Settler colonialism

Short description: Form of colonialism seeking population replacement with settlers

Not to be confused with Replacement migration or Immigration country.

American Progress (1872) by John Gast. Columbia, a personification of the United States, is shown leading civilization westward with American settlers, while Native Americans are displaced from their ancestral homeland on the left.

Settler colonialism is a process by which settlers exercise colonial rule over a land and its indigenous peoples, transforming the land and replacing or assimilating its population with or into the society of the settlers.[1][2][3][4][5] Assimilation has sometimes been conceptualized in biological terms such as the "breeding of a minority population into a majority," but in other cases, such as in some parts of Latin America, biological mixing of populations was less problematic.[6]

Settler colonialism is a form of exogenous (of external origin, coming from the outside) domination typically organized or supported by an imperial authority, which maintains a connection or control to the territory through the settler's colonialism.[7] Settler colonialism contrasts with exploitation colonialism, where the imperial power conquers territory to exploit the natural resources and gain a source of cheap or free labor. As settler colonialism entails the creation of a new society on the conquered territory, it lasts indefinitely unless decolonisation occurs through departure of the settler population or through reforms to colonial structures, settler-indigenous compacts and reconciliation processes.[lower-alpha 1][8]

Settler colonial studies have often focused on English-speaking settler colonies in Australia and North America, which are close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism.[9] However, settler colonialism is not restricted to any specific culture; it has been practised by non-Europeans, and among European cultures, as in the case of Ireland.[2][10]

## Contents

* 1 Origins as a theory
* 2 Definition and concept
* 3 Examples
* 3.1 Africa
* 3.1.1 Canary Islands
* 3.1.2 Ethiopia
* 3.1.3 Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara
* 3.1.4 South Africa
* 3.1.5 Liberia
* 3.2 North America
* 3.2.1 Canada
* 3.2.2 United States
* 3.3 South America
* 3.3.1 Argentina
* 3.4 Asia
* 3.4.1 China
* 3.4.2 Israel
* 3.4.3 Russia and the Soviet Union
* 3.4.4 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* 3.5 Australia
* 4 Responses
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 7.1 Works cited
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Origins as a theory

During the 1960s, settlement and colonization were perceived as separate phenomena from colonialism. Settlement endeavours were seen as taking place in empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on, in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism was seen as bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems associated with classical colonialism. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the field of settler colonial studies was established[11][page needed] distinct from but connected to Indigenous studies.[12] Although often credited with originating the field in his Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology (1999), Australian historian Patrick Wolfe stated that "I didn't invent Settler Colonial Studies. Natives have been experts in the field for centuries."[13] Additionally, Wolfe's work was preceded by others that have been influential in the field, such as Fayez Sayegh's Zionist Colonialism in Palestine (1965), Settler Capitalism by Donald Denoon (1983) and Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis in Unsettling Settler Societies (1995).[14][13][11][page needed][15]

## Definition and concept

Settler colonialism is characterized as both a logic and structure, and not a mere occurrence. Settler colonialism takes claim of environments for replacing existing conditions and members of that environment with those of the settlement and settlers. Intrinsically connected to this is the displacement or elimination of existing residents, particularly through destruction of their environment and society.[1][2][3][4] As such, settler colonialism has been identified as a form of environmental racism.[16]

Wolfe's model of settler colonial theory posits that settler colonialism is categorically distinct from other forms of colonialism by its drive to "eliminate the native", instead of exploiting them.[9] For Wolfe and his "intellectual successor" Lorenzo Veracini, settler colonialism is "structural, eliminatory, and land based, which—they argued—distinguish it from franchise colonialism, which is based on the exploitation of the native population instead."[9] Therefore, colonial settling has been called an invasion or occupation, emphazising the violent reality of colonization and its settling, in contrast to the more domestic meaning of "settling".[17]

According to certain genocide scholars, including Raphael Lemkin—the individual who coined the term genocide—colonization is intimately connected with genocide.[18] Some scholars further describe the process as inherently genocidal, considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures,[19] and not only their displacement (see genocide, "the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part").[citation needed] Depending on the definition, for Wolfe settler colonial eliminationism may be enacted by a variety of means, including mass killing of the previous inhabitants, removal of the previous inhabitants and/or cultural assimilation.[20]

However, the opposite argument has been made by Veracini, who argues that all genocide is settler colonial in nature but not all settler colonialism is genocidal.[21] Sai Englert also argues against the Wolfe model, proposing that settler colonies have used both elimination and exploitation in their relations with indigenous peoples, and often transitioned from one to the other: "By assuming that exploitation, by definition, lays outside the realm of its field of study, SCS has privileged the analysis of the Anglo-settler world—primarily North America and Oceania." For him, the specificity of settler colonialism from other forms of colonialism is its social relations of class struggle within settler societies over the distribution of "colonial loot".[9]

Settler colonialism is distinct from replacement migration due to integration of immigrants into an existing society and not replacement with a parallel society.[22][23] Mahmood Mamdani writes, "Immigrants are unarmed; settlers come armed with both weapons and a nationalist agenda. Immigrants come in search of a homeland, not a state; for settlers, there can be no homeland without a state."[23] Nevertheless, the difference is often elided by settlers who minimize the voluntariness of their departure, claiming that settlers are mere migrants, and some pro-indigenous positions which militantly simplify, claiming that all migrants are settlers.[24]

A settler state is an autonomous or independent political entity established through settler colonialism by and for settlers. This occurs when a migrant settler society assumes a politically dominant position over the indigenous peoples and forms a self-sustaining state that operates independently of the metropole, the homeland of a colonial empire. Countries that have been described as settler states include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, and Taiwan, and formerly South Africa, Liberia, and Rhodesia.[25][26][27]

## Examples

File:Settlement colonies for Europeans 1914.pngAreas of colonial settlement in 1914 (without independent settler states)

