Rump state

Short description: Reduced territory of a once-larger state

Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state that was reduced in the wake of annexation, occupation, secession, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Examples
* 1.1 Ancient history
* 1.2 Post-classical history
* 1.3 Modern history
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 3.1 Citations
* 3.2 Sources

## Examples

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

### Ancient history

* During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.[3][4][5]
* The Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.[6]
* After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.[7]

### Post-classical history

* Guge and Maryul were rump states of the Tibetan Empire.[8][9]
* The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.[10]
* Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.[11]
* After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.[12]
* Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.[13]
* After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.[14][15]
* Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond, Morea, Theodoro and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.[16][17][18]
* After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.[19]
* After the Fragmentation of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, the Great Horde (first mentioned in the 1430s) survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until the Crimean Khanate destroyed it by sacking its capital city of New Sarai in 1502, absorbing its remaining territory.
* The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
* By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.[20]
* After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.[21]
* After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.[22]
* Despite having two lords, one of them the king of France, Andorra was part of the Principality of Catalonia until the Nueva Planta decrees (1715), after the Catalan defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession. To avoid the application of Nueva Planta to Andorra, the Bishop of Urgell (the other lord of Andorra) convinced the new Spanish Bourbon authorities that the Valleys of Andorra had always been neutral and unrelated to the Principality of Catalonia, resulting in the political separation of Andorra from Catalonia.[23]
* The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding areas after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Zands and Durrani Empire, until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796.

### Modern history

* The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two-thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium.[24]
* The Vatican City can be considered a rump state of the Papal States (756–1870). The Papal States fell in 1870 when Rome was captured by Italy. The pope was confined to a small area known as the Vatican hill, which included St Peter’s basilica and walled off from the rest of Italy. In 1929, The Lateran treaty was signed which formed the Vatican City as an independent state with jurisdiction and authority of the Roman Catholic Church keeping many Papal state institutions as remnants.[25]
* The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate[26] and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
* The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[27]
* Template:Country data First Republic of Armenia The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in the Turkish–Armenian War.[28][29][30]
* In 1918–1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the First Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919),[31] the Hungarian Republic.[32]
* The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.[33]
* In 1940, Vichy France became a rump state of France after the fall of France. While northern France and the Atlantic coast were occupied by Germany. Vichy France’s unoccupied territory was reduced to the south with Vichy as the administrative capital during the Period and Philippe Petain as head of state. Germany soon would occupy all of France while the Vichy government still remained in place. In 1944, the regime went into exile in Sigmaringen as the exterritorial Sigmaringen enclave until it was officially abolished in August 1944.[34]
* In September 1943, the Kingdom of Italy was reduced to a rump state, then nicknamed the Kingdom of the South, while the Italian Social Republic, a Nazi-installed puppet state, controlled most of its territory. With Allied support, the Kingdom of Italy gradually regained control over Italian territory, achieving victory in April 1945.[35][36][37]
* On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler, killed himself in his bunker, ending the Hitler Government that had been in power since January 1933. Karl Dönitz, who succeed Hitler as President of Germany. Appointed Joseph Goebbels, as Chancellor of Germany and introduced the Goebbels Government to help lead Germany. But on May 1, 1945 Joseph Goebbels, killed himself to avoid capture.
* On May 1, 1945 Joseph Goebbels, killed himself, ending the short lived Goebbels Government. Karl Dönitz, the President of Germany at the time, introduced the Flensburg Government led by Lutz von Krosigk to help lead Germany during the last weeks of WW2. The government was arrested on May 22, 1945. The Government was officially dissolved with the Berlin Declaration on June 5, 1945.
* Template:Country data FRY The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.[38] SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.[39]
* Taiwan under the Kuomintang rule was the rump state of the Republic of China left over after the retreat from the mainland.[40] The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.[41]
* The Republic of Turkey was a rump state left over in Anatolia after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size).[42]
* The Democratic Republic of Yemen was the rump state of South Yemen; established during the 1994 Yemeni civil war, it eventually collapsed once the Government retook control.
* Template:Country data Ba'athist SyriaScript error: The function "pwarning" does not exist. Until the fall of Damascus on 8 December 2024, the remaining territory once held by Ba'athist Syria consisted on Damascus (encircled by the rebels) and three western coastal Alawite-majority governorates of Latakia and Tartus which were part of the historical Alawite State.[43]

## See also

* Exclusive mandate
* Feudal fragmentation
* Government-in-exile
* List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
* Power vacuum
* Puppet state
* Rival government
* Secession
* Separatism
* Succession of states

