Proto-Northwest Caucasian language

Short description: Reconstructed ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages

Proto-Northwest Caucasian

PNWC
Reconstruction of| Northwest Caucasian languages
Lower-order reconstructions|

* Proto-Abazgi
* Proto-Circassian

Proto-Northwest Caucasian (sometimes abbreviated PNWC), also Proto-Adyghe-Abazgi or Proto-Adyghe-Abkhaz, is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages.

## Contents

* 1 Phonology
* 1.1 Consonants
* 2 Grammar
* 2.1 Numbers
* 2.2 Words
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Phonology

### Consonants

Proto-NWC | Proto-Abazgi | Ubykh | Proto-Circassian

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*pː | b | b | pː

*pʼ
*f | xʷ

*pʲ | p | tʷ | t
*pʲː | b | (tʷ~dʷ) | tː
*bʲ | b | dʷ | d
*pʼʲ | pʼ | tʷʼ | tʼ
*pʷ | p | f | p
*bʷ | f | f | b
*pʷʲ | tsʲ | tʷ | –
*bʷʲ | dzʲ | dʷ | d
*pʷʲʼ | tsʲʼ | tʷʼ | tʼ
*pˤ | p | vˤ | p
*pˤː | – | bˤ | pː
*bˤ | b | bˤ | b
*pˤʼ | – | pˤʼ | pʼ
*mˤ | m | mˤ | m

*tː | t | tː

*tʼ
*r | r | d-,r~ʁ | tː-,r

*rʲ | r | ɮ | dz
*tʷ | tʷ | t
*tʷː | d(ʷ) | tʷ | tː
*dʷ | d
*tʷʼ | tʼ
*tʷʲ | tʷ | – | ts
*tʷʲʼ | tʷʼ | tʷʼ | tsʼ
*ts | s-c
*tsː | ts | tsː
*dz | dz | dz~z
*tsʼ

*z | z | dz~z | z
*tsʲ | (s)
*tsʲː | dzʲ(?) | ts | tsː
*dzʲ | dz~z
*tsʲʼ | tsʼ
*sʲ | s
*zʲ | z | dzʲ~zʲ | z
*tsʷ | sʷ-
*tsʷː | tsʷ | tsʷ | tsʷː
*dzʷ | – | dzʷ
*tsʷʼ
*sʷ
*zʷ | dzʷ~zʷ | zʷ
*tsʷʲ | (tʃ) | – | tsʲ
*dzʷʲ | dʒ~ʒ | dʒʲ | dzʲ
*tsʷʲʼ | tʃʼ | tʃʲʼ | tsʲʼ
*sʷʲ | sʲ | tʃʷ | sʲ
*zʷʲ | dzʲ~zʲ | ʒʷ | zʲ
*tʃ | tsʲ | ts | s
*dʒ | dzʲ | dz | dz~z
*tʃʼ | tsʲʼ | tsʼ | tsʲʼ(?)
*ʃ(~ʃː) | sʲ | s | s
*ʒ | zʲ | z | z
*tɕ
*tɕː | dzʲ(~tɕ) | tɕ | tɕː
*dʑ | dʑ~ʑ
*tɕʼ
*ɕ | ʃ(?) | ɕ | ʃ
*ɕː | ʃ | ɕ | ʃː
*ʑ | ʒ | ʑ | ʒ