The settler colonial paradigm has been applied to a wide variety of conflicts around the world, including New Caledonia,[28] Western New Guinea,[29] the Andaman Islands, Argentina,[30] Australia, British Kenya, the Canary Islands,[31] Northern Cyprus,[32] Fiji, French Algeria,[33] Generalplan Ost, Hawaii,[34] Ireland,[10] Israel/Palestine, Italian Libya and East Africa,[35][36] Kashmir,[37][38][39] Hokkaido, Korea and Manchukuo,[40][41] Jazira and Kirkuk,[42] Latin America, Liberia, New Zealand, northern Afghanistan,[43][44][45][46] United States, Canada, Posen and West Prussia and German South West Africa,[47] Rhodesia, Sápmi,[48][11][page needed][49][50] South Africa, South Vietnam,[51][52][53] and Taiwan.[9][54]

### Africa

See also: White Africans of European ancestry and French conquest of Algeria

Areas of Africa controlled by Western European colonial empires in 1913, shown with current national boundaries

Belgium

France

Germany

Italy

Portugal

Spain

United Kingdom

Independent

#### Canary Islands

During the fifteenth century, the Kingdom of Castile sponsored expeditions by conquistadors to subjugate under Castilian rule the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, located off the coast of Morocco and inhabited by the Indigenous Guanche people. Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of Lanzarote on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on Tenerife on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified Spanish crown, the archipelago was subject to a settler colonial process involving systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, who were replaced with Spanish settlers, in a process foreshadowing the Iberian colonisation of the Americas that followed shortly thereafter. Also like in the Americas, Spanish colonialists in the Canaries quickly turned to the importation of slaves from mainland Africa as a source of labour due to the decimation of the already small Guanche population by a combination of war, disease, and brutal forced labour. Historian Mohamed Adhikari has labelled the conquest of the Canary Islands as the first overseas European settler colonial genocide.[31][48]

#### Ethiopia

Following the conquests of Menelik II in the late 19th century, a system of imperial conquest effectively based on settler colonialism, involving the deployment of armed settlers in newly created military colonies, was widespread throughout the southern and western territories that came under Menelik's dominion.[55] Under the 'Neftenya-Gabbar scheme' the Ethiopian Empire had developed a relatively effective system of occupation and pacification. Soldier-settlers and their families moved into fortified villages known as katamas in strategic regions to secure the southern expansion. These armed settlers and their families were known as the neftenya and peasant farmers who were assigned to them the gabbar.[56]

The Neftenya (lit. Gun-carrier – lit. Armed settler) were assigned gabbar from the locally conquered population, who effectively worked in serfdom for the conquerors.[57] The majority of the neftenya were Amhara from Shewa. The neftenya-gabbar relationship was a 'feudal-like patron client relationship' between the northern settlers and southern locals. As land was taken, the northern administrators became the owners and possessed the right to dispose of land as they pleased.[58] Those conquered found themselves displaced, often reduced to tenants on their own lands by the new Amhara ruling elite.[59] The feudal obligations imposed on the gabbar were so intensive that they continued to serve the family of a neftegna even after the latter's death.[57] The gabbar system worked efficiently for nearly half a century in financing the garrisoning and administration of the south until its formal dissolution in 1941.[58]

#### Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara

File:Grüner Marsch Karte-es.pngMarches of 7 November (in green) and military action of 31 October (in red) during the Green March in 1975

Since 1975, the Kingdom of Morocco has sponsored settlement schemes that have encouraged several thousand Moroccan citizens to settle Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara as part of the Western Sahara conflict. On 6 November 1975, the Green March took place, during which about 350,000 Moroccan citizens crossed into Saguia al-Hamra in the former Spanish Sahara after having received a signal from King Hassan II.[60] As of 2015, it is estimated that Moroccan settlers constitute two-thirds of the population of Western Sahara.[61]

#### South Africa

File:Great Trek map full.pngMap of the migration of the Boers into South Africa known as the Great Trek

In 1652, the arrival of Europeans sparked the beginning of settler colonialism in South Africa. The Dutch East India Company was set up at the Cape, and imported large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century.[62] The Dutch East India Company established a refreshment station for ships sailing between Europe and the east, initially planning to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continued to spread and settle further.[63] In 1948, the policy of Apartheid was introduced South Africa in order to segregate the races and ensure the domination of the Afrikaner minority over non-whites, politically, socially and economically.[64]

#### Liberia

Main articles: Colony of Liberia and American Colonization Society

See also: Republic of Maryland

Liberia is regarded by some scholars as a unique example of settler colonialism and the only known instance of Black settler colonialism.[65] It is described as an African American settler colony tasked with establishing a Western form of governance in Africa.[66] Liberia was founded as the private colony of Liberia in 1822 by the American Colonization Society, a White American-run organization, to relocate free African Americans to Africa, as part of the Back-to-Africa movement.[67][68][69] U.S. presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison publicly endorsed and funded the project.[67] Between 1822 and the early 20th century, around 15,000 African Americans colonized Liberia on lands acquired from the region's indigenous African population. The African American elite monopolized the government and established minority rule over the locals. As they possessed Western culture, they felt superior to the natives, whom they dominated and oppressed.[70] Indigenous revolts against the Americo-Liberian elite such as the Liberian–Grebo War in 1875–1876 and Kru Revolt in 1915 were quelled with U.S. military support.[65][71][72][73][74][page needed]

### North America

#### Canada

File:Numbered-Treaties-Map.svgThe Numbered Treaties signed between 1871 and 1921 transferred large tracts of land from the First Nations to Canada in return for different promises laid out in each treaty.

