Right-wing politics

Short description: Political ideologies favouring social stratification

"Right-wing", "Political right", and "The Right" redirect here. For the term used in sport, see Winger (sports). For political freedoms, see Civil and political rights. For other uses, see Right (disambiguation).

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Right-wing politics or rightism is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable,[1][2][3] typically supporting this position in favour of conservatism, natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, or tradition.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Hierarchy and inequality may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences[11][12] or competition in market economies.[13][14][15]

Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics, and the left–right political spectrum is the most common political spectrum.[16] The right includes social conservatives and fiscal conservatives,[17][18][19] as well as laissez-faire economic policies. "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives describing neoliberal and conservative economic and social ideas.[20]

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 2 Positions
* 2.1 Anti-communism
* 2.2 Economics
* 2.2.1 Laissez-faire schools
* 2.3 Nationalism
* 2.4 Natural law and traditionalism
* 2.5 Populism
* 2.6 Religion
* 2.7 Social stratification
* 3 History
* 3.1 China
* 3.1.1 Republic of China (1912–1949)
* 3.1.2 People's Republic of China
* 3.2 France
* 3.3 Hungary
* 3.4 India
* 3.5 United Kingdom
* 3.6 United States
* 4 Types
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Name

The political terms Left and Right were first used in the 18th century, during the French Revolution, referencing the seating arrangement of the French parliament. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (le président) were generally supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime.[21][22][23][24] The original "Right" in France was formed in reaction to the "Left" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and clericalism.[5]: 693 The expression la droite ('the right') increased in use after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the ultra-royalists.[25]

## Positions

The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics.

### Anti-communism

Early communists used the term "right-wing" in reference to conservatives, placing the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly anti-communist, although the conservatives' anti-communism was much stronger than liberals'. The history of the use of the term right-wing about anti-communism is a complicated one.[26]

Anti-communist propaganda poster depicting the White movement which says "For a united Russia", 1919

By World War I, in most European monarchies, the divine right of kings had become discredited and was replaced by liberal and nationalist movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist Soviet Union. The Russian Revolution inspired a series of other communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923. Many of these, such as the German Revolution, were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.[27][28]

After World War II, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States and its NATO allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the Cold War, postcolonial governments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying Wall Street as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term McCarthyism. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called right-wing and those on the right called liberals who favoured free speech, even for communists, leftist.[27][29]

### Economics

Main articles: Philosophy:Capitalism and Corporatism

Early forms of corporatism would be developed in Classical Greece and used in Ancient Rome. Plato would develop the ideas of totalitarian and communitarian corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organised based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasising collectives interests over individual interests.[30][31] Corporatism as a political ideology advocates the organisation of society by corporate groups—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests.[32][33]

After the decline of the Western Roman Empire corporatism became limited to religious orders and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions.[31] From the High Middle Ages onwards corporatist organisations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, monasteries, fraternities, military orders such as the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Order, educational organisations such as the emerging universities and learned societies, the chartered towns and cities, and most notably the guild system which dominated the economics of population centres in Europe.[31]

In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.[21][34] In Europe's history, there have been strong collectivist right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of liberalism (including economic liberalism) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.[35]

In the 19th century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as Carlism in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French Nouvelle Droite, CasaPound, and American paleoconservatism—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.[36]

#### Laissez-faire schools

Main articles: Social:Austrian school of economics and Chicago school of economics

L–R: Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, 20th century economists belonging to the Chicago and Austrian schools of economics

In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe laissez-faire capitalism. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In 1871, the Austrian school came to be with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, and others,[37] originating from methodologically opposition to the Historical school, in a dispute known as Methodenstreit.[38] The Austrian school opposition to be heterodox,[39][40][41] advocating strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self interest. Austrian-school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.[42][43][44]

In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late 19th century.[24] The so-called neoliberal Right, popularised by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, combines support for free markets, privatisation, and deregulation with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.[9]

### Nationalism

Main article: Social:Nationalism

1940 postcard marking the 2600th anniversary of the mythical foundation of Japan. At the time, Japan was governed by an ultranationalist political regime.

