School bullying

Short description: Type of bullying in an educational setting

Bullying, one form of which is depicted in this staged photograph, is detrimental to students' well-being and development.[1]

School bullying, like bullying outside the school context, refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim.[2][3] Bullying can be verbal or physical.[2][3] Bullying, with its ongoing character, is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict.[4] Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical, emotional, and/or verbal aggression. Cyberbullying and sexual bullying are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied, a child is acting as a bully, or a child has witnessed bullying at school.[5][6]

The cost of school violence is significant across many nations but there are educational leaders who have had success in reducing school bullying by implementing certain strategies. Some strategies used to reduce or prevent school bullying include educating the students about bullying, restricting of recording devices in the classroom, employing security technology, and hiring school safety officers. How schools respond to bullying, however, varies widely. Effects on the victims of school bullying include feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, helplessness, and reduced school performance[7][8] Empirical research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin involving a national sample of US youth have found that some victims of school bullying have attempted to commit suicide.[9]

This behavior is not a one-off episode; it must be repetitive and habitual to be considered bullying.[2][3] Students who are LGBTQIA+, have parents of lower educational levels, are thought to be provocative, are perceived to be vulnerable, or are atypical or considered outsiders are at higher risk of being victimized by bullies.[10][11][12][13] Baron (1977) defined such "aggressive behaviour as behaviour that is directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment".[14]

Historically, Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel Tom Brown's School Days details intensive school bullying, but the first major scholarly journal article to address school bullying appears to have been written in 1897.[15] Research in school bullying has dramatically expanded over time, rising from 62 citations in the 90 years between 1900 and 1990, to 562 in the 4 years between 2000 and 2004.[16] Since 2004, research on school bullying has mushroomed. A 2022 TV series The Glory drew renewed attention to the phenomenon.[17][18]

## Contents

* 1 Criteria
* 2 Power imbalance
* 3 Warning signs
* 4 Control of bullying
* 5 Types of bullying
* 5.1 Physical
* 5.2 Emotional
* 5.3 Verbal
* 5.4 Cyberbullying
* 5.5 Sexual
* 6 Bullying in higher education
* 7 Characteristics of bullies
* 7.1 Additional information about bullying in school
* 8 Characteristics of victims
* 9 Locations and contexts
* 10 Roles
* 11 Complex cultural dynamics
* 12 Effects
* 12.1 Educational quality and outcomes
* 12.2 Social and economic costs
* 13 Statistics
* 13.1 Victims
* 13.2 Bullies
* 13.3 School shootings
* 14 Institutional prevention
* 14.1 Effective national responses
* 14.2 Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings
* 14.2.1 United Kingdom
* 14.2.2 United States
* 14.2.3 Canada
* 14.3 Taiwan
* 15 See also
* 16 References
* 17 Sources
* 18 Further reading
* 19 External links

## Criteria

Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior that is characterised by hostile intent (the harm caused is deliberate), imbalance of power (real or perceived power inequality between bully and victim), and repetition over a period of time.[19][20][21] More ordinary types of student-student conflicts, which are sometimes part of everyday school life, are not associated with an imbalance of power. In contrast to more ordinary conflicts, school bullying can severely harm victimized students.[22]

Difference between normal peer conflicts and bullying victimization and implications for teachers[23]

## Power imbalance

By definition, bullying involves an imbalance of power.[24] A bully has power over another student because of factors such as size, gender, age, standing among peers, and/or assistance by other students.[25][26] Among boys, bullying tends to involve differences in strength; among girls bullying is more focused on differences in physical appearance, emotional life, and/or academic status.[27]

Some bullies target peers with physical impairments, such as speech impediments (e.g., stuttering). Many stutterers experience some degree of bullying, harassment, or ridicule from peers and, sometimes, teachers.[28]

## Warning signs

Signs that a child is being bullied may include:

* Unexplainable injuries,
* Symptoms of anxiety and post-traumatic stress,
* Lost or destroyed clothing or other objects,
* Changes in eating habits,
* Declining grades,
* Continual school absences,
* Self-harm,
* Suicidal ideations, and
* Becoming overly apologetic.[5][6]

Signs that a child is bullying others may include:

* Getting into physical or verbal fights,
* Getting sent to the principal's office frequently
* Having friends who bully others, and being problematic
* Becoming increasingly aggressive in normal activities.[5][6]

Signs that a child has witnessed bullying include:

* Poor school behavior,
* Emotional disturbance,
* Depression,
* Post-traumatic stress,
* Drug and alcohol abuse, and
* Suicidal ideation.[5][6]

## Control of bullying

There are two main methods employed in controlling bullying: Prevention (acting before something happens) or reaction (acting when something is happening or has just happened).

