Revitalization movement

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Revitalization movement

* Cargo cult
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Related articles

* The Elementary Forms
of the Religious Life
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Social and cultural anthropology

* v
* t
* e

In 1956, Anthony F. C. Wallace published a paper called "Revitalization Movements"[1] to describe how cultures change themselves. A revitalization movement is a "deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture" (p. 265), and Wallace describes at length the processes by which a revitalization movement takes place.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 See also
* 3 Notes
* 4 References

## Overview

Wallace' model 1956 describes the process of a revitalization movement. It is derived from studies of a Native American religious movement, The Code of Handsome Lake, which may have led to the formation of the Longhouse Religion.

>   * I. Period of generally satisfactory adaptation to a group's social and natural environment.
>   * II. Period of increased individual stress. While the group as a whole is able to survive through its accustomed cultural behavior, changes in the social or natural environment frustrate efforts of many people to obtain normal satisfactions of their needs.
>   * III. Period of cultural distortion. Changes in the group's social or natural environment drastically reduce the capacity of accustomed cultural behavior to satisfy most persons' physical and emotional needs.
>   * IV. Period of revitalization: (1) reformulation of the cultural pattern; (2) its communication; (3) organization of a reformulated cultural pattern; (4) adaptation of the reformulated pattern to better meet the needs and preferences of the group; (5) cultural transformation; (6) routinization, when the adapted reformulated cultural pattern becomes the standard cultural behavior for the group.

Wallace derived his theory from studies of so-called primitive peoples (preliterate and homogeneous), with particular attention to the Iroquois revitalization movement led by Seneca religious leader and prophet Handsome Lake (1735-1815). Wallace believed that his revitalization model applies to movements as broad and complex as the rise of Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, or Wesleyan Methodism.

Revitalization is a part of social movements.

Scholars such as Vittorio Lanternari (1963), Peter Worsley (1968) and Duane Champagne (1988, 2005)[2] have developed and adapted Wallace's insights.

## See also

* Ghost Dance: a famous Native American revitalization movement
* Great Awakenings: a controversially named reference to revitalization movements in the USA.
* Christian revivalism
* Language revitalization

## Notes

1. ↑ Wallace, Anthony F.C. 1956. "Revitalization Movements", American Anthropologist 58: 264-281.
2. ↑ Champagne 2005.

## References

* Champagne, Duane (1988). "The Delaware Revitalization Movement of the Early 1760s: A Suggested Reinterpretation." American Indian Quarterly 12 (2): 107–126.
* Champagne, Duane (2005). "Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set". in Lindsay Jones. Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set. 10 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA.
* Kehoe, B. Alice, The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization, Massacre at Wounded Knee Creek, Thompson Publishing, 1989. ISBN 1577664531
* Lanternari, Vittorio. The Religions of the Oppressed; a Study of Modern Messianic Cults. (London: MacGibbon & Kee, [Studies in Society], 1963; New York: Knopf, 1963).
* Lindstrom, Lamont. Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beynd. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1993).
* Worsley, Peter. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A study of 'cargo' cults in Melanesia. (New York,: Schocken Books, 2d augmented, 1968).

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