In France, nationalism was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.[45] After the period of boulangisme and the Dreyfus affair, nationalism became a trait of the right wing.[46] Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.[24] Some were supremacists, who in accordance with scientific racism and social Darwinism applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to nations and races.[47]

Right-wing nationalism was influenced by Romantic nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is cultural conservatism, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.[48] In the 21st century, neo-nationalism came to prominence after the Cold War in the Western world. It is typically associated with cultural conservatism, populism, anti-globalisation, and nativism and is opposed to immigration. The ideology takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than racial concepts.[49][50]

### Natural law and traditionalism

Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on natural law or tradition.[6][7][8][9][10][51]

Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of individualism, liberalism, modernity, and social progress, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal.[52]

### Populism

21st century right-wing populists seen from left to right, top to bottom: Jair Bolsonaro, Alice Weidel, Nigel Farage, Jarosław Kaczyński and Viktor Orbán

Right-wing populism is a combination of civic-nationalism, cultural-nationalism and sometimes ethno-nationalism, localism, along with anti-elitism, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.[53] According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums".[54] In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the European Union, and of politicians in general, combined with anti-immigrant rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.[55] Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion".[56]

In the United States, the Tea Party movement stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.[57]

In Indonesia, Islamic populism has a significant impact on right-wing politics.[58] This is largely due to the historical context which Islamic organisations had during the 1960s in destroying the Indonesian Communist Party.[58] Whilst the party is adopting democratic processes with neo-liberal market economies, socially pluralist positions are not necessarily adopted.[58] The Islamic populism in Indonesia has boosted its influence in 1998 after the demise of the Suharto authoritarian regime.[58] Islamic populism in Indonesia has similar properties with Islamic populist regimes like in the Middle East, Turkey and North Africa (MENA).[58] The emphasis on social justice, pluralism, equality and progressive agendas could be potentially mobilised by Islamic cultural resources.[58]

In India, supporters of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have more authoritarian, nativist, and populist ideas than other Indian citizens. Under Narendra Modi, populism is a core part of the party's ideology. The party's rhetoric reflects the idea is that the ordinary, "good" individuals are continuously under attack from "bad" political forces, the media, etc. Since Narendra Modi became the leader of the BJP, it has increasingly been considered a populist radical right party (PRR) and has also been considered a Hindu nationalist party.[59]

### Religion

In The Possessed (1872) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880), Fyodor Dostoevsky portrayed socialism as an attempt to build a kingdom of Man as opposed to kingdom of God. According to Dostoevsky himself, the intention of the latter book was to portray "the seed of the idea of destruction in our time in Russia among the young people uprooted from reality". This seed is depicted as: "the rejection not of God but of the meaning of His creation. Socialism has sprung from the denial of the meaning of historical reality and ended in a programme of destruction and anarchism".[60]

In his 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo Anno, Pope Pius XI wrote that "true socialism" was irreconcilable with the teachings of the Catholic Church "because its concept of society itself is utterly foreign to Christian truth", stating:[61]

> "For, according to Christian teaching, man, endowed with a social nature, is placed on this earth so that by leading a life in society and under an authority ordained of God he may fully cultivate and develop all his faculties unto the praise and glory of his Creator; and that by faithfully fulfilling the duties of his craft or other calling he may obtain for himself temporal and at the same time eternal happiness. Socialism, on the other hand, wholly ignoring and indifferent to this sublime end of both man and society, affirms that human association has been instituted for the sake of material advantage alone"

American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and same-sex marriage, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on evolution and other matters where science is perceived to disagree with the Bible.[62][63]

The term family values has been used by right-wing parties—such as the Republican Party in the United States, the Family First Party in Australia, the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and the Bharatiya Janata Party in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose abortion, euthanasia, and birth control.[64][65]

Outside the West, the Hindu nationalist movement has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.[66]

In Israel, Meir Kahane advocated the belief that Israel should be a theocratic state, where non-Jews have no voting rights,[67] and the far-right Lehava strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.[68] In the United States, the Jewish Defence League (JDL) was classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001.[69] Many Islamist groups have been called right-wing, including the Great Union Party,[70] the Combatant Clergy Association/Association of Militant Clergy,[71][72] and the Islamic Society of Engineers of Iran.[73][74]

### Social stratification

American political philosopher Russell Kirk in 1962

Right-wing politics involves, to varying degrees, the rejection of some egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, based on the belief that social or economic inequality is natural and inevitable or the belief that it is beneficial to society.[51] Right-wing ideologies and movements support social order. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.[24]

Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but they are unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service".[75] American conservative Russell Kirk also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity".[75] Italian scholar Norberto Bobbio argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.[76]

Right-libertarians reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining rewards for personal merits, initiatives, and enterprise.[75] In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.[75]

In the view of philosopher Jason Stanley in How Fascism Works, the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of fascism, which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.[77]

## History

According to The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (2003), the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages:[78]

1. The reactionary right sought a return to aristocracy and established religion.
2. The moderate right distrusted intellectuals and advocated the establishment of limited governments.
3. The radical right espoused a romantic and an aggressive form of nationalism.
4. The extreme right explicitly advocated the implementation of anti-immigration policies and it implicitly espoused racism.