Preventative solutions may include:

* Education: The education of students, parents, and teachers as to what constitutes bullying may help people understand the harmful nature of bullying. Teachers, school bus drivers, and other school professionals are taught how and when to intervene.[29][30][31] Examples of activities used to teach students about bullying include: presentations, role-play, discussions about identifying and reporting bullying, teaching bystanders how and when to help, use of arts and crafts to build understanding of the effects of bullying, and classroom meetings to talk about peer relations.[32] A systematic review found that bullying is an indicator for later criminal behaviour, regardless of other major childhood risk factors, suggesting that anti-bullying programmes may be viewed as a form of early crime prevention.[33]
* Restrictions on recording devices: It has been suggested that the use of mobile phones can lead to an increase in cyberbullying, which is why some schools have banned them throughout the school day.[34]
* Security technologies: Schools may opt to install video cameras to monitor behaviour. However, skeptics argue that cameras may invade the students' privacy, especially if lax restrictions on the longevity of, and access to, the recordings leads to their misuse.[35]
* Guards in the school: Schools may choose to employ internal security guards or watchmen[36] to ensure the students' safety. Experts believe that the use of security guards inside the schools may assist in reducing incidents of bullying as the guards get to know the students and who may then be able to predict and prevent issues before they arise.[37][38]

The recommended reactions to cases of bullying are manifold, and various methods may be called for, depending on the type of bullying, and the people who are involved.[citation needed] Some suggestions for appropriate reaction are:

* Avoid rigid confrontations: It is recommended that bullies not be met with physical violence, to avoid contributing to promoting the apparition of violent environments in society.[39]
* Reports of the witnesses: Witnesses, whether known to the victim or not, are an important source of information in cases of bullying. It is recommended that anonymity be maintained where possible.[40]
* Intervention by a bystander: It is recommended that bystanders, and other third persons, avoid intervening in a conflict situation, due to their potential to aggravate the situation.[41]
* Parental response: Experts advise that involved parents avoid talking directly to each other. Instead it is recommended to contact the school and allow the appropriate school personnel to take action, assume responsibility, and act as a mediator.[42]
* Teacher response: Teacher interventions are considered important in many anti-bullying programs. In many countries teachers have a legal obligation to prevent their students from harm. Teachers can intervene by using authority-based interventions, by using non-punitive approaches to bullying, by supporting victims, and by involving other teachers or professionals.[19] Some other teacher interventions have been found to be helpful in reducing bullying. These interventions include clearly pointing out boundaries, making it clear that the behavior exhibited is not acceptable, and involving school principals. Discussing school bullying and the associated negative consequences with the entire class has also been found to be helpful in reducing bullying.[43]
* Suspension and Expulsion: Where no other solution for bullying is working, or in cases where the bullying is very severe, it may be necessary to suspend or expel the offender.[citation needed] Severe measures such as detention, expulsion, and suspension could however also have iatrogenic effects and increase aggression.[44]
* Moving: In cases that are more difficult to solve, the victim may consider a change of institution or even moving with his or her family to another location.[45]
* Psychosocial support: After the bullying ends, victims of bullying may require support, such as help with making new friends and/or taking up new activities.[46]

## Types of bullying

There are a number of ways in which school bullying takes place. These include verbal, physical, psychological, cyber, and sexual bullying. Direct bullying refers to an open physical or verbal attack on a victim.[47] Indirect bullying is more subtle and harder to detect, but involves one or more forms of relational aggression, including social isolation via intentional exclusion, spreading rumors to defame the target's character or reputation, making faces or obscene gestures behind the target's back, and manipulating friendships or other relationships.[47] Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. There is evidence that pack bullying was more common in high schools than in lower grades and lasts longer than bullying undertaken by individuals.[48]

A female bully, portrayed in the 1917 silent film Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm

### Physical

Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. This is one of the most easily identifiable forms of bullying. Examples include:[49][50] fighting, hazing, headlocks, inappropriate touching, kicking, pinching, poking, hair pulling, punching, pushing, slapping, spitting, stalking, or making unwanted and persistent eye contact with a victim, spilling liquids onto a victim, throwing small and lightweight objects at a victim, teasing, threatening, tickling, using weapons including improvised ones, theft and/or damaging of personal belongings.

### Emotional

Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damage to a victim's psyche and/or emotional well-being. Examples include:[49][50] spreading malicious rumors about people, "ganging up" on others (this could also be considered physical bullying), ignoring people (e.g. the silent treatment or pretending the victim is non-existent), provoking others, belittling or saying hurtful things (which are also forms of verbal bullying).[51]

### Verbal

Verbal bullying are slanderous statements or accusations that cause the victim undue emotional distress. Examples include:[50] foul language or (profanity) directed at the victim; using derogatory terms or deriding the person's name; commenting negatively on someone's looks, clothes, body, etc., (personal abuse); tormenting, harassing, mocking and belittling,[51] threatening to cause harm,[52] taunting,[52] teasing,[52] and making inappropriate sexual comments.[52]

### Cyberbullying

Coupled with the increasing use of computers and the internet, the use of such technology and social media has moved some bullying from the schoolyard to the internet.[53] According to the website Stop Cyberbullying, schools experience difficulties in controlling off-campus bullying due to the perception that their role stops at the gates of the schoolyard. Schools are under pressure to not exceed their authority and to avoid violating students' right to free speech.[54] Suggestions have been made that principals act to include cyberbullying in their code of ethics, allowing disciplining of bullying outside of school facilities and according to Professor Bernard James, "the timidity of educators in this context of emerging technology is working in the advantage of the bullies."[55] Educators do appear to have support from the students. For example, three high school students from Melville, New York, organized a Bullying Awareness Walk, where several hundred people turned out to show their support.[56]

Researcher Charisse Nixon found that students do not reach out for help with cyberbullying for four main reasons:

* They do not feel connected to the adults around them
* The students do not see cyberbullying as an issue that is worth bringing forward
* They do not feel the surrounding adults have the ability to properly deal with the cyberbullying
* The teenagers have increased feelings of shame and humiliation regarding the cyberbullying.[57]

