0 / 175

| 104,975  | 1.0%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Kim Cheol  | Unified Socialist Party
1971  |

0 / 204

| 59,359  | 0.5%  |  1 seats; minority  | Ri Mong  | Mass Party

0 / 204

| 97,398  | 0.9%  |  0 seats; minority  | Kim Cheol  | Unified Socialist Party
1981  |

0 / 276

| 676,921  | 4.2%  | new 2 seats; minority  |  | New Politics Party

2 / 276

| 524,361  | 3.2%  | new 2 seats; minority  | Ko Chong-hun  | Democratic Socialist Party

0 / 276

| 122,778  | 0.7%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Kim Cheol  | Socialist Party
1985  |

1 / 276

| 288,863  | 1.4%  | new 1 seats; minority  | Ko Chong-hun  | New Politics Socialist Party
1988  |

0 / 299

| 65,650  | 0.3%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Jeong Tae-yun  | Party of the people

1 / 299

| 251,236  | 1.3%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Ye Chun-ho  | Hankyoreh Democratic Party

1 / 299

| 3,267  | 0.0%  | new 0 seats; minority  |  | Unificational Socialist Party
1992  |

0 / 229

| 319,041  | 1.5%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Lee U-jae  | People's Party
2000  |

0 / 273

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 223,261  | 1.2%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Kwon Young-ghil  | Democratic Labor Party

0 / 273

| 125,082  | 0.7%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Choi Hyeok  | Youth Progressive Party
2004  |

10 / 299

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 3%; height: 100%;">

| 2,774,061  | 13.0%  |  10 seats; minority  | Kwon Young-ghil  | Democratic Labor Party

0 / 299

| 47,311  | 0.22%  |  0 seats; minority  | Won Yong-su  | Socialist Party
2008  |

5 / 299

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">

| 973,445  | 5.68%  |  5 seats; minority  | Cheon Yeong-se  | Democratic Labor Party

0 / 299

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 504,466  | 2.94%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Roh Hoe-chan
Sim Sang-jung  | New Progressive Party

0 / 299

| 35,496  | 0.20%  |  0 seats; minority  | Choi Gwang-Eun  | Korea Socialist Party
2012  |

13 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 4%; height: 100%;">

| 2,198,405  | 10.3%  | new 13 seats; minority  | Lee Jung-hee  | Unified Progressive Party

0 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 243,065  | 1.13%  |  0 seats; minority  | Hong Sehwa
An Hyo-sang  | New Progressive Party
2016  |

0 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 91,705  | 0.38%  |  0 seats; minority  | Koo Kyo-hyun  | Labor Party

6 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">

| 1,719,891  | 7.23%  | new 6 seats; minority  | Sim Sang-jung  | Justice Party

0 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 145,624  | 0.61%  |  0 seats; minority  | Lee Gwang-seok  | People's United Party
2020  |

6 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">

| 2,697,956  | 9.7%  |  6 seats; minority  | Sim Sang-jung  | Justice Party

0 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 295,612  | 1.06%  | new 0 seats; minority  | Kim Jong-hoon  | Minjung Party

0 / 300

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| 34,272  | 0.12%  |  0 seats; minority  | Koo Kyo-hyun  | Labor Party

### Local elections

Election  | Metropolitan mayor/Governor | Provincial legislature  | Municipal mayor  | Municipal legislature  | Party name

|
|
|
|
|

3rd (2002)  |

0 / 16

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

11 / 682

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">

2 / 232

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.9%; height: 100%;">

| N/A  | Democratic Labor Party
4th (2006)  |

0 / 16

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

15 / 733

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">

0 / 230

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

66 / 2,888

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;">

| Democratic Labor Party
5th (2010)  |

0 / 16

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

24 / 761

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 3%; height: 100%;">

3 / 228

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 1%; height: 100%;">

115 / 2,888

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 4%; height: 100%;">

| Democratic Labor Party

0 / 16

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

3 / 761

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.4%; height: 100%;">

0 / 228

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

22 / 2,888

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.8%; height: 100%;">

| New Progressive Party
6th (2014)  |

0 / 17

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

3 / 789

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.4%; height: 100%;">

0 / 226

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

34 / 2,898

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 1%; height: 100%;">

| Unified Progressive Party

0 / 17

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

1 / 789

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.1%; height: 100%;">

0 / 226

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

6 / 2,898

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;">

| Labor Party

0 / 17

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

0 / 789

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

0 / 226

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

11 / 2,898

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.4%; height: 100%;">

| Justice Party
7th (2018)  |

0 / 17

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

0 / 824

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

0 / 226

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

0 / 2,927

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

| Labor Party

0 / 17

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

11 / 824

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 1%; height: 100%;">

0 / 226

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;">

26 / 2,927

<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.9%; height: 100%;">

| Justice Party

## See also

* Conservatism in South Korea
* Feminism in South Korea
* Identity politics \- One of the main factors in distinguishing between the liberal and progressive camps in South Korea. (Those who support identity politics are classified as progressives.)
* Left-wing nationalism (left-wing)
* Juchesasangpa (far-left)
* Liberalism in South Korea
* Progressive-liberalism
* LGBT rights in South Korea
* List of political parties in South Korea
* Socialism
* Democratic socialism (left-wing)
* Social democracy (centre-left to left-wing)
* Undongkwon