Attempts to assimilate the Indigenous peoples of what is now Canada were rooted in imperial colonialism centred around European worldviews and cultural practices, and a concept of land ownership based on the discovery doctrine.[75] Original assimilation efforts were religiously-oriented, beginning in the 17th century with the arrival of French missionaries in New France.[76] Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.[77] First Nations and Métis peoples (of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry) played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in their explorations of the continent during the North American fur trade.[78]

The early European interactions with First Nations would change from Peace and Friendship Treaties to dispossession of lands through treaties and displacement legislation such as the Gradual Civilization Act,[79] the Indian Act,[80] the Potlatch ban,[81] and the pass system,[82] that focused on European ideals of Christianity, sedentary living, agriculture, and education.[83]

Indigenous groups in Canada continue to suffer from racially motivated discrimination, despite living in one of the most progressive countries in the world.[84] Discriminatory practices such as criminal justice inequity, police brutality, high incarnation rates, and high rates of violence against Indigenous women have been subject to legal and political review.[85]

#### United States

U.S. westward expansion in the 19th century

In colonial America, European powers created economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporating Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and controlling them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol.[86] With the emergence of an independent United States, desire for land and the perceived threat of permanent Indigenous political and spatial structures led to violent relocation of many Indigenous tribes to the American West, in what is known as the Trail of Tears.[20] Native Americans resisted American encroachment but successive defeats were followed by white settlement, with dispossession via treaties such as the 1795 Treaty of Greenville or 1819 Treaty of Saginaw.[87][88]

Frederick Jackson Turner, the father of the "frontier thesis" of American history, noted in 1901: "Our colonial system did not start with Spanish War; the U.S. had had a colonial history from the beginning...hidden under the phraseology of 'interstate migration' and territorial organization'".[86] While the United States government and local state governments directly aided this dispossession through the use of military forces, ultimately this came about through agitation by settler society in order to gain access to Indigenous land. Especially in the US South, such land acquisition built plantation society and expanded the practice of slavery.[20]

### South America

#### Argentina

File:GreatEuropeanMigrationWavetoArgentina.pngEuropean Immigration to Argentina (1869–1947)

In Argentina, settler colonialism began with Spanish conquest in the 16th century, establishing settlements such as Buenos Aires and displacing indigenous groups such as the Querandí and Tehuelche.[89] The Conquest of the Desert led by General Julio Argentino Roca during the 1870s and 1880s annexed Patagonia, resulting in the displacement and mass killing of the indigenous Mapuches to secure land for European settlers who developed it for agriculture.[90][91] Between the late 19th century and early 20th century, a wave of over six million European immigrants, primarily Italians and Spaniards, solidified Argentina's composition as a predominantly European-descended society.[92][93]

### Asia

#### China

The expansion of the Qing dynasty of China

Near the end of their rule the Qing dynasty attempted to colonize Xinjiang, Tibet, and other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal, they began resettling Han Chinese on the frontier.[94] This policy of settler colonialism was renewed by the People's Republic of China, led by Chinese Communist Party,[95][96] and is being practiced today according to some academics and researchers.[97][98][99]

#### Israel

File:West Bank Access Restrictions.pdfScholars of settler colonialism generally see the Zionist movement in Palestine as the archetype of the definition.[100] Map of Israeli settlements (magenta) in the occupied West Bank in 2020. The Australian historian Patrick Wolfe, credited with originating the field, famously defined Israel as the foremost example of a settler colonialist state today.[100][20][13] However, this notion has also received significant criticism.[101]

Zionism has been characterized by scholars such as the New Historians as a form of settler colonialism concerning the region of Palestine and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[102][103] This framework has also been embraced by activists.[104][105][106] This viewpoint has been criticised by other scholars due to its perceived denial of the historical Jewish connection to Palestine, among other reasons.[101][105][107] Many of the founding fathers of Zionism themselves described the project as colonization, such as Vladimir Jabotinsky, who said "Zionism is a colonization adventure."[108] Theodor Herzl, the founder of the World Zionist Organization, described the Zionist project as "something colonial" in a letter to Cecil Rhodes in 1902.[109]

In 1967, the French historian Maxime Rodinson wrote an article later translated and published in English as Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?,[110] but it was not until the 1990s that this viewpoint became more common in Israeli scholarship,[lower-alpha 2][111] in part coinciding with increased support for a two state solution.[102] The Australian historian Patrick Wolfe, whose work is considered defining on the subject of settler colonialism, has classified Israel as a modern form of settler colonialism.[13][20][9]

Lorenzo Veracini describes Israel as a "settler colonial polity", and writes that it could celebrate its anticolonial struggle in 1948 because it had colonial relationships inside and outside Israel's new borders.[112] Veracini believes the possibility of an Israeli disengagement is always latent and this relationship could be severed through a one state solution.[lower-alpha 3] Other commentators, such as Daiva Stasiulis, Nira Yuval-Davis,[114] and Joseph Massad have included Israel in their global analysis of settler societies.[115] Ilan Pappé describes Zionism and Israel in similar terms.[116][117] Scholar Amal Jamal, from Tel Aviv University, has stated, "Israel was created by a settler-colonial movement of Jewish immigrants".[118] Damien Short has accused Israel of carrying out genocide against Palestinians during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict since its inception within a settler colonial context.[119]

Critics of the paradigm argue that Zionism does not fit the traditional framework of colonialism. S. Ilan Troen views Zionism as the return of an indigenous population to its historic homeland, distinct from imperial expansion.[120] Moses Lissak says that the settler-colonial thesis denies the idea that Zionism is the modern national movement of the Jewish people, seeking to reestablish a Jewish political entity in their historical territory. Lissak argues that Zionism was both a national movement and a settlement movement at the same time, so it was not, by definition, a colonial settlement movement.[121]

#### Russia and the Soviet Union

Expansion of Russia 1500–1900

Some scholars describe Russia as a settler colonial state, particularly in its expansion into Siberia and the Russian Far East, during which it displaced and resettled Indigenous peoples, while practicing settler colonialism.[122][123][124] The annexation of Siberia and the Far East to Russia was resisted by the Indigenous peoples, while the Cossacks often committed atrocities against them.[125]

This colonization continued during the Soviet Union in the 20th century.[126][page needed] The Soviet policy also included the deportation of native populations, as in the case of the Crimean Tatars.[127] During the Cold War, new forms of Indigenous repression were practiced.[128]

#### Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Following the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Turkey facilitated the mass resettlement of civilians from mainland Turkey into the northern part of the island, supplementing the Turkish Cypriot population. This occurred alongside the displacement of approximately 150,000 Greek Cypriots from the north and the prevention of their return, developments that some sources describe as ethnic cleansing.[56] Scholars such as Nikos Moudouros who analyze the case within the framework of modern settler colonialism point to its hybrid and incomplete nature: the settler population remains structurally dependent on Turkey, has not achieved political or economic dominance over the indigenous Turkish Cypriot community, and is situated within ongoing tensions involving the metropole, the local administration, the long-established Turkish population dating back to the Ottoman conquest, and the settlers themselves. The situation is therefore viewed as a fluid and hybrid example of contemporary settler colonialism rather than a fully consolidated settler-colonial state.[56]

### Australia

File:European Australians from 1947 to 1966.gifAustralians of European origin from 1947 to 1966 when racial data was collected

Since the arrival of the First Fleet in 1787, Europeans explored and settled lands in Australia as terra nullius, displacing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The Indigenous Australian population was estimated at 795,000 at the time of European settlement.[129] The population declined steeply for 150 years following settlement from 1788, due to casualties from infectious disease, the Australian frontier wars and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.[130][131] Between 1788 and 1868, the British Empire transported around 162,000 convicts from Great Britain and Ireland to the several penal colonies in Australia.[132] Once freed, many convicts qualified for land grants on indigenous lands taken by the British, helping build a European settler society.[133]

## Responses

Settler colonialism exists in tension with indigenous studies. Some indigenous scholars believe that settler colonialism as a methodology can lead to overlooking indigenous responses to colonialism; however, other practitioners of indigenous studies believe that settler colonialism has important insights that are applicable to their work.[13] Settler colonialism as a theory has also been criticized from the standpoint of postcolonial theory.[13] Antiracism has been criticized on the basis that it does not provide a special status for indigenous claims, and in response settler colonial theory has been criticized for potentially contributing to the marginalization of racialized immigrants.[134]

The term settler has been criticized by Mohamed Adhikari, who says it is euphemistic and it would be more accurate to term them colonists, invaders, or conquerors.[135]

Political theorist Mahmoud Mamdani suggested that settlers could never succeed in their effort to become native, and therefore the only way to end settler colonialism was to erase the political significance of the settler–native dichotomy.[9]

According to Chickasaw scholar Jodi Byrd, in contrast to settler, the term arrivant refers to enslaved Africans transported against their will, and to refugees forced into the Americas due to the effects of imperialism.[136]

In his book Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought, political scientist Adam Dahl states that while it has often been recognized that "American democratic thought and identity arose out of the distinct pattern by which English settlers colonized the new world", histories are missing the "constitutive role of colonial dispossession in shaping democratic values and ideals".[137]

## See also

* Anabaptist settler colonialism
* European emigration
* Lusotropicalism
* Pre-modern human migration
* Transmigration program
* White legend