From the 1830s to the 1880s, the Western world's social class structure and economy shifted from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism.[79] This shift affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, which responded supporting capitalism.[80]

The populations of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right and left to their politics until the 20th century.[81] The term right-wing was originally applied to traditional conservatives, monarchists, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the far-right to denote fascism, Nazism, and racial supremacy.[82]

Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the Interwar period, 1919–1938.[83]

### China

See also: Religion:Conservatism in China

#### Republic of China (1912–1949)

See also: Philosophy:Chiangism and Dai Jitao Thought

Chiang Kai-shek, c. 1943

Among Kuomintang (KMT)'s conservatives during the Republic of China, Dai Jitao and Hu Hanmin supporters formed the right-wing Western Hills Group in the 1920s.[84][85]

Chiang Kai-shek initially claimed himself as a 'centrist' in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after Shanghai massacre.[86][87] Within the Kuomintang, both right-wing and left-wing factions existed, but the National Revolutionary Army was Chiang's led by the right-wing Kuomintang.[88][89]

#### People's Republic of China

Neoauthoritarianism is a current of political thought that rose in China in the late 1980s and came into ascendancy after the death of Deng Xiaoping; it advocates a powerful state to facilitate market reforms.[90] It has been described as right-wing, classically conservative even though it incorporated some aspects of Marxist–Leninist and Maoist theories.[91][92] Since Xi took office as CCP general secretary and became the top leader in November 2012, social conservatism has been strengthened, including the traditional gender role for women[93] and accelerated crackdown on LGBTQ+ activism.[94]

### France

Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821)

Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970)

Throughout France in the 19th century, the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively.[24]

### Hungary

The dominance of the political right of inter-war Hungary, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian István Deák:

Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.[95]

### India

Although freedom fighters are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India.[96][97][98][99] Multiple political parties, however, identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right- or left-wing. Certain political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, identify with conservative[100] and nationalist elements. Some, such as the Indian National Congress, take a liberal stance. The Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left and the right wing.[101]

### United Kingdom

Winston Churchill in 1941

In British politics, the terms right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the Spanish Civil War.[102]

The Conservative Party, one of the country's two main political parties, is placed on the centre-right[109] to right-wing[116] of the left–right political spectrum. Reform UK is situated on the right wing of the political spectrum, generally to the Conservative Party's right.[117][118][119][120]

### United States

Official presidential portrait of Donald Trump, 2025

In the United States, following the Second World War, social conservatives joined forces with right-wing elements of the Republican Party to gain support among traditionally Democratic voting populations like white southerners and Catholics. Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the religious right in the United States and social conservatives.[121]

In 2019, the United States populace leaned centre-right, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as conservative, compared to 35% moderate and 24% liberal. This was continuing a decades-long trend of the country leaning centre-right.[122]

The United States Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism in the United States as "broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favour of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration".[123]

## Types

The meaning of right-wing "varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies".[124] According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, and nationalists, as well as fascists on the far-right.[125]

British academics Noël O'Sullivan and Roger Eatwell divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new.[126] Chip Berlet wrote that each of these "styles of thought" are "responses to the left", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.[127]

1. The reactionary right looks toward the past and is "aristocratic, religious and authoritarian".[127]
2. The moderate right, typified by the writings of Edmund Burke, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical laissez-faire and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.[128]
3. Radical right is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has "major typological problems" because it "has also been applied to clearly democratic developments".[129] The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes.[127]
4. The extreme right has four traits: "1) anti-democracy, 2) ultranationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state".[130]
5. The New Right consists of the liberal conservatives, who stress small government, free markets, and individual initiative.[131]

Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.[132]

* Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism.
* By contrast, the phrase "far-right" is used to describe those who favour an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalise other ethnic groups or religions.[133][134][135][136][137] Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: Francisco Franco in Spain, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina.[138][139][54] [140][141][142]