Research suggests that cyberbullying is sometimes an extension of bullying already taking place elsewhere. [58] Students who are cyberbullied have, in many cases, also been bullied in other ways before (e.g., physically or verbally at school). There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet. Some cyber victims are physically stronger than cyber bullies, which leads these bullies to prefer online confrontations to face-to-face contact.[59]

### Sexual

Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender."[60] A BBC Panorama questionnaire aimed at English teens aged 11 to 19 found that, of the 273 respondents, 28 had been forced to do something sexual, 31 had seen it happen to someone else, and 40 had experienced unwanted touching.[61] U.K. government figures show that in the 2007–2008 school year, there were 3,450 fixed-period exclusions and 120 expulsions from schools in England due to sexual misconduct.[62] This included incidents such as groping and using sexually insulting language. From April 2008 to March 2009, ChildLine counselled a total of 156,729 children, 26,134 of whom spoke about bullying as a main concern and 300 of whom spoke specifically about sexual bullying.[63] Sexting cases are also on the rise and have become a major source of bullying and the circulation of explicit photos of those involved, either around school or on the internet, put the originators in a position to be scorned and bullied.[64]

## Bullying in higher education

About 15 percent[where?] of college students claim to have been victims of bullying.[65] The misconception that bullying does not occur in higher education began to receive attention after the suicide of college student Tyler Clementi. According to a recent study, around 21.5% of college students reported rarely being victims of cyberbullying while around 93.3% of students said they rarely bullied others.[66]

## Characteristics of bullies

Several main categories of bullying have been identified. Coloroso noted that some bullies need to feel superior to others (the "confident bully"). Bullies with low self-esteem often try to bring others down (the "social bully"). Other bullies appear tough but are cowardly; they tend to want to be seen as tough (the "fully armored bully").[67]

Other factors associated with being a bully is lower school performance and higher self-esteem.[59]

### Additional information about bullying in school

Bullying victims display a variety of defining characteristics, including emotional and physical behaviors. Increased susceptibility stands out as one prominent feature. Bullying frequently targets those who, for various reasons, may believe they are defenseless, different, or weak. Being introverted and feeling alone, they just avoid social situations at all costs. Because of this vulnerability, victims of bullying are more likely to experience anxiety, fear, and low self-esteem.[8] In an effort to deal with the stress brought on by bullying, victims could isolate themselves, withdraw socially, or have a hard time forming relationships.

The worsening of mental health is another trait of bullied individuals. A variety of emotional problems, including sadness, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder, can result from persistent teasing and bullying. They are lonely and easily distracted especially in school. The stress and distraction brought on by bullying may also cause victims to do worse academically.[8] The serious effects of bullying on a person's mental health are highlighted by the fact that some victims may turn to self-harm or even consider suicide as a means of escaping the suffering.

In conclusion, understanding the characteristics of bullying victims is essential for the prevention and intervention of bullying. By recognizing and addressing these traits, educators, parents, and society as a whole can work together to create a safer and more supportive environment for all individuals, reducing the prevalence and impact of bullying. Empowering victims, fostering empathy, and implementing anti-bullying programs are steps in the right direction to combat this pervasive issue.[68]

## Characteristics of victims

Victims of bullying tend to be physically smaller, more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, anxious, quiet, and withdrawn.[69] They are sometimes characterized as passive or submissive and might use self-depreciating or self-defeating humor styles.[70] Possessing these qualities makes these individuals vulnerable, as they are seen as being less likely to retaliate.[71]

Another risk factor for becoming a victim is low self-esteem; however, low self-esteem can also be a consequence of having been bullied.[59][72][73][74][75] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[59]

## Locations and contexts

Bullying locations vary. Most bullying in elementary school happens on the playground. In middle school and high school, it occurs most often in hallways, which have little supervision. According to the U.S Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, more than 47% of victims report being bullied in hallways and stairways.[76] Bus stops and bus rides to and from school can also be sites of bullying; children tend to view the driver as someone with no disciplinary authority.[77]

## Roles

McNamee and Mercurio state that there is a "bullying triangle," consisting of the person doing the bullying, the victim, and the bystander.[78] Conversely, the US Department of Health and Human Services divides the participants into 7 actors, consisting of the initial "triangle" plus those who assist, those who reinforce the actions of the bully, those who aren't involved but witness the bullying ("outsiders"), and those who come to the assistance of the victim after the fact ("defenders").[5]

## Complex cultural dynamics

School bullying might not end with interaction between students; other dynamics may be visible within a school. Students may bully each other or others (teachers, staff, parents), but the students may also experience bullying from teachers or staff. These dynamics may also be in play between staff and teachers, parents and teachers, or any other combination thereof.[79][80]

## Effects

As a result of bullying, victims may feel depressed, anxious, angry, stressed, helpless, out of control, and may experience a significant drop in school performance, or, in rare cases, commit suicide (bullycide).[81] They tend to feel more lonely and have difficulties adjusting to school. Over the long term, they may feel insecure, lack trust, exhibit extreme sensitivity or hypervigilance, develop mental illnesses such as avoidant personality disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or develop other health challenges.[59] They may also desire revenge, sometimes leading them to torment others in return.[82]

Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms are common among both bullies and their victims.[8] Alcohol and substance abuse are at risk for developing later in life.[83] People suffering from depression often feel better when they talk to others about their lives; victims of bullying, however, may be reluctant to talk to others about their feelings because they fear being bullied for doing so, which can, in turn, worsen their depression.[84]

In the short term, bystanders who witnesses bullying may experience anger, fear, guilt, and sadness. If they are witness to regular episodes of bullying, they may begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the victims themselves.[47]

While most bullies, in the long term, grow up to be emotionally functional adults, many have an increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, which is linked to an increased risk of committing criminal acts (including domestic violence).[85] Bullies have been shown to have higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of adjustment to school.[59]

According to Mental Health America, more than 10% of young people exhibit symptoms of depression strong enough to severely undermine their ability to function at school, at home, or whilst managing relationships.[86]

### Educational quality and outcomes

The educational effects on victims of school violence and bullying are significant. Violence and bullying at the hands of students may make the victims afraid to go to school and interfere with their ability to concentrate in class or participate in school activities.[87] It can also have similar effects on bystanders. Bullied students may miss classes, avoid school activities, skip school, or drop out of school altogether. Bullied students may also have lower grades, greater academic difficulties, and be less likely to anticipate going on to higher education.[88][8] International analyses highlight the impact of bullying on learning outcomes, showing that bullying is related to lower achievement.[89][87] Further, unsafe learning environments create a climate of fear and insecurity and a perception that teachers do not have control or do not care about the students, which reduces the quality of education for all.[87]

### Social and economic costs

The 2006 UN World Report on Violence Against Children shows that victims of corporal punishment, both at school and at home, may develop into adults who are passive and over-cautious or aggressive. Being bullied is also linked to a heightened risk of eating disorders and social and relationship difficulties.[87] A 1958 study of children born in England, Scotland, and Wales looked at 7,771 children who had been bullied at ages 7 and 11 and found that by age 50, those who had been bullied as children were less likely to have obtained school qualifications and were less likely to live with a spouse or partner or to have adequate social support. These victims also scored lower in tests designed to measure cognitive IQ and were more likely to report that they had poor health.[90]

The economic impact of violence against children and adolescents is substantial.[91] Youth violence in Brazil alone is estimated to cost nearly US$19 billion every year, of which US$943 million can be linked to violence in schools, while the estimated cost to the economy in the USA is US$7.9 billion a year.[92][87] Studies show that school-related gender-based violence alone can be associated with the loss of one primary grade of schooling, which translates to an annual cost of around US$17 billion to low- and middle-income countries.[93][87] In Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria it is estimated that US$974 million, US$301 million, and US$1,662 million respectively are lost due to failures in the equal education of girls and boys, with violence in school listed as one of the key factors contributing to the under-representation of girls in education.[94][95][87] In Argentina, the cost of early dropping out is estimated to be 11.4% of GDP, and in Egypt, nearly 7% of potential earnings is lost as a result of the number of children dropping out of school.[87] It is not clear how much of these preceding losses may be attributable to school bullying.

## Statistics

Percentage of boys and girls who experienced bullying in the past 12 months

According to the American Psychological Association, "40% to 80% of school-age children experience bullying at some point during their school careers."[96] Various studies show that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and students with disabilities experience bullying more often than other students.[97][98]

### Victims

* Statistics show that in the U.S. school system 1 in 3 children are affected by bullying in their lifetime, and 30% report being involved in some manner.[99]
* In a 1997 study of five Seattle high schools, students recorded their peers' hallway and classroom conversations. It was discovered that the average high school student hears about 25 anti-gay remarks a day.[100]
* U.S. students who are homosexual, bisexual, or transgender are five times as likely to miss school because they feel unsafe after being bullied due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.[101]
* According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students who did not go to school at least one day during the 30 days preceding the survey, due to safety concerns, ranged from 11% to 30% for gay and lesbian students and 12% to 25% for bisexual students.[102]
* 61.1% of LGBTQIA+ middle- or high-school students were more likely than their non-LGBTQIA+ peers to feel unsafe or uncomfortable as a result of their sexual orientation.[102]
* In the United States, a 2013 nationwide survey indicated that 20% of high school students were bullied on school property in the past year, 15% of the students were bullied electronically, and 8% of students ages 12–18 reported ongoing bullying on a weekly basis.[103]
* According to the journal of Evolutionary Psychological Science, victims of bullying are more likely to be sexually inactive compared to bullies.[104]
* In a Canadian study that surveyed 2,186 students across 33 middle and high schools, 49.5% reported being bullied online in the previous three months. 33.7% of the sample reported being the perpetrator of cyberbullying.[105]
* At least 1 in 3 adolescent students in Canada has reported being bullied.[106]
* 47% of Canadian parents report having a child who is a victim of bullying.[106]
* The most common form of cyberbullying involved receiving threatening or aggressive emails or instant messages, reported by 73% of Canadian victims.[106]
* A nationwide survey conducted by Trinity College Dublin, of bullying in first- and second-level schools in Ireland, estimates that some 31% of primary and 16% of secondary students have been bullied at some time.[107]
* In a study of 32 Dutch elementary schools, 16.2% of the 2,766 participating children reported being bullied regularly (at least several times a month).[108]