## Notes

1. ↑ Example reconciliation programmes include: Reconciliation in Australia, and truth and reconciliation commissions in Canada, Norway and South Africa.
2. ↑ Sabbagh-Khoury writes: "The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of the Nakba as enduring, challenged the Jewish definition of the state, and legitimated Palestinians as agents of history. Palestinian scholars in Israel lead the paradigm's reformulation."[102]
3. ↑ Veracini says this could be an "accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state".[113][page needed]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Carey, Jane; Silverstein, Ben (2 January 2020). "Thinking with and beyond settler colonial studies: new histories after the postcolonial". Postcolonial Studies 23 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/13688790.2020.1719569. ISSN 1368-8790. "The key phrases Wolfe coined here – that invasion is a 'structure not an event'; that settler colonial structures have a 'logic of elimination' of Indigenous peoples; that 'settlers come to stay' and that they 'destroy to replace' – have been taken up as the defining precepts of the field and are now cited by countless scholars across numerous disciplines.".
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Veracini, Lorenzo (2017). "Introduction: Settler colonialism as a distinct mode of domination". in Cavanagh, Edward (in en). The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-415-74216-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=KiglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4. "Settler colonialism is a relationship. It is related to colonialism but also inherently distinct from it. As a system defined by unequal relationships (like colonialism) where an exogenous collective aims to locally and permanently replace indigenous ones (unlike colonialism), settler colonialism has no geographical, cultural or chronological bounds. It is culturally nonspecific ... It can happen at any time, and everyone is a settler if they are part of a collective and sovereign displacement that moves to stay, that moves to establish a permanent homeland by way of displacement."
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 McKay, Dwanna L.; Vinyeta, Kirsten; Norgaard, Kari Marie (September 2020). "Theorizing race and settler colonialism within U.S. sociology" (in en). Sociology Compass 14 (9). doi:10.1111/soc4.12821. ISSN 1751-9020. https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12821. "Settler-colonialism describes the logic and operation of power when colonizers arrive and settle on lands already inhabited by another group. Importantly, settler colonialism operates through a logic of elimination, seeking to eradicate the original inhabitants through violence and other genocidal acts and to replace the existing spiritual, epistemological, political, social, and ecological systems with those of the settler society.".
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whyte, Kyle (2018-09-01). "Settler Colonialism, Ecology, and Environmental Injustice". Environment and Society 9 (1): 125–144. doi:10.3167/ares.2018.090109. ISSN 2150-6779. Bibcode: 2018ESAR....9..125W.
5. ↑ McNeill, John Robert, ed. (2017), The Cambridge World History, 7 (Paperback ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 216, ISBN 978-1-108-40775-5
6. ↑ McNeill, John Robert, ed. (2017), The Cambridge World History, 7 (Paperback ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 216–218, ISBN 978-1-108-40775-5
7. ↑ LeFevre, Tate. "Settler Colonialism". Tate A. LeFevre. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml. "Though often conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism is a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism are premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers (usually from the colonial metropole)."
8. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (October 2007). "Settler Colonialism and Decolonisation". Borderlands 6 (2). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A553004478/AONE?u=qut&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=1b698e4e.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Englert, Sai (2020). "Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession". Antipode 52 (6): 1647–1666. doi:10.1111/anti.12659. Bibcode: 2020Antip..52.1647E.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Connolly, S. (2017). "Settler colonialism in Ireland from the English conquest to the nineteenth century". in Cavanagh, E.; Veracini, L.. The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism. Routledge. pp. 49–64.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Veracini 2013.
12. ↑ Shoemaker, Nancy (1 October 2015). "A Typology of Colonialism | Perspectives on History". https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani (3 April 2021). "False dilemmas and settler colonial studies: response to Lorenzo Veracini: 'Is Settler Colonial Studies Even Useful?'" (in en). Postcolonial Studies 24 (2): 290–296. doi:10.1080/13688790.2020.1857023. ISSN 1368-8790.
14. ↑ Taylor, Lucy; Lublin, Geraldine (3 July 2021). "Settler colonial studies and Latin America". Settler Colonial Studies 11 (3): 259–270. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2021.1999155. ISSN 2201-473X. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa58521/Download/58521__21382__13b7fedb16c644678102c80d22e1f93c.pdf. Retrieved 9 August 2025. "Latin America has not translated well into settler colonial studies either. The region's scenarios (and scholarship) are largely absent from the work of key theorists like Patrick Wolfe and Lorenzo Veracini. When Latin American cases do feature, they are deployed to reinforce paradigms designed to make sense of Anglophone settler colonialism. However, Latin America has not been completely ignored by SCT; indeed, one of the field's foundational texts places Latin American countries at its core. Donald Denoon’s 1983 book Settler Capitalism sets out to compare 'the quality and quantity of development which occurred in six settler societies in the southern hemisphere: New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile'".
15. ↑ Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej (2022). "Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel". Politics & Society 50 (1): 44–83. doi:10.1177/0032329221999906. ISSN 0032-3292. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032329221999906. Retrieved 9 August 2025. "Uri Ram did not conduct empirical research into the workings of the settler colonial project. Rather, as a sociologist of knowledge, he uncovers the settler colonial roots of Israeli society, disclosing sociology’s connections to the Israeli establishment and to the Zionist goals of the establishment... Around the same time, Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis published a comparative volume on settler colonialism that included the Israeli-Palestinian case (in a chapter coauthored by Yuval-Davis and Nahla Abdo)".
16. ↑ Van Sant, Levi; Milligan, Richard; Mollett, Sharlene (2021). "Political Ecologies of Race: Settler Colonialism and Environmental Racism in the United States and Canada". Antipode 53 (3): 629–642. doi:10.1111/anti.12697. ISSN 0066-4812. Bibcode: 2021Antip..53..629V.
17. ↑ Kilroy, Peter (2024-05-22). "Discovery, settlement or invasion? The power of language in Australia's historical narrative". https://theconversation.com/discovery-settlement-or-invasion-the-power-of-language-in-australias-historical-narrative-57097.
18. ↑ Bryant, Michael (2020). "Canaries in the Mineshaft of American Democracy: North American Settler Genocide in the Thought of Raphaël Lemkin". Genocide Studies and Prevention 14 (1): 21–39. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1632. ISSN 1911-0359. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1632&context=gsp. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
19. ↑ Short, Damien (2016) (in en). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Wolfe, Patrick (2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. ISSN 1462-3528.
21. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (2021). "Colonialism, Frontiers, Genocide: Civilian-Driven Violence in Settler Colonial Situations" (in en). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-41177-5. "not only is genocide necessarily settler colonial (even though settler colonialism is not always genocidal or even successful)"
22. ↑ Veracini 2015, p. 40.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mamdani 2020, p. 253.
24. ↑ Veracini 2015, p. 35.
25. ↑ Weitzer, Ronald (2023-11-15) (in en). Transforming Settler States: Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe. Univ of California Press. pp. 24–30. ISBN 978-0-520-33328-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LVHhEAAAQBAJ.
26. ↑ Liu, Sung-ta (2013-04-01). "Settler urban legacies: A case study of Taipei City". Cities 31: 239–247. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.06.018. ISSN 0264-2751. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026427511200114X.
27. ↑ Bratton, Michael (1979). "Settler State, Guerrilla War and Rural Underdevelopment in Rhodesia". Issue: A Journal of Opinion 9 (1/2): 56–62. doi:10.2307/1166943. ISSN 0047-1607. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166943.
28. ↑ "New Caledonia set for 2nd referendum on independence from France". Al Jazeera. 3 October 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/3/new-caledonia-set-for-2nd-referendum-on-independence-from-france.
29. ↑ McNamee, Lachlan (15 May 2020). "Indonesian Settler Colonialism in West Papua". https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3601528.
30. ↑ Larson, Carolyne R. (2020). The Conquest of the Desert: Argentina's Indigenous Peoples and the Battle for History. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826362087. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78336.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Adhikari, Mohamed (7 September 2017). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review 49 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
32. ↑ Jensehaugen, Helge (3 July 2017). "'Filling the void': Turkish settlement in Northern Cyprus, 1974–1980". Settler Colonial Studies 7 (3): 354–371. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2016.1196031. ISSN 2201-473X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1196031. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