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ Tir, Jaroslav (2005-10-01). "Keeping the Peace after Secession: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States" (in EN). Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (5): 713–741. doi:10.1177/0022002705279426. ISSN 0022-0027. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022002705279426.
2. ↑ Cederman, Lars-Erik; Mueller-Crepon, Carl (2023). "Nationalism and the Puzzle of Reversing State Size". p. 13, 14. https://www.carlmueller-crepon.org/publication/state_size/CGMC_State_Size_final.pdf.
3. ↑ Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. p. 152. ISBN 9781119620891.
4. ↑ Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E.. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780801486302.
5. ↑ Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford history of the ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780190687601.
6. ↑ Fattah, Hala Mundhir; Caso, Frank (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. p. 277.
7. ↑ Dodd, Leslie (25 November 2016). "Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul". Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 9781317086147.
8. ↑ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC&pg=PA169.
9. ↑ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback (1963), p. 19: "Mar-yul (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. Mngah-ris (Mnga-ris), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."
10. ↑ Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6
11. ↑ Davies, Norman. Europe: A History, p. 335
12. ↑ Fletcher, R. A. (2001). Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix Press. p. 117. ISBN 9781842126059.
13. ↑ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041.
14. ↑ Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming. Stanford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780804740449. https://books.google.com/books?id=YE6Va-Fe1coC&pg=PA6.
15. ↑ Chaffee, John W. (2015). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 625.
16. ↑ The Columbia history of the world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".
17. ↑ A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."
18. ↑ This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014
19. ↑ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115.
20. ↑ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 10. p. 33. "Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year, the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Sultan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il."
21. ↑ Husain, Muzaffar; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011). Concise History of Islam (unabridged ed.). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 310. ISBN 9789382573470. OCLC 868069299.
22. ↑ Bauer, Brian S.; Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier; Araoz Silva, Miriam (2015). Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance. Los Angeles. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781938770623.
23. ↑ Garrido, David. "L'excepcionalitat andorrana: per què Andorra és un estat?". https://www.eltemps.cat/article/19952/lexcepcionalitat-andorrana-per-que-andorra-es-un-estat.
24. ↑ "History". Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. https://vientiane.mae.lu/en/General-information-about-Luxembourg/History. "The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy’s present-day geographical borders."
25. ↑ "Vatican country profile" (in en-gb). 2012-05-08. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17994868.
26. ↑ CIA Factbook 2017.
27. ↑ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781487523312.
28. ↑ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2019) (in English). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9798216117292. https://books.google.com/books?id=KanOEAAAQBAJ.
29. ↑ Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189
30. ↑ Hovannisian Richard G. Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia, p. 430
31. ↑ John C. Swanson (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780822981992. https://books.google.com/books?id=YqyzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
32. ↑ Romsics, Ignác (2004) (in hu). Magyarország története a XX. században. Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 136. ISBN 963-389-590-1.
33. ↑ Rychlík, J.; Rychlíková, M. (2016) (in cs). Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa, 1918–1946. Prague: Vyšehrad. ISBN 9788074295560.
34. ↑ "Vichy France | History, Leaders, & Map | Britannica" (in en). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vichy-France.
35. ↑ James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War, ISBN 178099379X, 2012, p. 424
36. ↑ Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945, ISBN 0091744741, 1993, p. 140
37. ↑ Neville, Peter (2014). Mussolini (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 9781317613046.
38. ↑ Sudetic, Chuck (1991-10-24), "Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State", New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/world/top-serb-leaders-back-proposal-to-form-separate-yugoslav-state.html, retrieved 2018-03-07.
39. ↑ Woodward, Susan L. (April 1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780815722953. OCLC 476203561.
40. ↑ Williams, Jack; Ch'ang-yi, David (2008). Taiwan's Environmental Struggle. Routledge Contemporary Asia Series (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-415-44723-2. "Taiwan was now the rump state of the 'Republic of China', under the Kuomintang (KMT) or 'Nationalist' party rule, 'temporarily' in exile on the island [...]"
41. ↑ Williams, Jack F.; Lee, Shyu-tu (2014). Taiwan's Struggle: Voices of the Taiwanese. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4422-2143-7. "Exactly what is Taiwan—nation state, de facto nation, rump state, pariah state, renegade province? The answer depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer."
42. ↑ Nicolle 2008, p. 178
43. ↑ "The fall of Syria’s dictator". The Economist. 7 December 2024. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/12/07/the-fall-of-syrias-dictator. "The regime's ever-shrinking rump state, consisting of Damascus and the coast, was almost totally encircled by the evening of December 7th"

### Sources

* CIA Factbook (2017). "The World Factbook – Brunei". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/.
* Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963). Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh. Praeger. https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up.
* Nicolle, David (2008). Lapworth, Warren. ed. The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Illustrated by Roger Kean. Thalamus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-902886-11-4.
* Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). "Western Zhou History". The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–351. ISBN 9780521470308.

* v
* t
* e

Colonization, decolonization, and neocolonialism

Earth|

| Exploration|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Oceania
* Antarctica — World oceans

|

Colonization|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Oceania
* Antarctica

* World oceans
* Subterranea

Decolonization|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Oceania

General
topics|

| Exploration|

* Maritime history (European)
* Age of Discovery
* Solar System discovery

|

Colonization|

* Antiquity — Imperialism
* Chartered companies
* Interventionism
* Colonialism
* chronology
* history
* empires
* detribalization
* settler colonialism
* wars
* Current: Non-Self-Governing
* Dependent
* Space Station — Space Militarization
* Commercial use of space

Colonial empires
in Modern era|

* Overseas, major: British
* Dutch
* French
* German
* Italian
* Portuguese
* Spanish

* Overseas, minor: American
* Australian
* Austro-Hungarian
* Belgian
* Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
* Danish
* New Zealand
* Norwegian
* Swedish

* Mostly contiguous: American
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Ottoman
* Russian
* South African

Decolonization|

* Wars of national liberation — Predecessors of sovereign states
* in Europe
* in South America
* Independence referendum
* Sovereign states formation dates

Postcolonialism|

* Independence
* Internal colonialism
* Nation-building
* Neo-colonialism
* Postcolonialism (international relations)

* Terra nullius
* Indigenous peoples
* Uncontacted peoples

Outer space|

| Exploration|

* Mercury
* Venus
* Moon
* Lagrangian points
* Mars
* Phobos
* Ceres
* Asteroids
* Outer Solar System: Jupiter
* Europa
* Callisto
* Saturn
* Titan
* Uranus
* Neptune
* trans-Neptunian objects
* Pluto

|

Colonization|

* Mercury
* Venus
* Moon
* Lagrangian points
* Mars
* Phobos
* Asteroids
* Outer Solar System: Jupiter
* Europa
* Callisto
* Saturn
* Titan
* Uranus
* Neptune
* trans-Neptunian objects
* Pluto

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