Statistics referencing the prevalence of bullying in schools may be inaccurate and tend to fluctuate. In a U.S. study of 5,621 students ages 12–18, 64% of the students had experienced bullying and did not report it.[109]

### Bullies

* In a 2005 survey, 3,708,284 students reported being a perpetrator of bullying in the U.S. school system.[99]
* Studies have shown bullies report having more friends than children who are victims.[110]
* Bullying behavior in perpetrators is shown to decrease with age.[111]
* Developmental research suggests bullies are often morally disengaged and use egocentric reasoning strategies.[112]
* Bullies often come from families that use physical forms of discipline.[71] Adolescents who experience violence or aggression in the home, or are influenced by negative peer relationships, are more likely to bully. This suggests that positive social relationships reduce the likelihood of bullying.[113]
* Bullies may show signs of mental health disorders. This trend is most evident in adolescents diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or ADHD.[114]
* Poor theory of mind is associated with bullying.[115]
* Up to 25% of students may encourage bullying, and more than 50% will not intervene in bullying situations.[116]
* A study by Lisa Garby shows that 60% of bullies in middle school will have at least one criminal conviction by the age of 24.[117]
* 10.6% of surveyed children said they sometimes bullied other children (moderate bullying), 8.8% said they had bullied others once a week or more (frequent bullying), and 13% said they had engaged in moderate or frequent bullying of others. 6.3% had experienced bullying and also been a bully.[118]

### School shootings

Although research suggests that there might be a weak association between school bullying and school shootings,[119] there is some evidence that having been a victim of school bullying is related to increased risk of a school shootings.[120] The media have portrayed some individuals, such as Charles Andrew Williams, Eric Hainstock, Seung-Hui Cho, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, Luke Woodham, Michael Carneal, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Karl Pierson, Jose Reyes, and Jeff Weise, as having experienced bullying and then becoming school shooters. However, research suggests that the vast majority of individuals who have been victims of bullying do not become school shooters.[121][122][123][119]

## Institutional prevention

Studies have shown that bullying programs set up in schools with the engagement of staff and faculty have been shown to reduce peer victimization and bullying.[124] Incidents of bullying are noticeably reduced when the students themselves disapprove of bullying.[125] Classroom activities where students reflect on bullying decrease the cases of bullying while increasing the communication between students and school staff.[126]

The current literature shows that school-based anti-bullying programs are also effective in reducing bullying perpetration and bullying victimization by ~15%, based on moderate-quality evidence.[127] However, as there is variation in the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs, further research is required to identify specific programmatic features that make programs effective.[127] A 2019 study found that school-based anti-bullying programs may lower the incidence of bullying by as much as 25%.[128]

Measures such as instituting zero tolerance for fighting or placing troubled students in the same group or classroom are actually ineffective in reducing bullying. Methods that are effective include increasing empathy for victims; adopting a program that includes teachers, students, and parents; and having students lead anti-bullying efforts.[129] Success is most associated with beginning interventions at an early age, constantly evaluating programs for effectiveness, and having some students take online classes to avoid bullies at school.[130] Another way to help victims is to provide peer support.[131] Peer support can help a victim improve his or her school performance.[131]

### Effective national responses

Based on UNESCO case studies of six countries that have succeeded in reducing school violence and bullying (Eswatini, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, South Korea and Uruguay) as well as two countries that have maintained low levels over time (the Netherlands and Sweden), there are a number of factors that contribute to effective national responses.[132]

Factors that contribute to effective national responses include:[132]

* Political leadership and high-level commitment, together with a robust legal and policy framework that addresses violence against children and school violence and bullying. Many successful countries also have an emphasis in national policies that promote a safe learning environment, a positive school and classroom climate, and a strong commitment to child rights and empowerment.[132]
* Collaboration and partnerships. At the national level, this includes partnerships between the education sector and other sector ministries, civil society organizations, academic institutions, professional associations, and the media. At the school level, it includes partnerships involving all stakeholders in the school community, including head teachers, teachers, other staff, parents and students, local authorities, and professionals in other sectors. More specifically, the involvement of all students, including bystanders, and the use of peer approaches, have been a key factor in countries that have made the most progress.[132]
* Evidence-based approaches, informed by accurate and comprehensive data and systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of existing programmes. Effective systems for routine reporting and monitoring of school violence and bullying and rigorous evaluation of the impact of programmes and interventions are critical.[132] Bullying prevention programs that reach parents through trainings and material sent home, as well as role-playing scenarios that students can work through, have been found as relevant components to reduce the problem behavior according to research from David Finkelhor and colleagues from the University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Center.[133]
* Training and support for teachers and care and support for affected students. Training in successful countries has focused on developing skills to prevent and respond to school violence and bullying and to use positive approaches to classroom management.[132]

The case studies also identified a number of factors that can limit the effectiveness and impact of national responses. These include lack of data on specific aspects of school violence and bullying and on the sub-groups of students who are most vulnerable, low coverage of interventions, lack of systematic monitoring of school violence and bullying, and of robust evaluation of the impact of programmes.[132]

Some U.S. states have implemented laws to address school bullying.

Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation and gender identity

School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity

Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation only

School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address discrimination and/or bullying of students based on sexual orientation only

Law that prohibits bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity

Law that forbids local school districts from having anti-bullying policies that enumerate protected classes of students

Law that prohibits bullying in school but lists no categories of protection

No statewide law that specifically prohibits bullying in schools

### Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings

#### United Kingdom

Section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 provides for an anti-bullying policy for all state schools to be made available to parents.

