Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language

Short description: Reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

PMP
Reconstruction of| Malayo-Polynesian
Region| Luzon Strait?

Reconstructed
ancestor

Proto-Austronesian

Lower-order reconstructions|

* Proto-Philippine
* Proto-Batak
* Proto-Chamic
* Proto-Malayic
* Proto-South Sulawesi
* Proto-Celebic
* Proto-Oceanic

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("Uraustronesisch") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Phonology
* 1.1 Consonants
* 1.2 Vowels
* 2 Alternative views
* 3 Lexicon
* 3.1 Animal names
* 3.2 Plant names
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Phonology

### Consonants

The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009):[2]

| Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Retroflex  | Palatalized
velar  | Velar  | Uvular  | Glottal

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Voiceless obstruent  | *p  | *t  | *c /c͡ç/  |  |  | *k  | *q  |
Voiced obstruent  | *b  | *d  | *z /ɟ͡ʝ/  | *D /ɖ/  | *j /ɡʲ/  | *g  |  |
Nasal  | *m  | *n  | *ñ /ɲ/  |  |  | *ŋ  |  |
Fricative  |  | *s  |  |  |  |  |  | *h
Lateral  |  | *l  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tap or trill  |  | *r  |  |  |  |  | *R /ʀ/  |
Approximant  | *w  |  | *y /j/  |  |  |  |  |

The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947).[3] The assumed phonetic values are given in the table.

This consonant system is quite similar to the ancestral Proto-Austronesian (PAN) system, but is characterized by three mergers:

* PAN *t/*C > PMP *t
* PAN *l/*N > PMP *l
* PAN *h/*S > PMP *h

### Vowels

The Proto-Austronesian vowels *a, *i, *u, *e (*e representing /ə/) and final diphthongs *ay, *aw, *uy, *iw remained unchanged.[2]

## Alternative views

In a study from 2016, Roger Blench[4] has raised doubts that there was actually a single unitary Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language. Rather, Malayo-Polynesian expansion across the Luzon Strait consisted of multi-ethnic crews rapidly settling across various locations in maritime Southeast Asia, as suggested by both archaeological and linguistic evidence. There was also a Malayo-Polynesian migration to Hainan; Blench (2016) notes that both Hlai and Austronesian peoples use the foot-braced backstrap loom as well.

## Lexicon

Below are selected animal and plant names in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary.[5]

### Animal names

Fish names  No. | Reconstruction levels | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

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710 | PMP | a dove | Ducula spp.? | *baluj
2201 | PMP | a fish | Scomberoides sp. | *daRi
9215 | PMP | a fish, the fusilier | Caesionidae sp. | *sulig
8519 | PMP | a fish, the sea perch, giant rockcod, giant grouper | Epinephelus spp. | *kuRapu
4366 | PMP | a fish: the big-eyed scad | Trachiurops crumenophthalmus | *qatulay
251 | PMP | a fruit-bearing plant | Pisonia umbellifera | *añuliŋ
1532 | PMP | a white fish, the tarpon | Megalops cyprinoides | *bulan-bulan₁
1636 | PMP | batfish | Platax spp. | *buna
1635 | PMP | batfish | Platax spp. | *bunaR
4379 | PMP | fish sp.: mullet sp. | Neomyxus chaptalli | *qawas
4380 | PMP | fish sp.: the milkfish | Chanos chanos | *qawa₁
4378 | PMP | fish sp.: the milkfish | Chanos chanos | *qawan
2095 | PMP | goatfish | Mullidae | *tiqaw₂
9513 | PMP | green jobfish | Aprion virescens | *qutun
3187 | PMP | kind of striped or spotted marine fish, grouper | Epinephelus spp. | *keRteŋ
9509 | PMP | needlefish | Istiophorus spp. | *saku₂
5519 | PMP | porcupine fish, puffer fish | Diodon sp. | *taRutuŋ
9141 | PMP | Spanish mackerel, kingfish | Scomberomorini spp. | *taŋiRi
5516 | PMP | squirrelfish | Holocentrus spp. | *taRaqan
3168 | PMP | suckerfish, remora; hold on by biting | Echeneis naucrates | *kemi
2492 | PMP | suckerfish, remora; hold on by biting | Echeneis naucrates | *gemi
11354 | PMP | surgeonfish | Acanthurus spp. | *qapaliR
11354 | PMP | surgeonfish | Acanthurus spp. | *qapaliR
10662 | PMP | unicorn fish | Acanthurus unicornis | *taRaq₂
4703 | PMP | unicorn fish | Naso spp. | *qumi
4699 | PMP | unicorn fish | Naso spp. | *qumay
Other animal names  No. | Reconstruction levels | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