33. ↑ Barclay, Fiona; Chopin, Charlotte Ann; Evans, Martin (12 January 2017). "Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria". Settler Colonial Studies 8 (2): 115–130. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862.
34. ↑ Takumi, Roy (1994). "Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawai'i and Okinawa". Race, Poverty & the Environment 4/5 (4/1): 8–9. ISSN 1532-2874. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41555279.
35. ↑ Ertola, Emanuele (15 March 2016). "'Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970". Settler Colonial Studies 7 (3): 340–353. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
36. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (Winter 2018). "Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 19 (3). doi:10.1353/cch.2018.0023. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/712080. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
37. ↑ Raman, Anita D. (2004). "Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir.". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 11 (1/2): 187–228. doi:10.1163/157181104323383929. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24675261.
38. ↑ Mushtaq, Samreen; Mudasir, Amin (16 October 2021). "'We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir". Third World Quarterly 42 (12): 3012–3029. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
39. ↑ Matin, Kamran (22 July 2025). "Contemporary colonialities: Kurds and Kashmiris: edited by Dibyesh Anand and Nitasha Kaul, London, University of Westminster Press, 2025, 133 pp., $13.99 (paperback), ISBN 978 1 915445 25 4". National Identities: 1–3. doi:10.1080/14608944.2025.2531881. ISSN 1460-8944.
40. ↑ Lu, Sidney Xu (June 2019). "Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism in Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888". The Journal of Asian Studies 78 (3): 521–547. doi:10.1017/S0021911819000147. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/eastward-ho-japanese-settler-colonialism-in-hokkaido-and-the-making-of-japanese-migration-to-the-american-west-18691888/540D1FCAC210EBAC61BE93712B01A6AB. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
41. ↑ Uchida, Jun (3 March 2014). Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945. 337. Harvard University Asia Center. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37. ISBN 978-0674492028. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x07x37.
42. ↑ Amini, Behnam (2025). "National Colonialism: Nation-State, Colonialism and Colonisation of Kurdistan". Nations and Nationalism n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/nana.13138. ISSN 1469-8129.
43. ↑ Christian Bleuer (2012). "State-building, migration and economic development on the frontiers of northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan". Journal of Eurasian Studies 3: 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2011.10.008.
44. ↑ Bleuer, Christian (17 October 2014). "From 'Slavers' to 'Warlords': Descriptions of Afghanistan's Uzbeks in Western Writing". Afghanistan Analysts Network. https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/from-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing/.
45. ↑ Mundt, Alex; Schmeidl, Susanne; Ziai, Shafiqullah (1 June 2009). "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Return of Internally Displaced Persons to Northern Afghanistan". Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/06/01-afghanistan-mundt.
46. ↑ "Paying for the Taliban's Crimes: Abuses Against Ethnic Pashtuns in Northern Afghanistan". Human Rights Watch. April 2002. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/afghan2/afghan0402.pdf.
47. ↑ Lerp, Dörte (11 October 2013). "Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism in the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 41 (4): 567–583. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.836361. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.836361. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Adhikari, Mohamed (25 July 2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1647920548. https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ.
49. ↑ Browning, Christopher R. (8 February 2022). "Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism". The Journal of Holocaust Research 36 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
50. ↑ Rahman, Smita A.; Gordy, Katherine A.; Deylami, Shirin S. (2022). Globalizing Political Theory. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000788884.
51. ↑ Salemink, Oscar (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–336. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35.
52. ↑ Nguyen, Duy Lap (2019). The unimagined community: Imperialism and culture in South Vietnam. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-52614-398-3.
53. ↑ Schweyer, Anne-Valérie (2019). "The Chams in Vietnam: a great unknown civilization". http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization.
54. ↑ Tsai, Lin-chin (2019). Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production (Thesis). UCLA.
55. ↑ Lewis 1983, p. 122. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewis1983 (help)
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Keefer, Edward C. (1973). "Great Britain and Ethiopia, 1897–1910: Competition for Empire". The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6 (3): 468–474. doi:10.2307/216612. ISSN 0361-7882. https://www.jstor.org/stable/216612.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lewis 1983, p. 120. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewis1983 (help)
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Donham & James 1986, p. 179. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonhamJames1986 (help)
59. ↑ Lewis 1983, pp. 2–4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewis1983 (help)
60. ↑ Hamdaoui, Neijma (31 October 2003). "Hassan II lance la Marche verte" (in fr). http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN02113hassaetreve0.
61. ↑ Shefte, Whitney (6 January 2015). "Western Sahara's stranded refugees consider renewal of Morocco conflict". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/06/morocco-western-sahara-referendum-delay.
62. ↑ Cavanagh, E (2013). Settler colonialism and land rights in South Africa: Possession and dispossession on the Orange River. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 10–16. ISBN 978-1-137-30577-0.
63. ↑ Fourie, J (2014). "Settler Skills and Colonial Development: The Huguenot Wine-Makers in Eighteenth-Century Dutch South Africa". Economic History Review 67 (4): 932–963. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.12033.
64. ↑ Mayne, Alan (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Spence, David M. (2021). "From Victims to Colonizers". The SOAS Journal of Postgraduate Research. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/35322/1/Spence_From Victims to Colonizers.pdf.
66. ↑ Parkins, Daniel (2019). Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and the Drive for Social Justice: A Historical Analysis of Identity Based Conflicts in the First Republic of Liberia (Thesis). SIT Graduate Institute.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Founding of Liberia, 1847". https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/liberia.
68. ↑ Guyatt, Nicholas (22 December 2016). "The American Colonization Society: 200 Years of the "Colonizing Trick". Black Perspectives. African American Intellectual History Society. https://www.aaihs.org/the-american-colonization-society-200-years-of-the-colonizing-trick/.
69. ↑ Guyatt, Nicholas (22 December 2016). "The American Colonization Society's plans for abolishing slavery". Oxford University Press’s Academic Insights for the Thinking World. https://blog.oup.com/2016/12/american-colonization-society-abolish-slavery.
70. ↑ Akpan, M. B. (10 March 2014). "Black Imperialism: Americo-Liberian Rule over the African Peoples of Liberia, 1841–1964" (in fr). Canadian Journal of African Studies 7 (2): 217–236. doi:10.1080/00083968.1973.10803695. ISSN 0008-3968. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00083968.1973.10803695.
71. ↑ Massad, Joseph. "Liberia: The African-American settler colony that parallels Israel" (in en). Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-liberia-apartheid-zionism-antisemitism.
72. ↑ Davis, Ronald W. (1975). "The Liberian Struggle for Authority on the Kru Coast". The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8 (2): 222–265. doi:10.2307/216649. https://www.jstor.org/stable/216649. Retrieved 7 August 2025. "The Kru Coast rebellion of 1915 was the most serious uprising in Liberian history, but it presaged even graver difficulties in years to come. Symptomatic of the struggle for hegemony among indigenous Africans, Americo-Liberian colonists, and European traders, it began almost from the moment the first settlers arrived in 1822 and continues in sublimated forms today.".
73. ↑ Akingbade, Harrison (1994). "The Pacification of the Liberian Hinterland". The Journal of Negro History 79 (3): 277–296. doi:10.2307/2717507. ISSN 0022-2992. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2717507. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
74. ↑ Johnson, Charles Spurgeon (1987-12-01). Bitter Canaan. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-1871-1.
75. ↑ "The Doctrine of Discovery". 2 November 2022. https://humanrights.ca/story/doctrine-discovery.
76. ↑ Gourdeau, Claire. "Population – Religious Congregations". Virtual Museum of New France. Canadian Museum of History. http://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/population/religious-congregations/.
77. ↑ Preston, David L. (2009). The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8032-2549-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
78. ↑ Miller, J. R. (2009). Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4426-9227-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPckf7snr8C&pg=PT34. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
79. ↑ "Gradual Civilization Act, 1857". Government of Canada. http://caid.ca/GraCivAct1857.pdf.
80. ↑ "Indian Act". 15 August 2019. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-5/.
81. ↑ "Potlatch Ban". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 11 January 2024. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/potlatch-ban. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
82. ↑ ﻿What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation﻿ (Report). 2015. pp. 192. ISBN 978-0-660-02073-0. http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Principles of Truth and Reconciliation.pdf.
83. ↑