#### United States

The victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools.[134] At one point only 23 states had anti-bullying laws. In 2015, Montana became the last state to enact an anti-bullying law. At that point, all 50 states had an anti-bullying law. These laws are not going to abolish bullying, but it does bring attention to the behavior, and they let the aggressors know it will not be tolerated.[135]

#### Canada

In 2016, a legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied at his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care ("duty of care") that the school board owes to its students. A similar bullying case was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College).[136]

### Taiwan

The Ministry of Education has launched a series of projects. In 2006, they started the 'anti-bully plan'. In 2008, they launched the "prevent-bully video from public project"—which included encouraging informants and monitoring the school—in the hope that it could improve education quality.[137]

South Africa

Bullying is still not recognized as a specific crime in South Africa. However, four laws protect children in South Africa:

The South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 (SASA)

The Children’s Act 38 of 2005

The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008

The Protection from Harassment Act 17 of 2011

## See also

* Amanda Todd
* Sack tapping
* School climate
* School violence
* School violence prevention through education
* Sexual harassment in education
* School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV)
* Mental health in education
* Violent extremism
* International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying

## References

1. ↑ U.S. National Center for Education Statistics. ﻿Student Reports of Bullying: Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey﻿ (Report). http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005310.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nansel, Tonja R.; Overpeck, Mary; Pilla, Ramani S.; Ruan, W. June; Simons-Morton, Bruce; Scheidt, Peter (2001-04-25). "Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment". JAMA (American Medical Association) 285 (16): 2094–2100. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094. PMID 11311098.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nansel, Tonja R.; Craig, Wendy; Overpeck, Mary D.; Saluja, Gitanjali; Ruan, W. June (2004-08-01). "Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine (American Medical Association) 158 (8): 730–736. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.8.730. PMID 15289243.
4. ↑ "School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (18): 11809. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811809. ISSN 1661-7827. PMID 36142079.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 US Department of Health and Human Services (16 October 2012). "The Roles Kids Play". What is Bullying. http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/roles-kids-play/index.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Fisher, Bonnie; Lab, Steven; Miller, Holly Ventura; Miller, J. Mitchell (2010). "School-Based Bullying Prevention". Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.. pp. 818–820. doi:10.4135/9781412979993.n274. ISBN 978-1-4129-6047-2.
7. ↑ "The impact of bullying victimization in early adolescence on subsequent psychosocial and academic outcomes across the adolescent period: A systematic review". Journal of School Violence 20 (3): 351–373. 2021. doi:10.1080/15388220.2021.1913598. ISSN 1538-8220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.1913598.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2019). "Preventing Bullying". https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv/bullying-factsheet508.pdf.
9. ↑ "Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying". Journal of School Violence 18 (3): 333–346. 2019. doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417. ISSN 1538-8220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417.
10. ↑ Jeffrey, Linda R.; Miller, Demond; Linn, Margaret (2001). "Middle school bullying as a context for the development of passive observers to the victimization of others". Journal of Emotional Abuse (Informa UK Limited) 2 (2–3): 143–156. doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_09.
11. ↑ Wong, Ching-Tsai; Cheng, Ying-Yao; Chen, Li-Ming (2013). "Multiple perspectives on the targets and causes of school bullying". Educational Psychology in Practice (Informa UK Limited) 29 (3): 278–292. doi:10.1080/02667363.2013.837030.
12. ↑ Kosciw, J. G.; Greytak, E. A.; Giga, N. M.; Villenas, C.; Danischewski, D. J. (2016). ﻿The 2015 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation's schools﻿ (Report). New York, NY: GLSEN. ERIC ED574780.
13. ↑ Pervanidou, P.; Makris, G.; Bouzios, I.; Chrousos, G.; Roma, E.; Chouliaras, G. (2019-10-01). "Bullying victimization: Associated contextual factors in a Greek sample of children and adolescents". Psychiatriki (Hellenic Psychiatric Association) 30 (3): 216–225. doi:10.22365/jpsych.2019.303.216. PMID 31685453.
14. ↑ Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum.
15. ↑ Koo, Hyojin (1 April 2007). "A time line of the evolution of school bullying in differing social contexts". Asia Pacific Education Review 8 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1007/BF03025837.
16. ↑ Stassen Berger, Kathleen (March 2007). "Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten?". Developmental Review 27 (1): 90–126. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002.
17. ↑ Jun-hee, Park (2023-01-11). "Hair curler bullying scene in 'The Glory' stirs memories of similar case from 2006". https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230111000571.
18. ↑ Burt, Kayti (2023-03-10). "The Real Stories of Bullying Behind Netflix's 'The Glory'". Time. https://time.com/6261820/the-glory-netflix-true-story/.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Burger, Christoph; Strohmeier, Dagmar; Spröber, Nina; Bauman, Sheri; Rigby, Ken (October 2015). "How teachers respond to school bullying: An examination of self-reported intervention strategy use, moderator effects, and concurrent use of multiple strategies". Teaching and Teacher Education 51: 191–202. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.07.004.
20. ↑ Olweus, D. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. In P. K. Smith, J. Junger-Taqs, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7–27). New York: Plenum.
21. ↑ Goldsmid, S.; Howie, P. (2014). "Bullying by definition: An examination of definitional components of bullying". Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 19 (2): 210–225. doi:10.1080/13632752.2013.844414.
22. ↑ "School bullying is not a conflict: The interplay between conflict management styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (18): 11809. 2022. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811809. ISSN 1661-7827. PMID 36142079.
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24. ↑ Meyer, Doug (December 2016). "The Gentle Neoliberalism of Modern Anti-bullying Texts: Surveillance, Intervention, and Bystanders in Contemporary Bullying Discourse". Sexuality Research and Social Policy 13 (4): 356–370. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0238-9.
25. ↑ "Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: a systematic review". Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44 (3): 637–657. 2015. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6. ISSN 0047-2891. PMID 24894581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6.
26. ↑ Sylvester, Betty (1 January 2011). "Teacher as Bully: Knowingly or Unintentionally Bullying Students". The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin: The International Journal for Professional Educators 77 (2): 42–45. https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/education_publications/52/.
27. ↑ Beaty, LA; Alexeyev, EB (2008). "The problem of school bullies: What the research tells us". Adolescence 43 (169): 1–11. PMID 18447077. http://njbullying.org/documents/beaty-adolesc-research3-08.pdf.
28. ↑ Hugh-Jones S, Smith PK (1999). "Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer". The British Journal of Educational Psychology 69 ( Pt 2) (2): 141–58. doi:10.1348/000709999157626. PMID 10405616.