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7001 | PMP | the green turtle | Chelonia mydas | *peñu
9539 | PMP | kingfisher | Halcyon spp. | *sikek
6845 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | the Formosan rock monkey | Macaca cyclopis | *luCuŋ
3809 | PMP | fruit bat, flying fox | Pteropus spp. | *paniki
9052 | PMP | civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae | Viverridae | *musaŋ
7811 | PMP | giant clam | Tridacna gigas | *kima
4842 | PMP | the spider conch | Lambis lambis | *Raŋa
8637 | PMP | the spider conch | Lambis lambis | *Raŋak
8638 | PMP | the spider conch | Lambis lambis | *RaŋaR
4390 | PMP | coconut crab | Birgus latro | *qayuyu
4224 | PMP | a small bee | Apis indica | *qani-Ruan
4283 | PMP | a small bee | Apis indica | *qari-ñuan
6861 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP | jungle leech | Haemadipsa spp. | *-matek
6864 | PMP | jungle leech | Haemadipsa spp. | *qala-matek
1726 | PMP | ringworm | Tinea imbricata | *buqeni
3800 | PMP | fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin | Tinea flava or Pityriasis | *panaw₁

### Plant names

Selected plant names  No. | Reconstruction levels | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

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8724 | PMP | a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job's tears | Coix lacryma-jobi | *zelay
4343 | PMP | a climbing plant | Wedelia biflora | *qatay qatay₁
11282 | PMP | a cycad | Cycas rumphii | *patuRu
3686 | PMP | a fern | Lygodium spp. | *nituq
7071 | PMP | a hairy vine | Pueraria hirsuta | *bahay
4562 | PMP | a hardwood tree | Intsia bijuga, Afzelia bijuga | *qipil
484 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP | a lily-like plant | Crinum asiaticum | *bakuŋ₁
4206 | PMP | a palm | Oncosperma sp.? | *qanibuŋ
8448 | PMP | a plant | Leea spp. | *mali
3566 | PMP | a plant | Leea spp. | *mali-mali
7082 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | a plant | Phragmites spp. | *qaReNu
71 | PMP | a plant | Pipturus argenteus | *adamay
11885 | PMP | a plant | Solanum nigrum | *hameti
4039 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP | a plant | Urena lobata | *puluC
11265 | PMP | a plant used to stun fish | Derris elliptica | *bunat
8455 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, POC | a plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish | Derris elliptica | *tuba
590 | PMP | a plant yielding useful fibers | Thespesia populnea | *balu₁
1832 | PMP | a shore tree | Barringtonia spp. | *butun
1275 | PMP | a shore tree | Calophyllum inophyllum | *bitaquR
301 | PMP | a shore tree | Casuarina equisetifolia | *aRuhu
4290 | PMP | a shore tree | Casuarina equisetifolia | *qaRuhu
10441 | PMP | a shore tree with edible nuts | Terminalia catappa | *talisay
5317 | PMP | a shrub | Cordyline, Dracaena | *siRi
717 | PMP | a small shore tree | Hibiscus tiliaceus | *baRu
12684 | PMP | a small tree bearing round, green fruit | Ehretia spp. | *kanawah
8398 | PMP | a swamp palm | Nipa fruticans | *nipaq
10824 | PMP | a tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odor | Sterculia foetida | *bubuR₃
5189 | PMP | a thorny tree | Caesalpinia spp. | *sepaŋ
612 | PMP | a thorny vine | Smilax spp. | *banaR₁
620 | PMP | a thorny vine | Smilax spp. | *banaw
2257 | PMP | a tree | Alstonia scholaris | *ditaq
3274 | PMP | a tree | Artocarpus sp. | *kulu₁
12727 | PMP | a tree | Bischofia javanica | *tuquR₂
2574 | PMP | a tree | Cordia dichotoma | *hanunaŋ
4243 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP | a tree | Cordia dichotoma | *qaNuNaŋ
3103 | PMP | a tree | Cordia spp. | *kanawa
10144 | PMP | a tree | Cordia spp. | *kendal
6886 | PMP | a tree | Cynometra spp. | *namut-namut
5661 | PMP | a tree | Dolichandrone spathacea | *tui₁
2198 | PMP | a tree | Dracontomelon edule | *daqu₁
2218 | PMP | a tree | Erythrina spp. | *dedap
4279 | PMP | a tree | Ficus spp. | *qaRa₁
5384 | PMP | a tree | Gnetum gnemon | *suka₁
4220 | PMP | a tree | Grewia spp. | *qanilaw
8451 | PMP | a tree | Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut: Inocarpus edulis | *gayam
3097 | PMP | a tree | Murraya sp. | *kamuniŋ
782 | PMP | a tree | Nauclea sp. | *baŋkal
3884 | PMP | a tree | Ochrosia oppositifolia | *pauq
3649 | PMP | a tree | Pterocarpus indica | *nara
3648 | PMP | a tree | Pterocarpus indica | *naRah
738 | PMP | a tree | Pterospermum sp. | *bayuR
3126 | PMP | a tree | Schleichera trijuga | *kasambiʔ
3086 | PMP | a tree | Sterculia foetida | *kalumpaŋ
2239 | PMP | a tree | Trema orientalis | *deRuŋ₂
3903 | PMP | a tree | Vitex pubescens | *pa(m)pa