* Williams, L. (2021). Indigenous Intergenerational Resilience: Confronting Cultural and Ecological Crisis. Routledge Studies in Indigenous Peoples and Policy. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-000-47233-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=HehEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT51. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
* Turner, N. J. (2020). Plants, People, and Places: The Roles of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology in Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights in Canada and Beyond. McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-2280-0317-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=JVjZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
* Asch, Michael (1997). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. University of British Columbia Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Uae4mTTyYYC&pg=PA28.
* Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Guthrie, Gail Valaskakis (2009). Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. University of British Columbia Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7748-5863-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSAC&pg=PA9.
* "Indigenous Peoples and Government Policy in Canada". 6 Jun 1944. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-government-policy.

84. ↑ Snelgrove, Corey; Dhamoon, Rita Kaur; Corntassel, Jeff (2014). "Unsettling settler colonialism: The discourse and politics of settlers, and solidarity with Indigenous nations". Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 3 (2): 11–12. https://nycstandswithstandingrock.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/snelgrove-dhamoon-corntassel-2014.pdf.
85. ↑ "Understanding the Overrepresentation of Indigenous People". 11 June 2024. https://www.justice.gc.ca/socjs-esjp/en/ind-aut/uo-cs.
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-0040-3.
87. ↑ "Census 1810–2010: Celebrating 200 Years of the Census in Ohio". https://www.issuelab.org/resources/3973/3973.pdf.
88. ↑ "The 1819 Treaty of Saginaw". News & Views from the CMU Libraries. 26 November 2019. https://blogs.cmich.edu/library/2019/11/26/the-1819-treaty-of-saginaw/.
89. ↑ Crow, John Armstrong (1992). The epic of Latin America. Internet Archive. Berkeley : University of California Press. pp. 129–132. ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2. http://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow.
90. ↑ The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute With Chile, 1870-1902, George V. Rauch, p. 47, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999
91. ↑ Carroll, Rory (13 January 2011). "Argentinian founding father recast as genocidal murderer". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/13/argentinian-founding-father-genocide-row.
92. ↑ Benencia, Cohen, Djenderedjian, Gurrieri, Guzmán, Massé, Mera, Moreno, Roberto, Néstor, Julio, Jorge, Florencia, Gladys, Carolina, José Luis. "Los Inmigrantes en la Construcción de la Argentina" (in es). https://argentina.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl901/files/documents/2016-los-inmigrantes-en-la-construccion-de-la-argentina.pdf.
93. ↑ Bryce, Benjamin (5 May 2023). "A Brief History of Italian Immigration in Argentina". https://bridgetoargentina.com/brief-history/.
94. ↑ Wang, Ju-Han Zoe; Roche, Gerald (16 March 2021). "Urbanizing Minority Minzu in the PRC: Insights from the Literature on Settler Colonialism" (in en). Modern China 48 (3): 593–616. doi:10.1177/0097700421995135. ISSN 0097-7004. https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14776011.
95. ↑ Brooks, Jonathan (2021) (in en), Settler Colonialism, Primitive Accumulation, and Biopolitics in Xinjiang, China, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3965577, ISSN 1556-5068
96. ↑ Clarke, Michael (2021-02-16). "Settler Colonialism and the Path toward Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang". Global Responsibility to Protect 13 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1163/1875-984X-13010002. ISSN 1875-9858.
97. ↑ Ramanujan, Shaurir (2022-12-09). "Reclaiming the Land of the Snows: Analyzing Chinese Settler Colonialism in Tibet". The Columbia Journal of Asia 1 (2): 29–36. doi:10.52214/cja.v1i2.10012. ISSN 2832-8558.
98. ↑ Finley, Joanne Smith (2022-09-01). "Tabula rasa: Han settler colonialism and frontier genocide in "re-educated" Xinjiang" (in en). HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 12 (2): 341–356. doi:10.1086/720902. ISSN 2575-1433.
99. ↑ McGranahan, Carole (2019-12-17). "Chinese Settler Colonialism: Empire and Life in the Tibetan Borderlands". in Gros, Stéphane. Frontier Tibet: Patterns of Change in the Sino-Tibetan Borderlands. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 517–540. doi:10.2307/j.ctvt1sgw7.22. ISBN 978-90-485-4490-5.
100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Powell, Michael (2024-01-05). "The Curious Rise of 'Settler Colonialism' and 'Turtle Island'" (in en). The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/curious-rise-settler-colonialism-and-turtle-island/677005/. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Troen, S. Ilan (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". Israel Affairs 13 (4): 872–884. doi:10.1080/13537120701445372.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej (2022). "Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel". Politics & Society 50 (1): 44–83. doi:10.1177/0032329221999906.
103. ↑ Jamal, Amal (2017). "Neo-Zionism and Palestine: The Unveiling of Settler-Colonial Practices in Mainstream Zionism" (in en). Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 16 (1): 47–78. doi:10.3366/hlps.2017.0152. ISSN 2054-1988. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/hlps.2017.0152.
104. ↑ Tawil-Souri, Helga (2016). "Response to Elia Zureik's Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit". Arab Studies Quarterly 38 (4): 683–687. doi:10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683. ISSN 0271-3519. "Calling Israel a settler colonial regime is an argument increasingly gaining purchase in activist and, to a lesser extent, academic circles.".
105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Schuessler, Jennifer (2024-01-22). "What Is 'Settler Colonialism'?" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html.
106. ↑ Kirsch, Adam (2023-10-26). "Campus Radicals and Leftist Groups Have Embraced the Idea of 'Settler Colonialism'". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/campus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be.
107. ↑ Cohen, Roger (2023-12-10). "Who's a 'Colonizer'? How an Old Word Became a New Weapon" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/europe/colonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html.
108. ↑