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29. ↑ "Creating a Safe and Respectful Environment in Our Nation's Classrooms Training Toolkit | Safe Supportive Learning". 2018-03-27. https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/creating-safe-and-respectful-environment-our-nations-classrooms-training-toolkit.
30. ↑ "Creating a Safe and Respectful Environment on Our Nation's School Buses Training Toolkit | Safe Supportive Learning". 2018-03-27. https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/creating-safe-and-respectful-environment-our-nations-school-buses-training-toolkit.
31. ↑ "Creating a Supportive Bus Climate: Preventing Bullying". 2017-01-25. https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/sites/default/files/sssta/20120928_BusMod2WorkshopOverviewFINAL.pdf.
32. ↑ "See Something, Do Something: Intervening in Bullying Behavior". 2017-02-09. https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/sites/default/files/sssta/20120928_BusMod1WorkshopOverviewFINAL.pdf.
33. ↑ TTOFI, Maria M.; Farrington, David P.; Lösel, Friedrich; Loeber, Rolf (April 2011). "The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending: A systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies". Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 21 (2): 80–89. doi:10.1002/cbm.808. PMID 21370293.
34. ↑ Riley, Naomi Schaefer (2017-02-07). "To fight cyberbullying, ban cellphones from school" (in en-US). https://nypost.com/2017/02/06/to-fight-cyberbullying-ban-cellphones-from-school/.
35. ↑ "Body cameras in schools: Are School Resource Officers (SROs) and principals missing the big picture? - School SecuritySchool Security". 2017-02-15. http://schoolsecurity.org/2015/07/body-cameras-in-schools-are-school-resource-officers-sros-and-principals-missing-the-big-picture/.
36. ↑ "SROs work with schools to address bullying | Local News | somerset-kentucky.com". 2020-07-08. https://somerset-kentucky.com/news/local_news/sros-work-with-schools-to-address-bullying/article_0c2d7ab7-9d0a-5c4f-bc79-a529fe5f05e0.html.
37. ↑ "School Resource Officers and Violence Prevention: Best Practices (Part One)" (in en). https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/school-resource-officers-and-violence-prevention-best-practices-part-one.
38. ↑ "School Resource Officers and Violence Prevention: Best Practices (Part Two)" (in en). https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/school-resource-officers-and-violence-prevention-best-practices-part-two.
39. ↑ "Helping Your Child - What Parents Should Know About Bullying - PACER's National Bullying Prevention Center" (in en). https://pacer.org/bullying/resources/parents/helping-your-child.asp.
40. ↑ "Anonymous Reporting for Bullying and Cyberbullying Incidents" (in en-US). 2012-11-29. https://cyberbullying.org/anonymous-reporting-for-bullying-and-cyberbullying-incidents.
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42. ↑ Affairs (ASPA), Assistant Secretary for Public (2019-09-24). "Support the Kids Involved" (in en). https://www.stopbullying.gov/prevention/support-kids-involved.
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55. ↑ Hoffman, Jan (28 June 2010). "Online Bullies Pull Schools Into the Fray". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/style/28bully.html.
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114. ↑ Turcotte Benedict, Frances; Vivier, Patrick M.; Gjelsvik, Annie (March 2015). "Mental Health and Bullying in the United States Among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30 (5): 782–795. doi:10.1177/0886260514536279. PMID 24920001.
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116. ↑ Wilde, Marian. "The bully and the bystander". GreatSchools. http://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/the-bully-and-the-bystander/.
117. ↑ Garby, Lisa (2011). "Direct Bullying: Criminal Act or Mimicking What Has Been Learned?". Education 20 (1): 449.
118. ↑ NIH (26 June 2006). "Bullying Widespread in U.S. Schools, Survey Finds". NICHD Archive. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/news/releases/pages/bullying.aspx.
119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Mears, Daniel P.; Moon, Melissa M.; Thielo, Angela J. (2017-10-24). "Columbine Revisited: Myths and Realities About the Bullying–School Shootings Connection". Victims & Offenders (Informa UK Limited) 12 (6): 939–955. doi:10.1080/15564886.2017.1307295.
120. ↑ Moore, David W. (5 April 2001). "Americans Look to Parents to Stop School Shootings". Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/1828/Americans-Look-Parents-Stop-School-Shootings.aspx.
121. ↑ Langman, Peter (2009). Why kids kill: inside the minds of school shooters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10148-7. OCLC 240189360. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294088295.
122. ↑ Vossekuil; Fein; Reddy; Borum; Modzeleski (2004). ﻿Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States, 2004﻿ (Report). https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/final-report-and-findings-safe-school-initiative-implications-prevention.
123. ↑ Newman, Katherine S. (2004). Rampage: The Social Roots of School Shootings. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05103-8. [page needed]
124. ↑ O'Brennan, L. M.; Waasdorp, T. E.; Bradshaw, C. P. (2014). "Strengthening bullying prevention through school staff connectedness". Journal of Educational Psychology 106 (3): 870–880. doi:10.1037/a0035957. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270940545.
125. ↑ Guerra, Nancy G; Williams, Kirk R (2010). "Implementing bullying prevention in diverse settings : geographic, economic, and cultural influences". in Vernberg, Eric M; Biggs, Bridget K. Preventing and treating bullying and victimization. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533587-3. OCLC 426066162.
126. ↑ Ansary, Nadia S.; Elias, Maurice J.; Greene, Michael B.; Green, Stuart (1 October 2015). "Bullying in schools: research has yet to precisely prescribe a remedy for school bullying, but some guidelines are emerging to help schools choose programs that best fit their situation". Phi Delta Kappan 97 (2): 30. doi:10.1177/0031721715610088. Gale A434296315.
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Gaffney, Hannah; Ttofi, Maria M.; Farrington, David P. (June 2021). "Effectiveness of school‐based programs to reduce bullying perpetration and victimization: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis". Campbell Systematic Reviews 17 (2): e1143. doi:10.1002/cl2.1143. PMID 37131921.
128. ↑ "TXABC" (in en-US). https://www.txabc.org/.
129. ↑ Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2014). Invitation to the Life Span. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1464172052.
130. ↑ Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2007). "Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten?". Developmental Review 27: 90–126. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002. http://www.detweedeverdieping.nu/images/pdf/Update on bullying at school.pdf.
131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Tzani-Pepelasi, Calli; Ioannou, Maria; Synnott, John; McDonnell, Dean (June 2019). "Peer Support at Schools: the Buddy Approach as a Prevention and Intervention Strategy for School Bullying". International Journal of Bullying Prevention 1 (2): 111–123. doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00011-z. https://pure.hud.ac.uk/ws/files/15893119/Peer_Support_at_Schools_The_Buddy_Approach_as_a_Prevention_and_Intervention_Strategy_for_School_Bullying.pdf.
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133. ↑ Finkelhor, David; Vanderminden, Jennifer; Turner, Heather; Shattuck, Anne; Hamby, Sherry (1 April 2014). "Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sample". Child Abuse & Neglect 38 (4): 677–686. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.010. PMID 24630440.
134. ↑ Brownstein, Andrew (December 2002). "The bully pulpit: post-Columbine harassment victims take schools to court". Trial. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+bully+pulpit:+post-Columbine+harassment+victims+take+schools+to...-a097175612.
135. ↑ Temkin, Deborah (27 April 2015). "All 50 States Now have a Bullying Law. Now What?". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deborah-temkin/all-50-states-now-have-a_b_7153114.html.
136. ↑ Murray, Melissa (19 June 2016). "Family wins precedent-setting case against public school board". Ottawa Community News. http://www.ottawacommunitynews.com/news-story/6773614-family-wins-precedent-setting-case-against-public-school-board/.
137. ↑ 陳利銘; 鄭英耀; 黃正鵠 (2010). "反霸凌政策之分析與改進建議". 教育政策論壇 13 (3): 1–25.