7098 | PMP | a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree | Erythrina indica | *dapdap₁
9114 | PMP | a tree with edible fruit, and medicinal uses | Buchanania arborescens? | *balunuR
3104 | PMP | a tree with fragrant flowers | Cananga odorata | *kanaŋa
12774 | PMP | a tree, the Chinese mahogany or Philippine mahogany | Shorea albus | *bulah
2719 | PMP | a vine | Flagellaria indica | *huaR
11109 | PMP | an evergreen tree with decorative flowers | Cynometra ramiflora | *namut
1046 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, POC | bamboo of very large diameter | Dendrocalamus sp.? | *betuŋ₁
9776 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP | bamboo spp. | Bambusa spinosa? | *kawayan
11263 | PMP | betel pepper | Piper betle | *bu-bulu
8466 | PMP | bracket fungus | Polyporus spp. | *kulat₂
1146 | PMP | calabash tree | Crescentia spp. | *bila₁
1223 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | cane grass | Miscanthus sp. | *biRaSu
10249 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | castor bean | Ricinus communis | *katawa
1582 | PMP | cowrie shell | Cypraea mauritiana | *buliq₁
4358 | PMP | cucumber | Cucumis sativus | *qatimun
10768 | PMP | elephant grass, miscanthus grass | Themeda gigantea | *taŋelaj
1255 | PMP | fan palm | Licuala rumphii | *biRu
7972 | PMP | hardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timber | Palaquium spp. | *ñatuq
7996 | PMP | indigo plant and dye | Indigofera suffruticosa and Indigofera tinctoria | *taRum
7083 | PMP | kind of fruit tree | Pometia pinnata | *tawan
6542 | PMP | kind of mangrove, with bark used for dyeing | Ceriops spp. | *teŋeR
11007 | PMP | mango tree and its fruit | Mangifera altissima? | *pahuq₁
8750 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | millet sp. | Setaria italica (?) | *zawa₂
1033 | PMP | millet sp., probably foxtail millet | Setaria italica | *betem
812 | PMP | millet sp., probably foxtail millet | Setaria italica | *beteŋ₁
7254 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | mulberry tree and fruit | Morus formosensis | *taNiud
11844 | PMP | new shoots of cogon grass | Imperata cylindrica | *mimis₁
1763 | PMP | palm sp. | Corypha elata | *buri₁
3089 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | plant sp. | Diospyros discolor | *kamaya
3671 | PMP | plant sp. | Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets | *niniq₁
4614 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, PSHWNG, POC | rattan | Calamus sp. | *quay
7169 | PMP | stinging nettle | Laportea spp. | *la-lateŋ
7167 | PMP | stinging nettle | Laportea spp. | *lateŋ
7183 | PMP | stinging nettle | Laportea spp. | *zalateŋ
7185 | PMP | stinging nettle | Laportea spp. | *zilateŋ
4204 | PMP | sugar palm | Arenga spp. | *qanahaw
7953 | PMP | sugarcane | Saccharum officinarum | *tebuh₁
2055 | PMP | sugarcane | Saccharum officinarum | *tebuh₂
2399 | PMP | sword grass | Imperata cylindrica | *eRiq
10161 | PMP | sword grass | Imperata cylindrica | *guRun
12663 | PMP | sword grass | Imperata cylindrica | *keRiq
4900 | PAN, PMP, PWMP | sword grass | Imperata cylindrica | *Riaq
7486 | PMP | taro | Colocasia esculenta | *tales
9775 | PMP | the candlenut tree | Aleurites moluccanus | *kamiri
9775 | PMP | the candlenut tree | Aleurites moluccanus | *kamiri
12248 | PMP | the Indian cork tree | Millingtonia hortensis | *taŋga₂
11262 | PMP | the Indian tulip tree | Thespesia populnea | *banaRu
3066 | PMP | the kapok tree | Bombax ceiba | *kabu-kabu
3263 | PMP | tree sp. | Schoutenia ovata | *kukun
5653 | PMP | tree sp. | Sesbania grandiflora | *tudiq
8882 | PMP | tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree | Erythrina indica | *depdep
9942 | PMP | tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond (or the galip or ngari nut) | Canarium indicum[lower-alpha 1] | *kanari
4260 | PMP | tree with leaves like sandpaper | Ficus spp. | *qa(m)pelas
3332 | PMP | tree with poisonous sap | Antiaris toxicaria? | *laji₁
4722 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP | tree with sticky fruits | Cordia spp. | *quNuNaŋ
10888 | PMP | tree spp. | Barringtonia spp. | *putat
7652 | PMP | turmeric | Curcuma longa | *kunij
1601 | PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, PSHWNG, POC | type of slender bamboo | Schizostachyum spp. | *buluq₂
1219 | PMP | wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro; sexual itch | Alocasia spp. | *biRaq₁
1219 | PMP | wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro; sexual itch | Alocasia spp. | *biRaq₁
4625 | PMP | yam | Dioscorea alata | *qubi