## See also

* Alt-right
* Antifeminism
* Centre-right politics
* Far-right politics
* Far-right subcultures
* List of right-wing political parties
* New Right
* Old Right
* Political repression
* Political violence
* Radical right (Europe)
* Radical right (United States)
* Right realism
* Right-wing antiglobalism
* Right-wing dictatorship
* Right-wing populism
* Right-wing terrorism

## References

1. ↑ Johnson, Paul (2005). "Right-wing, rightist". A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing.
2. ↑ Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1996). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4.
3. ↑ Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6.
4. ↑ "Right" (in en). 2009-04-15. https://www.britannica.com/topic/right.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Thousand Oaks [u.a.]: SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-0409-4. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000carl.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the social hierarchy."
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Lukes, Steven (2003). "Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century". in Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 610–612. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.030. ISBN 9780521563543. OCLC 7334137654. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-twentiethcentury-political-thought/epilogue-the-grand-dichotomy-of-the-twentieth-century/E83641F59518832F8A811962B443DBC3.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Clark, William Roberts (2003). Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Ann Arbor [u.a.]: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7.
11. ↑ Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'
12. ↑ Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019". Annual Review of Political Science 22: 23. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf.
13. ↑ Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996
14. ↑ Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. ""There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one.""
15. ↑ Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019". Annual Review of Political Science 22: 24. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf.
16. ↑ McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). "Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals" (in en). British Journal of Political Science 15 (3): 329–363. doi:10.1017/S0007123400004221. ISSN 1469-2112. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/similarities-and-differences-between-leftwing-and-rightwing-radicals/C46411F0228745583D2EB8E91A19D881.
17. ↑ Leonard V. Kaplan, Rudy Koshar, The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology, and Law (2012) pp. 7–8.
18. ↑ Alan S. Kahan, Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism (2010), p. 184.
19. ↑ Jerome L. Himmelstein, To the right: The transformation of American conservatism (1992).
20. ↑ Wright, Edmund, ed (2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 370, 541. ISBN 978-0-7394-7809-7.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1988), pp. 287–302.
22. ↑ Linski, Gerhard, Current Issues and Research In Macrosociology (Brill Archive, 1984) p. 59
23. ↑ Clark, Barry Political Economy: A Comparative Approach (Praeger Paperback, 1998), pp. 33–34.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=67ttjXHhT3wC&q=the+government+and+politics+of+france.
25. ↑ Gauchet, Marcel, "Right and Left" in Nora, Pierre, ed., Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions (1996) pp. 247–248.
26. ↑ Hendershot, Cyndy (2003). Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786414406.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Nunberg, Geoffrey (17 April 2003). "Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/weekinreview/sticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html.
28. ↑ "Revolutions / 1.0 / handbook" (in en). https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/revolutions/#toc_russia.
29. ↑ "What was the Cold War—and are we headed to another one?" (in en). 23 March 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/cold-war.
30. ↑ Adler, Franklin Hugh. Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34. p. 349.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and comparative politics: the other great "ism". Comparative politics series. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-716-3.
32. ↑ Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "Ism". M.E. Sharpe. pp. 27,141. https://archive.org/details/corporatismcompa0000wiar.
33. ↑ Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. Encyclopedia of democratic thought. London, UK; New York: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 113
34. ↑ Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (1994). Fundamentalisms Observed (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8. "Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the "rights of man" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre."
35. ↑ Holland, J., Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age, 1740–1958. Paulist Press, 2003, p. 132.
36. ↑ Payne, Stanley G. (1983). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-299-08064-8. "Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic."
37. ↑ Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of economic analysis, Oxford University Press 1996, ISBN 978-0195105599.
38. ↑ Birner, Jack; van Zijp, Rudy (1994). Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution: His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London, New York: Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-415-09397-2. https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse.
39. ↑ Boettke, Peter J.; Leeson, Peter T. (2003). "28A: The Austrian School of Economics 1950–2000". in Samuels, Warren. A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 446–452. ISBN 978-0-631-22573-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=3H8gBQv5MysC&pg=PA445.
