Sami orthography

Sámi orthography refers to the various orthographies used by the seven Sámi languages that have their own literary language: Southern Sami, Ume Sámi, Lule Sami, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Skolt Sami and Kildin Sami.

## Contents

* 1 Orthographical trends
* 2 A unified literary language
* 3 The six literary languages
* 3.1 Southern Sami
* 3.1.1 In Norway
* 3.1.2 In Sweden
* 3.1.2.1 Bergsland-Hasselbrink orthography
* 3.1.2.2 The current orthography
* 3.2 Ume Sámi
* 3.3 Lule Sámi
* 3.4 Northern Sámi
* 3.5 Inari Sámi
* 3.6 Skolt Sámi
* 3.7 Kildin Sámi
* 4 References

## Orthographical trends

Three different orthographical trends can be identified for these Sámi languages. The first one uses the principle of having the Sámi orthography be the same as it is for the majority language of that country as its basis. This trend goes back to the traditions where the Sami language was first being used as a written language, i.e., in Sweden. The literary language there that followed this principle was based on the old Ume Sami literary language from the 18th century. This same literary language was partially used as the basis for the modern literary languages of Southern Sami and Lule Sami. The oldest orthography for Northern Sámi in Norway, that of Knud Leem, upholds this tradition. The second tradition goes back to Rasmus Rask's revision of Leem's orthography, as Rask builds on the phonemic principle. North Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami follow this tradition. The third tradition is represented by the Kildin Sami language for which a written language has been created three times: first by Russian missionaries using the Cyrillic alphabet as the basis for the language's orthography, then using the Latin alphabet at the end of 1920s into the 1930s as part of Joseph Stalin 's language policy for minority languages, and finally once again returning to the Cyrillic alphabet at the end of the 1970s.

## A unified literary language

The Sámi strongly feel that they are one people. For this reason, proposals for a united Sami literary language have been made.[who?] The differences amongst the various languages are, however, too large to make this feasible.

## The six literary languages

With the exception of Kildin Sámi, the Sámi languages that have their own literary language are written with the standard Latin alphabet with the addition of some special characters.

### Southern Sami

Main article: Social:Southern Sami

Southern Sami follows the principle of using the majority language of the particular country it is being used in as the basis for its orthography and thus has two separate versions: the Norwegian standard and the Swedish standard. The letters enclosed in parentheses are letters that are only used in foreign words. In addition, ï [ɨ] is a central version of i [i]. Although this difference is clearly indicated in dictionaries, most texts do not distinguish between the two. The collating order is however based on Norwegian across both sides of the border.

#### In Norway

А а  | B b  | (C c)  | D d  | E e  | F f  | G g  | H h

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I i  | (Ï ï)  | J j  | K k  | L l  | M m  | N n  | O o
P p  | (Q q)  | R r  | S s  | T t  | U u  | V v  | (W w)
(X x)  | Y y  | (Z z)  | Æ æ  | Ø ø  | Å å  |  |

#### In Sweden

##### Bergsland-Hasselbrink orthography

The Bergsland-Hasselbrink orthography was in use in 1957[1] and is similar to the orthography used for Northern Sami during the same period:

А а  | Â â  | Á á  | B b  | C c  | Č č  | D d  | Đ đ

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E e  | F f  | G g  | H h  | I i  | Î î  | J j  | K k
L l  | M m  | N n  | Ŋ ŋ  | O o  | P p  | R r  | S s
Š š  | T t  | U u  | V v  | Y y  | Z z  | Ž ž  | Ä ä
Æ æ  | Ö ö  | Å å  | '  |  |  |  |

##### The current orthography

А а  | B b  | (C c)  | D d  | E e  | F f  | G g  | H h

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I i  | (Ï ï)  | J j  | K k  | L l  | M m  | N n  | O o
P p  | (Q q)  | R r  | S s  | T t  | U u  | V v  | (W w)
(X x)  | Y y  | (Z z)  | Ä ä  | Ö ö  | Å å  |  |

### Ume Sámi

The Ume Sámi orthography has been in use for decades, but was finally approved in 2016:

А а  | Á á  | B b  | D d  | Đ đ  | E e  | F f  | G g

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H h  | I i  | Ï ï  | J j  | K k  | L l  | M m  | N n
Ŋ ŋ  | O o  | P p  | R r  | S s  | T t  | Ŧ ŧ  | U u
Ü ü  | V v  | Y y  | Å å  | Ä ä  | Ö ö  |  |

### Lule Sámi

Like Southern Sámi, Lule Sámi follows the principle of using the majority language of the particular country it's being written in as the basis for its orthography and thus has two separate versions: the Norwegian standard and the Swedish standard. The standard orthography for Lule Sami was approved in 1983.