## Notes

1. ↑ In South Korea, the fundamental "South Korean Left" means Socialism in South Korea, but left-wing (socialist) activities in South Korea rarely exist due to legal restrictions such as the National Security Law and socio-cultural antipathy. Therefore, in South Korea, the "South Korean Left" usually means a broader progressive than a socialist. (The South Korean socialist movement was briefly popular among the Undongkwon camp in the 1980s, but has almost disappeared since the 2010s.) Socialist forces, which are very few in South Korea, including the Labor Party, criticize non-socialist progressives such as the Justice Party and the Progressive Party for not being leftists/progressives.[2][3][4]
2. ↑ Until the 1970s, socialism (in a narrow sense) was not popular among the leftist democratization movement forces in South Korea, and Rawls-style modern liberalism became more popular. (Until the 1970s, the United States was regarded by South Korean leftists with an image of a guardian of liberal democracy against far-right military dictatorships.)[8]
3. ↑ In North Korea, this party existed until the 1960s.

## References

1. ↑ 현연, 조. 2019. 한국 진보 정당 운동사. 후마니타스. pp. 134-134, 141-142
2. ↑ http://socialist.kr/there-is-no-progressive-left/ [bare URL]
3. ↑ http://socialist.kr/electoral-coalition-is-how-to-survive-for-pseudo-progressive/ [bare URL]
4. ↑ ""준비된 사회주의 후보, 공약만으로 충분한 지지 얻을 수 있다"". 참세상. 11 September 2021. http://www.newscham.net/news/view.php?board=news&category1=37&nid=106417. "정의당이나 진보당의 색깔은 우리와 같지 않다. ... 민주노동당에서 파생된 정의당과 진보당은 사회주의라는 용어를 다 뺐다. 진보를 포기한 거다."
5. ↑ 현연, 조. 2019. 한국 진보 정당 운동사. 후마니타스. pp. 198-199, 221-222
6. ↑ "대통령 권력욕 꺾은 뒤 총선, 진보는 왜 참패했나" (in ko). Pressian. July 4, 2015. https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/127825.
7. ↑ "김종인, 광주 찾아 5.18단체들에 '국보위 전력' 직접 사과" (in ko). Views & News. July 4, 2015. https://www.viewsnnews.com/article?q=128596.
8. ↑ Choi Chi-won , eds. (2013). Understanding Social Justice in the History of Idea of Korean Democratization Movement Memory of Words of the Deads & Those Who Have Been Smashed. KCI dissertation.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 강만길 (Kang Man-gil), ed (1989). 80년대 사회 운동 논쟁: 월간 사회 와 사상 창간 1주년 기념 전권 특별 기획. 한길사.
10. ↑ "'NL-PD' 해묵은 갈등이 결국 진보당 발목 잡았다" (in ko). The Hankyoreh. June 4, 2012. https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/538271.html.
11. ↑ "NL·PD 갈등 30년···PD계열 조국에 음모론도 등장" (in ko). JoongAng Ilbo. July 4, 2015. https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23586068#home.
12. ↑ Jesús Velasco (July 4, 2019). American Presidential Elections in a Comparative Perspective: The World Is Watching. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 154. ISBN 978-1498557580. https://books.google.com/books?id=SOWZDwAAQBAJ.
13. ↑ "신좌파의 진화는 이제 시작된다" (in ko). Sisa IN. January 9, 2008. https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=959.
14. ↑ ""조국 비판 전혀 안 한 사람들" ·· 연합정당 동참" (in ko). JoongAng Ilbo. March 18, 2020. http://www.ejanews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=216964.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "노회찬, 심상정, 유시민 통합진보당 탈당: 민노당 전 최고위원, 지방의원, 참여계 당원 3000여명도 '탈당 러시'". 프레시안. 13 September 2012. https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/64132.
16. ↑ Yonhap News Agency, December 19, 2014, [1], "...South Korea's Constitutional Court on Friday ordered the dissolution of a pro-North Korean minor opposition party..."
17. ↑ "자기 생각 말하는 게 뭐 어때서…'좌효리'에게 박수!" (in ko). The Hankyoreh. 31 December 2014. https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/culture_general/671630.html.

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