40. ↑ "Heterodox economics: Marginal revolutionaries". The Economist. December 31, 2011. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2011/12/31/marginal-revolutionaries.
41. ↑ Denis, Andy (2008). "Dialectics and the Austrian School: A Surprising Commonality in the Methodology of Heterodox Economics?" (in en). The Journal of Philosophical Economics 1 (2): 151–173. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/3961/. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
42. ↑ Menger, Carl (2007) (in en-us). Principles of Economics. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. https://cdn.mises.org/principles_of_economics.pdf.
43. ↑ Heath, Joseph (1 May 2018). Zalta, Edward N.. ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/methodological-individualism/. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
44. ↑ Ludwig von Mises. Human Action, p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23.
45. ↑ Doyle, William (2002). The Oxford History of the French Revolution (2nd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925298-5. https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl. ""An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world.""
46. ↑ Winock, Michel (dir.), Histoire de l'extrême droite en France (1993).
47. ↑ Adams, Ian Political Ideology Today (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 68.
48. ↑ Ramet, Sabrina; Griffin, Roger (1999). The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0271018119.
49. ↑ Barber, Tony (2016-07-11). "A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1.
50. ↑ "Neo-Nationalism - ECPS" (in en-US). https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nationalism/.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, pg. 68, University of Chicago Press, 1997.
52. ↑ Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.
53. ↑ Mudde, Cas and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2017) Populism: a Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.14-15, 72-73. ISBN 978-0-19-023487-4
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Canovan, Margaret (1981). Populism (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0151730780. https://archive.org/details/populism00cano.
55. ↑ Hayward, Jack (2004). Elitism, Populism, and European Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198280354.
56. ↑ Daniel Stockemer, "Structural data on immigration or immigration perceptions? What accounts for the electoral success of the radical right in Europe?." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 54.4 (2016): 999-1016.
57. ↑ "About Us". Tea Party. 2 September 2004. http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 Hadiz, Vedi R. (2018-08-08). "Imagine All the People? Mobilising Islamic Populism for Right-Wing Politics in Indonesia" (in en). Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (4): 566–583. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225. ISSN 0047-2336. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225.
59. ↑ Ammassari, Sofia; Fossati, Diego; McDonnell, Duncan (October 2023). "Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist" (in en). Government and Opposition 58 (4): 807–823. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.18. ISSN 0017-257X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X22000185/type/journal_article.
60. ↑ Letter of May 10, 1879, quoted in Frank, Joseph (2010). Dostoevsky A Writer in his Time. Princeton University Press. p. 788. ISBN 9780691128191. https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran/page/n5/mode/2up.
61. ↑ Quadragesimo anno, 115–118
62. ↑ DeGette, Diana (2008). Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-431-3. https://archive.org/details/sexsciencestemce00dege.
63. ↑ Chris Mooney, The Republican War on Science: Revised and Updated, ASIN: B001OQOIPM
64. ↑ "2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America". MSNBC. http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf.
65. ↑ Rozsa, Matthew (July 5, 2019). "How did the Republican Party become so conservative?". Salon. https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/. "To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party."
66. ↑ Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India, Princeton University Press, 2001, ISBN 1-4008-0342-X, 9781400803422.
67. ↑ "Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel". http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm. ""Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won't have the right to vote. Again, whether he's Arab or not.""
68. ↑ Rubin, Shira (24 December 2015). "Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth". https://forward.com/news/327875/good-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth/.
69. ↑ "FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001". Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror.
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71. ↑ "Readings". uvm.edu. Fall 2007. http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm.
72. ↑ "Poll test for Iran reformists". BBC News. 10 February 2000. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/623899.stm.
73. ↑ "Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian". Merip.org. 23 May 1997. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero020101.html.
74. ↑ Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: the politics of Tehran's silent revolution, I.B. Tauris, 2007.
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77. ↑ Stanley, Jason (2018) How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. New York: Random House. p.13. ISBN 978-0-52551183-0
78. ↑ Ball, T. and R. Bellamy, eds., The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, pp. 610–12.
79. ↑ Alan S. Kahan. Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010. p. 88.
