Revolution from above

A revolution from above refers to major political and social changes that are imposed by an élite on the population it dominates. It usually occurs in urban areas in a capital city. By contrast, the plain term "revolution" suggests that pressure from below is a major driving force in events, even if other social groups cooperate with—or ultimately capture—the movement. The phrase "revolution from above" was coined by the Spanish writer Joaquín Costa (1846-1911) in the 19th century.[1] In contrast, a "revolution from below" refers to a grassroots campaign against élites. Johann Gottlieb Fichte advocated the right of revolution, particularly from above rather than below.[2]

## Examples

* Enlightened absolutism in 18th-century Europe
* The Constitution of the German Confederation (1871) and the formation of the German Empire
* Fascism
* Joseph Stalin 's Collectivization of agriculture
* De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev
* German reunification
* White Revolution in Iran

## See also

* Revolution from Above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru, a 1978 book written by Ellen Kay Trimberger
* Passive revolution – a similar concept associated with Antonio Gramsci

## References

1. ↑ Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, p. 10
2. ↑ Beiser, Frederick (2016), James, David; Zöller, Günter, eds., "Fichte and the French Revolution", The Cambridge Companion to Fichte, Cambridge Companions to Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): pp. 38–64, doi:10.1017/9781139027557.004, ISBN 978-0-521-47226-5, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-fichte/fichte-and-the-french-revolution/5244BB7CDE3BB041A9C82C5EE1557142, retrieved 2023-12-27

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