## See also

* Proto-Austronesian language
* Proto-Philippine language
* Proto-Oceanic language
* Proto-Polynesian language

## Notes

1. ↑ This tree was previously known as Canarium commune L., and is sometimes still erroneously called this; also conflated with the closely related C. vulgare.[6][7]

## References

1. ↑ Dempwolff, Otto (1934–37). Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes. (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen 15;17;19). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. (3 vols.)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Blust, Robert (2009). The Austronesian languages. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-85883-602-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=uYspAQAAIAAJ.
3. ↑ Dyen, Isidore. (1951). Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Z. Language, 27(4), 534–540.
4. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2016. The boiling pot: 4000 years ago in the Luzon straits.
5. ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (April 25, 2020). "Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition". https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-pl_pmp.htm.
6. ↑ Kew Science. "Canarium commune L." (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127308-1.
7. ↑ Kew Science. "Canarium indicum L." (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127364-1.

## Further reading

* Blust, Robert (1979). "Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian vocatives". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 135 (2): 205–251. Accessed: 27 Dec. 2022.
* Blust, Robert (2017). "The Challenge of Semantic Reconstruction: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *suku 'Lineage; Quarter'?". Oceanic Linguistics 56 (1): 247–56. Accessed 26 Dec. 2022.
* Blust, Robert (2018). "The Challenge of Semantic Reconstruction 2: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamaliR 'Men's House'". Oceanic Linguistics 57 (2): 335–358. Accessed 26 Dec. 2022.
* Blust, Robert (2021). "The Challenge of Semantic Reconstruction 3: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *guntiŋ 'scissors'?". Oceanic Linguistics 61 (1). doi:10.1353/ol.2021.0024.
* DYEN, ISIDORE (1953). The Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Laryngeals. Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76d60. Accessed 27 Dec. 2022.
* Haudricourt, André-G. (1954). "Origines asiatiques des langues malayo-polynésiennes" (in French). Journal de la Société des océanistes 10: 180-183. doi:10.3406/jso.1954.1831.
* Reid, Lawrence. "The Reconstruction of a Dual Pronoun to Proto Malayo-Polynesian". In: Discovering History Through Language. Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross. edited by Bethwyn Evans. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2009. pp. 461–477.

## External links

* ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
* A Comparison of Austronesian Languages-WebCite query result

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