*tʃʷ | tʃ | tʃ | tɕ
*tʃʷː | zʷ | tʃ | tɕː
*dʒʷ | dzʷ~zʷ | dʒ | dʑ~ʑ
*tʃʷʼ | tʃʼ | tʃʼ | tɕʼ
*ʃʷ | sʷ | ʃ | ʃ
*ʃʷː | ʃ | ʃ | ʃː
*ʒʷ | zʲ(?) | ʒ | ʒ
*tɕʷ | tʃ | tɕ | tʃ
*tɕʷː | dʒ~ʒ | tɕ | tʃː
*tɕʷʼ | tʃʼ | tɕʼ | tʃʼ
*ɕʷ | ʃʷ | ʃʷ | sʲ
*ɕʷː | ʃ | sʷ | ʃː
*ʑʷ | ʒʷ | ʒʷ | zʲ
*tɬ | x | ɕ | tɕ
*tɬː | ts | (sʲ) | tɕː
*dɮ | l | ɮ | tħ
*tɬʼ | x/tsʼ | tsʲʼ | tɕʼ
*ɬ | – | sʲ | ɕ
*ɬː | x | sʲ | ɕː
*l | l | d-,Ø~j | tħ-,ɮ
*tɬʲ | xʲ | ɕ | tɕ
*dɮʲ | ɣʲ | ʁ(~zʲ) | ɣ
*tɬʲʼ | ɕ | tɬʼ | tɬʼ
*ɬʲ (~ɬʲʼː) | ɕ | ɬ | ɬ
*ɮʲ | ʑ | ɮ | ɮ
*lʲ | r-,l~ɣʲ | ɮ | d-
*tɬʷ | tsʷ | tsʷ | tʃ
*tɬʷː | tsʷ | tsʷ | tʃː
*dɮʷ | l | w | ħ
*tɬʷʼ | tsʼ(ʷ) | tsʼ(ʷ) | tʃʼ
*ɬʷ | ʃ | sʷ | x(ʷ)
*ɬʷː | ʃ | s(ʷ) | ɕː
*tɬʷʲ | tʃʷ | f | x
*tɬʷʲː | ʒʷ | dʑ | tɕː
*dɮʷʲ | dʒʷ | dʒ | ɮ
*tɬʷʲʼ | tʃʷʼ | tsʼ | tɕʼ
*ɬʷʲ (~ɬʷː) | ʃ | ʃʷ | x(ʷ)
*ɮʷʲ | ʒ | ʒʷ | ɣʲ
*k | k | kʲ | kʲ
*ɡ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ
*kʼ | kʼ | kʲʼ | kʲʼ
*x | x | ɕ | x
*ɣ | ɣ | ɣ~ʁ | ɣ
*kʲ | kʲ | – | kʲ
*ɡʲ | ɡʲ | – | ɡʲ
*xʲ | xʲ | sʲ | ɕ
*ɣʲ | ɣʲ | zʲ | ʑ
*kʷ
*kʷː | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | kʷː
*ɡʷ
*kʷʼ
*xʷ | xʷ | x | x(ʷ)
*ɡʲʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʲ 1 | ɡʷ
*kʷʲʼ | kʷʼ | kʲʼ | kʷʲʼ
*xʷʲ | sʷ | xʲ | xʷ
*ɣʷʲ(?) | zʷ | ʁʲ | ʁʷ
*q | (ħ) | q | q-
*qː | q | q | qː
*ɢ | ɣ | ʁ | ʁ
*qʼ | qʼ | qʼ | qː
*χ | ħ | χ | χ
*ʁ | ʕ | ʁ | ʁ
*qʲː | q | qʲ | –
*ɢʲ | ɣʲ | ʁʲ | –
*qʲʼ | qʲʼ | qʲʼ | ʔ
*χʲ | ħ | xʲ | χʲ
*ʁʲ | ʕ | ʁʲ | ʁ
*qʷ | ħʷ | qʷ | qʷ-,qʷː
*qʷː | qʷ | qʷ | qʷː
*ɢʷ | ɣʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ
*qʷʼ | qʷʼ | qʷʼ | qʷː
*χʷ | ħʷ | χʷ | χʷ
*ʁʷ | ʕʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ
*qʷʲ | ħ(ʷ) | xʲ | qʷ-
*qʷʲː | – | qʲ | qʷː
*ɢʷʲ | ɣ(ʷ) | ʁʲ | ʁʷ
*qʷʲʼ | ʕʷ(qʷʼ?) | qʲʼ | ʔʷ
*χʷʲ | ħ(ʷ) | χʲ | χʷ
*ʁʷʲ | ʕ(ʷ) | ʁʲ | ʁʷ
*qˤː | ʕ | – | qː
*qˤʼ | ħ(?) | qˤʼ | qː
*χˤ | – | χˤ | χ
*ʁˤ | ʕ | ʁˤ | ʁ
*qˤʲ | q | q(ˤ) | ħ
*qˤʲː | ʔ | qʼ | ʔ
*qˤʲʼ | ħ | qʼ | ʔ
*χˤʲ | ħ | χ(ˤ) | ħ
*ʁˤʲ | ʕ | ʁ | j
*qˤʷ | ħʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ-
*qˤʷː | ʕʷ | qˤ(ʷ) | qʷː
*qˤʷʼ | qʷʼ(qʷ) | qˤʷʼ | qʷː
*χˤʷ | ħʷ | χˤʷ | χʷ
*ʁˤʷ | (ħʷ?) | ʁˤʷ | ʁʷ
*qˤʷʲ | qʷ | χʷ | ħ
*qˤʷʲː | ʕʷ | qʷʼ | ʔʷ
*qˤʷʲʼ | ħʷ | qʷʼ | ʔʷ
*ʁˤʷʲ | ʕʷ | w | w~ʁʷ

1. In Circassian and Abkhaz, gʷǝ is heart and in Ubykh it's gʲǝ.

The most noticeable changes are:

* The uvular consonants (/χ/ /ʁ/ /χʷ/ /ʁʷ/) become pharyngeal consonants (/ħ/ /ʕ/ /ħʷ/ /ʕʷ/) in the Proto-Abazgi language.