80. ↑ Ian Adams. Political Ideology Today. Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Manchester University Press, 2001. p. 57.
81. ↑ The English Ideology: Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics, George Watson Allen Lane, London, 1973, p. 94.
82. ↑ Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Right (-wing)...and for extreme right parties racism and fascism., p. 465, Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-920780-0.
83. ↑ Bresciani, Marco (2021-01-01). "Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe". Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe. https://www.academia.edu/44836859.
84. ↑ A. Wells (October 29, 2001). The Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen: Development and Impact. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 228.
85. ↑ Jack Gray (2002). Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000. Oxford University Press. pp. 228. "... from positions of influence not only the Communists and their allies of the left-wing Guomindang but also the right-wing Western Hills Group."
86. ↑ Donald A. Jordan (31 March 2019). The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928. Humanities Open Books program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. p. 50.
87. ↑ Peter Gue Zarrow (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge. p. 239.
88. ↑ Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Scarecrow Press. July 29, 2013. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8108-7874-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ&dq="right-wing"+"National+Revolutionary+Army"&pg=PA246. "By late 1926, the GMD leadership had split into Jiang's right-wing faction, which controlled the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), and the GMD left wing, which was allied with the Communists."
89. ↑ John Ashley Soames Grenville, ed (2005). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Routledge. p. 77. "The right wing of the Kuomintang controlled the national revolutionary army it was organising."
90. ↑ Bramall, Chris (2008). Chinese Economic Development. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19051-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=A9Rr-M8MXAEC&pg=PA475.
91. ↑ Yuezhi Zhao (March 20, 2008). Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 170. ISBN 978-0-7425-7428-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=RdNqAAAAQBAJ&dq="right+-+wing+ideology+of+neo-+authoritarianism"&pg=PA170.
92. ↑ Sautman, Barry (1992). "Sirens of the Strongman: Neo-Authoritarianism in Recent Chinese Political Theory". The China Quarterly 129 (129): 72–102. doi:10.1017/S0305741000041230. ISSN 0305-7410.
93. ↑ "Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women". Time. 31 October 2023. https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/.
94. ↑ "Why the Communist Party fears gay rights". The Economist. 15 May 2023. https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights.
95. ↑ István Deák, "Hungary" in Hans Roger and Egon Weber, eds., The European right: A historical profile (1963), p. 364–407 quoting p. 364.
96. ↑ "Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh". osu.edu. 1 October 2019. https://origins.osu.edu/article/right-wing-politics-india-Modi-Kashmir-election.
97. ↑ "Hindutva enters, takes centre-stage in Andhra Pradesh politics, by Balakrishna Ganeshan". thenewsminute.com. 1 October 2020. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindutva-enters-takes-centre-stage-andhra-pradesh-politics-134277.
98. ↑ "India Will Move Beyond Modi, his Party, and Right Wing Populism, by Ajay Gudavarthy". NewsClick. newsclick.in. 11 July 2020. https://www.newsclick.in/Global-Rise-of-Right-Wing-Populism-Modi-Cultural-Sociology.
99. ↑ Rao, Jaithirth (25 October 2019). The Indian Conservative : A History of Indian Right-Wing Thought (First ed.). New Delhi: Juggernaut Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-9353450625.
100. ↑ IWANEK, Krzysztof (2019). "Is the BJP Conservative?". Politeja 16 (59): 55–72. doi:10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.04. ISSN 1733-6716.
101. ↑ Ghose, Sagarika (2013-04-24). "Left-wing or Right-wing: Why labels simply don't capture India". https://www.firstpost.com/politics/left-wing-or-right-wing-why-labels-simply-dont-capture-india-721481.html.
102. ↑ Charles Loch Mowat, Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940 (1955), p. 577.
103. ↑ Bale, Tim (2018). "Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism" (in en). Politics 38 (3): 263–277. doi:10.1177/0263395718754718. ISSN 0263-3957. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263395718754718. "This article makes clear that UKIP's achievement cannot be understood without taking into account both the populist interventions and the internal politics of its mainstream centre-right competitor. We cannot, in other words, understand populist Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom unless we appreciate that, as this article has shown, the Conservatives, not UKIP, were the United Kingdom's first populist Eurosceptic party...".
104. ↑ Webb, Paul; Bale, Tim (2014). "Why Do Tories Defect to UKIP? Conservative Party Members and the Temptations of the Populist Radical Right" (in en). Political Studies 62 (4): 961–970. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12130. ISSN 0032-3217. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9248.12130. "For one thing, as we have already suggested, the problems posed by UKIP for the Conservatives are akin to those posed to other European centre-right parties by populist radical right challengers: there is no prima facie reason to think that if large numbers of the Tory rank-and-file are considering switching their vote to UKIP that the same does not apply to, say, members of the ÖVP in Austria (who might switch to the FPÖ), or of the Dutch VVD and CDA (who might vote for the PVV), or of Denmark's Venstre (who might cast their ballot for the DF), or of KOK in Finland (who might be tempted by the Finns Party), or even of the French UMP (who might plump for Marine Le Pen's FN).".