## Sources

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This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying, 70, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. To learn how to add open license text to HandWiki articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from HandWiki, please see the terms of use.

## Further reading

* Harger, Brent (2016). "You Say Bully, I Say Bullied: School Culture and Definitions of Bullying in Two Elementary Schools." Education and Youth Today. Ed. Yasemin Besen-Cassino and Loretta E. Bass (Sociological Studies of Children and Youth, Volume 20) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 91 – 121.
* National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2016). Rivara, Frederick; Suzanne, Le Menestrel. eds. Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy, and Practice. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/23482. ISBN 978-0-309-44067-7. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=7163179.
* Stuart W. Twemlow, Frank Sacco (2008). Why School Antibullying Programs Don't Work. Jason Aronson Inc, ISBN 978-0-7657-0475-7
* Loui, Kenny (2017-01-01). Stand By Me: The Effects of a Police Anti-Bullying Presentation on South Korean High School Students' Attitudes About Bullying and Willingness to Intervene. Nova Southeastern University Fischler College of Education. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=cahss_jhs_etd. \- PhD dissertation - Info page

## External links

* StopBullying.gov
* School Bullying – Undergraduate research journal at Caldwell College
* Student Bullying: Overview of Research, Federal Initiatives, and Legal Issues Congressional Research Service
* STOP A BULLY: Canada's Anti-Bullying Report Service

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