## Grammar

### Numbers

English | Proto-NWC Schulze | Proto-NWC Colarusso | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz | Abaza | Ubykh | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian

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One | za | – | za-kʼə | akʼə | zakʼə | za | zə | zə | zə
Two | tʼqʷʼa | tʼqʼo | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | ʕʷ-ba | tʼqʷʼa | tʷʼə | tʷʼə | tʷʼə
Three | λ:ə | (y-)x̂ə/a | χ-ba | χ-ba/x-ba | χ-ba | ʂa | ɕə | ɕə | ɕə
Four | pʼλʼa | – | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | pʼɬʼə | t͡ɬə | pɬʼə | pɬʼə
Five | sx̂ʷə | (w-/y-)ćx̂ə | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba/xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | ɕxə | txʷə | tfə | txʷə
Six | ɬʷə | (w-)x̂cə | tʃʷba? | f-ba | t͡s-ba | fə | xə | xə | xə
Seven | bδə | ɣə́ | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | blə | bɮə | blə | bɮə
Eight | – | (w-/y-)ɣə/a | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | aʕ-ba | ʁʷa | jə | jə | jə
Nine | bğʷʲə | ɣə́ | – | ʑʷ-ba | ʒʷ-ba | bʁʲə | bʁʷə | bʁʷə | bʁʷə
Ten | bćʼʷə | (p-/w-)źə́/źá | – | ʑʷa-ba | ʒʷa-ba | ʑʷə | pʃʼə | pʃʼə | pɕʼə

### Words

English | Proto-NWC | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz | Abaza | Ubykh | Proto-Circassian | Adyghe | Kabardian

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I | – | sa/sarˈa | sa/sarˈa | sa/sarˈa | səsan | sa | sa | sa
Heart | ɡʲʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʲə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə
Sea | – | – | – | – | ɕʷa | xə | xə | xə
They sell it | – | – | – | – | aːɕan | – | jaːɕan | jaːɕan
I go | – | – | – | – | skʲʼan | skʷʼan | skʷʼan | skʷʼan
I say | – | – | – | – | sqʼan | – | sʔʷan | sʔʷan
Language/tongue | bǝźA | bzǝ | aːbz | bzǝ | bza | bza | bza | bza
Red | – | – | – | – | pɬə | pɬəʑ | pɬəʑ | pɬəʑ
Book, Letter | – | – | – | – | txəɬ | txəɬ | txəɬ | txəɬ
top of the back | – | – | – | – | txə | txə | txə | txə
Ox | c:ʷǝ | t͡sʷə | á-ć̌ | t͡ʃʷə | t͡sʷə | t͡sʷːə | t͡sʷə, t͡ʃʷə | və
Blood | – | – | – | – | ɬa | ɬə | ɬə | ɬə
Month/Moon | – | – | aːmza | məzə | məʒa | maːza | maːza | maːza
Beard | – | – | – | – | ʒaːkʼʲa | ʒaːkʼʲa | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa
Dust | – | – | – | – | saːpa | saːpa | saːpa | saːba
Barefoot | – | – | – | – | ɬapsʼə | ɬapsʼa | ɬapt͡sʼa | ɬapt͡sʼa
Donkey | – | – | – | – | t͡ʃədə | ʃədə | ʃədə | ʃədə
Hedgehog | – | – | – | – | pəzʲə | pəʐ | pəʐ | –
Water | – | – | – | – | bzə | psə | psə | psə
Fault | – | – | – | – | laːʑa | laːʑa | laːʑa | laːʑa
House | ʁ́Iʷǝna | – | – | ʕʷna | – | wəna | wəna | wəna
Mother | (a)nǝ | (a)nǝ | á-n | anǝ | na | aːna | nə | aːna
Father | (a)ṕ:ǝ | ab | ab | aba | tʷǝ | at:a | tǝ | aːda
heavy | anǝTa | xanǝta | á-χ́anta | χ́anta | – | want:aʁʷ | wantaʁʷ | wandaʁʷ
cattle-shed | anǝTa | bawǝ-ra | bora | a-bóra, -bówra | bow | – | – | bow
guest | – | – | – | – | pč̣́a | ħa-č̣́á | ħaṣ́a | ħāč̣́a
mountain / hill | bǝɣA | – | bʁa | – | – | bɣǝ | bɣǝ | bɣǝ
measles / scarlet fever / navel | bǝč̣́ǝ | bǝč̣́ǝ | a-bč̣́ǝ́ | bč̣́ǝ | bǝč̣́ǝ́ | – | nǝbǝǯ́ | bǝnža
dust / bubble / blister | bǝbǝ | – | á-bǝb | – | – | psǝ-bǝb | psǝ-bǝb | psǝ-bǝb

## See also

* Proto-Circassian language
* Proto-Abazgi language

## References

* STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.

## External links

* Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology

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