105. ↑ Ford, Robert; Goodwin, Matthew J.; Cutts, David (2012). "Strategic Eurosceptics and Polite Xenophobes: Support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament Elections" (in en). European Journal of Political Research 51 (2): 204–234. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x. ISSN 0304-4130. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x. "The more strident Euroscepticism of the Conservative Party under David Cameron, who has withdrawn the party from the pro-integration European People's Party, appointed the strongly Eurosceptic William Hague as foreign secretary and at the 2010 general election ﬁelded the most Eurosceptic slate of Westminster candidates in recent history, suggest the centre-right Tories have recognised the discontent among strategic UKIP supporters and are attempting to win them back.".
106. ↑ Carter, Neil; Pearson, Mitya (2022-11-22). "From green crap to net zero: Conservative climate policy 2015–2022" (in en). British Politics 19: 154–174. doi:10.1057/s41293-022-00222-x. ISSN 1746-918X. PMID 38625241. "European centre-right parties often face common strategic challenges, such as competition from the radical right, but the UK Conservative Party case study shows that responding to these challenges does not necessarily demand the abandonment of climate commitments.".
107. ↑ Evans, Geoffrey; de Geus, Roosmarijn; Green, Jane (2023). "Boris Johnson to the Rescue? How the Conservatives Won the Radical-Right Vote in the 2019 General Election" (in en). Political Studies 71 (4): 984–1005. doi:10.1177/00323217211051191. ISSN 0032-3217. "...By the 2019 election, however, support for UKIP and its successor anti-EU party, the Brexit Party, was effectively ended, at least for the time being. The primary beneficiaries of this electoral elimination were the Conservative Party – the mainstream centre–right party.".
108. ↑ Abou-Chadi, Tarik; Cohen, Denis; Wagner, Markus (2021). "The centre-right versus the radical right: the role of migration issues and economic grievances". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (2): 366–384. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853903. "Specifically, the centre-right contains Christian Democratic parties such as the German CDU, Conservative parties such as the British Tories or the French Gaullists, and classically Liberal parties such as Venstre in Denmark or the VVD in the Netherlands.".
109. ↑ [103][104][105][106][107][108]
110. ↑ Keating, Michael (2024). "Scotland's Constitutional Odyssey". Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism. London; Berlin: Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7. ISBN 978-3-319-31739-7. https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7. "It was also, like the Labour Party at the same time, able to play the European center-left against the dominant rightwing Conservative Party."
111. ↑ Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart J. (February 2023). "Do Opportunistic Snap Elections Affect Political Trust? Evidence from a Natural Experiment". European Journal of Political Research (New York/Oxford: Wiley) 62 (1): 308–325. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12531. "H2a assumes right-leaning voters are congruent with the incumbent right-wing Conservative party".
112. ↑ Bale, Tim (March 2023). The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation. Cambridge: Polity. pp. 3–8, 291, et passim. ISBN 9781509546015. https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015. Retrieved 12 September 2023. "[...] rather than the installation of a supposedly more 'technocratic' cabinet halting and even reversing any transformation on the part of the Conservative Party from a mainstream centre-right formation into an ersatz radical right-wing populist outfit, it could just as easily accelerate and accentuate it. Of course, radical right-wing populist parties are about more than migration and, indeed, culture wars more generally. Typically, they also put a premium on charismatic leadership and, if in office, on the rights of the executive over other branches of government and any intermediate institutions. And this is exactly what we have seen from the Conservative Party since 2019"
113. ↑ de Geus, Roosmarijn A.; Shorrocks, Rosalind (2022). "Where Do Female Conservatives Stand? A Cross-National Analysis of the Issue Positions and Ideological Placement of Female Right-Wing Candidates". Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change? A Comparative Look at Conservative Women in Politics in Democracies. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 1–29. ISBN 9781032346571. https://www.routledge.com/Sell-Outs-or-Warriors-for-Change-A-Comparative-Look-at-Conservative-W/Cooperman-Och-Shames/p/book/9781032346571. "[R]ight-wing parties are also increasing the presence of women within their ranks. Prominent female European leaders include Theresa May (until recently) and Angela Merkel, from the right-wing Conservative Party in the UK and the Christian Democratic Party in Germany respectively."
114. ↑ Alonso, José M.; Andrews, Rhys (September 2020). "Political Ideology and Social Services Contracting: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design". Public Administration Review (Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell) 80 (5): 743–754. doi:10.1111/puar.13177. https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/129657/1/Politics of contracting RDD - Alonso and Andrews.pdf. "In particular, there is a clear partisan division between the main left-wing party (Labour) and political parties with pronounced pro-market preferences, such as the right-wing Conservative Party".