* In Norway, Áá, Åå, Ńń, and Ææ are known to be used.
* In Sweden, Áá, Åå, Ńń, and Ää are known to be used.

### Northern Sámi

Northern Sámi has a long orthographic history, which has witnessed no less than nine different versions. The most recent version was approved in 1979 and last modified in 1985:

А а  | Á á  | B b  | C c  | Č č  | D d  | Đ đ | E e

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F f  | G g  | H h  | I i  | J j  | K k  | L l  | M m
N n  | Ŋ ŋ  | O o  | P p  | R r  | S s  | Š š  | T t
Ŧ ŧ  | U u  | V v  | Z z  | Ž ž  |  |  |

### Inari Sámi

The following alphabet for Inari Sámi was approved in 1996.

А а  | Â â  | B b  | C c  | Č č  | D d  | Đ đ  | E e

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F f  | G g  | H h  | I i  | J j  | K k  | L l  | M m
N n  | O o  | P p  | (Q q)  | R r  | S s  | Š š  | T t
U u  | V v  | (W w)  | (X x)  | Y y  | Z z  | Ž ž  | Ä ä
Á á  | Å å  | Ö ö  |  |  |  |  |

### Skolt Sámi

Main article: Social:Skolt Sami language

А а  | Â â  | B b  | C c  | Č č  | Ʒ ʒ  | Ǯ ǯ  | D d

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Đ đ  | E e  | F f  | G g  | Ǧ ǧ  | Ǥ ǥ  | H h  | I i
J j  | K k  | Ǩ ǩ  | L l  | M m  | N n  | Ŋ ŋ  | O o
Õ õ  | P p  | (Q q)  | R r  | S s  | Š š  | T t  | U u
V v  | (W w)  | (X x)  | (Y y)  | Z z  | Ž ž  | Å å  | Ä ä
(Ö ö)  | ʹ  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Kildin Sámi

Main article: Social:Kildin Sami orthography

The latest version of the official orthography for Kildin Sámi uses Cyrillic:

А а  | А̄ а̄  | Ӓ ӓ  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д  | Е е  | Е̄ е̄

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Ё ё  | Ё̄ ё̄  | Ж ж  | З з  | Һ һ  | (')  | И и  | Ӣ ӣ  | Й й
Ј ј  | (Ҋ ҋ)  | К к  | Л л  | Ӆ ӆ  | М м  | Ӎ ӎ  | Н н  | Ӊ ӊ
Ӈ ӈ  | О о  | О̄ о̄  | П п  | Р р  | Ҏ ҏ  | С с  | Т т  | У у
Ӯ ӯ  | Ф ф  | Х х  | Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Щ щ  | Ъ ъ  | Ы ы
Ь ь  | Ҍ ҍ  | Э э  | Э̄ э̄  | Ӭ ӭ  | Ю ю  | Ю̄ ю̄  | Я я  | Я̄ я̄

Note that ' is a variant of Һ and Ҋ is a variant of Ј, there is also a variant of the alphabet not using these two letters at all.[2]

## References

1. ↑ Bergsland, Knut; Gustav Hasselbrink (1957). Sámien lukkeme-gärjá. Oslo, Norway: A.W. Brøggers boktrykkeri A/S.
2. ↑ Rießler, Michael. "Towards a digital infrastructure for Kildin Saami" (PDF). Sustaining Indigenous Knowledge: Learning Tools and community initiatives on preserving endangered languages and local cultural heritage, in SEC Publications. Exhibitions & Symposia series: 195–218. http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/sikriessler.pdf.

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