115. ↑ Alzuabi, Raslan; Brown, Sarah; Taylor, Karl (October 2022). "Charitable behaviour and political affiliation: Evidence for the UK". Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (Amsterdam: Elsevier) 100. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101917. "...alignment to the Liberal Democrats (centre to left wing) and the Green Party (left wing) are positively associated with charitable behaviour at both the extensive and intensive margins, relative to being aligned with the right wing Conservative Party.".
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117. ↑ "All of Farage's Reform UK pledges on immigration – and how the Tories compare". 14 June 2024. https://inews.co.uk/news/all-of-farages-reform-uk-pledges-on-immigration-and-how-the-tories-compare-3091059.
118. ↑ Curtice, John (16 February 2024). "John Curtice: By-election results leave Tories with mountain to climb". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68305798.
119. ↑ Scott, Geraldine. "Tories fear Nigel Farage and Reform UK could deliver a red wall rout". The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/tories-fear-nigel-farage-and-reform-uk-could-deliver-a-red-wall-rout-v0r9pnjt6.
120. ↑ Kenyon, Megan (2025-05-07). "Reform faces an uphill battle in power". https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2025/05/reform-faces-an-uphill-battle-in-power.
121. ↑ Farney, James (2012). Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4426-1260-0. https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzY4Mjg4NF9fQU41?sid=bb8cd8b3-9f6c-43d7-948a-baba732e8bf0@redis&vid=5&format=EB.
122. ↑ "The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019". Gallup. 9 January 2020. https://news.gallup.com/poll/275792/remained-center-right-ideologically-2019.aspx.
123. ↑ "Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment". United States Department of Homeland Security. https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf.
124. ↑ Augoustinos, Martha; Walker, Iain; Donaghue, Ngaire (2006). Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications. p. 320. ISBN 9780761942191. https://books.google.com/books?id=CYjEwFRPEQgC&pg=PA230.
125. ↑ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2008). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 465. ISBN 9780199205165.
126. ↑ Davies, p. 13.
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 Berlet, p. 117.
128. ↑ Eatwell: 1999, p. 284.
129. ↑ Eatwell: 2004, pp. 7–8.
130. ↑ Eatwell: 2004, p. 8, "Today four other traits feature most prominently in definitions: 1) anti-democracy; 2) nationalism; 3) racism; 4) the strong state".
131. ↑ Vincent, Andrew (1995). Modern Political Ideologies (2nd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19507-8. "Who to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory ... extreme libertarianism (anarch-capitalism) and crude populism."
132. ↑ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
133. ↑ Davies, Peter; Davies, Peter Jonathan; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-21495-7. https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani00davi. Retrieved 13 May 2010. "far right."
134. ↑ Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5486-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&q="far+right". Retrieved 13 May 2010.
135. ↑ Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard; Leonard, Weinberg; Merkl, Professor Peter (30 June 2000). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5182-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&q="far+right". Retrieved 13 May 2010.
136. ↑ Eatwell, Roger; Mudde, Cas (2004). Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-36971-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&q="far+right". Retrieved 13 May 2010.
137. ↑ "Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick". BBC News. 7 March 2002. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1857918.stm.
138. ↑ "A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth". 14 September 2006. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233.
139. ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (31 May 2012). "Glenn Greenwald". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2007/05/04/politico_funding/.
140. ↑ Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-08390-8. https://archive.org/details/radicalrightwing00betz.
141. ↑ Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote Jr., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, "Anti-immigrant and anti-refugee feeling is being exploited by extreme right-wing parties throughout Europe...", p. 442, MIT Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-262-52315-8.
142. ↑ (in es) La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Coordinación de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico. 1995. ISBN 978-968-36-4710-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=GkVHAAAAYAAJ&q="extrema+derecha"+"Jorge+rafael+videla".

## Further reading

* Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World. New York: Routledge.
* Berlet, Chip. 2006. "When Alienation turns Right". In The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium, edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1835-3, ISBN 978-0-7425-1835-3.
* Davies, Peter. 2002. The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23982-6, ISBN 978-0-415-23982-0.
* Eatwell, Roger. 1999. "Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'". In Contemporary Political Ideologies, edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-5173-X, ISBN 9780826451736.
* —— 2004. "Introduction: the new extreme right challenge". In Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge, edited by R. Eatwell and C. Muddle. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36971-1, ISBN 978-0-415-36971-8.
* Fielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3720-5.
* Gottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present.
* Miles, Michael W. (1980). The Odyssey of the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195027747.

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