* Masalha 2012, p. 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help): "... for decades Zionists themselves used terms such as 'colonisation' (hityashvut) to describe their project in Palestine."
* Morris 2008, p. 3: "But once there, the settlers could not avoid noticing the majority native population. It was from them, as two of the first settlers put it, that 'we shall... take away the country... through stratagems, without drawing upon us their hostility before we become the strong and populous ones.'" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorris2008 (help)
* Jabotinsky 1923, pp. 6–7: "It does not matter at all which phraseology we employ in explaining our colonising aims, Herzl's or Sir Herbert Samuel's. Colonisation carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJabotinsky1923 (help)
* Bar-Yosef 2012, pp. 100–101 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBar-Yosef2012 (help)
* Pessah 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPessah2020 (help): "Yet Herzl's Zionism was indeed rooted in his wish to imitate the European colonialism of his period."

109. ↑ Gelber, Mark H.; Liska, Vivian, eds (2012). Theodor Herzl: From Europe to Zion. De Gruyter. pp. 100–101.
110. ↑ Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" Les Temps Moderne, 1967. Republished in English as Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?, New York, Monad Press, 1973.
111. ↑ Jamal 2017, pp. 47–8.
112. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (2007). "Settler Colonialism and Decolonisation". Borderlands e-Journal 6 (2). http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm. "Israel could celebrate its anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly because it was able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948.".
113. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (2006). Israel and Settler Society. London: Pluto Press.
114. ↑ Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class, Vol. 11, Nira Yuval-Davis (Editor), Daiva K Stasiulis (Editor), Paperback 352pp, ISBN 978-0-8039-8694-7, August 1995 SAGE Publications.
115. ↑ "Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question", Routledge, NY, (2006) and "The Pre-Occupation of Post-Colonial Studies" ed. Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Rahita Seshadri. (Durham: Duke University Press)
116. ↑ The Palestinian Enclaves Struggle: An Interview with Ilan Pappé , King's Review – Magazine
117. ↑ Video: Decolonizing Israel. Ilan Pappé on Viewing Israel-Palestine Through the Lens of Settler-Colonialism. Antiwar.com, 5 April 2017
118. ↑ Amal Jamal (2011). Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of Indigeneity. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-136-82412-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&pg=PA48.
119. ↑ Short, Damien (December 2012). "Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?". The International Journal of Human Rights. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258433114.
120. ↑ Troen, S. Ilan (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". Israel Affairs 13 (4): 872–884. doi:10.1080/13537120701445372.
121. ↑ Moshe Lissak, "'Critical' Sociology and 'Establishment' Sociology in the Israeli Academic Community: Ideological Struggles or Academic Discourse?" Israel Studies 1:1 (1996), 247-294.
122. ↑ Sunderland, Willard (2000). "The 'Colonization Question': Visions of Colonization in Late Imperial Russia". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 48 (2): 210–232.
123. ↑ Forsyth, James (1992). A history of the peoples of Siberia. Internet Archive. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–228, 241–346. ISBN 978-0-521-40311-5. http://archive.org/details/historyofpeoples00fors.
124. ↑ Lantzeff, George V.; Pierce, Richard A. (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750. McGill-Queen's University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1w0dbpp.
125. ↑ Hill, Nathaniel (25 October 2021). "Conquering Siberia: The Case for Genocide Recognition". https://www.genocidewatchblog.com/post/conquering-siberia-the-case-for-genocide-recognition.
126. ↑ Veracini 2013: "The domination of Latin America, North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Asian part of the Soviet Union by European powers all involved the migration of permanent settlers from the European country to the colonies. These places were colonized."
127. ↑ Pohl, J. Otto (2015-03-01). "The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Context of Settler Colonialism". Uluslararasi Suçlar ve Tarih (16). ISSN 1306-9136. https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB:gcd:10:27111914/detailv2?sid=ebsco:plink:scholar&id=ebsco:gcd:114973672&crl=c&link_origin=scholar.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
128. ↑ Bartels, Dennis; Bartels, Alice L. (2006). "Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North and Cold War Ideology". Anthropologica 48 (2): 265–279. doi:10.2307/25605315.
129. ↑ Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 15.
130. ↑ Page, A. (September 2015). "The Australian Settler State, Indigenous Agency, and the Indigenous Sector in the Twenty First Century". Australian Political Studies Association Conference. http://www.apsa2015.org/uploads/4/5/1/9/45190879/alexander_page_-_the_australian_settler_state_indigenous_agency_and_the_indigenous_sector_in_the_twenty_first_century.pdf.
131. ↑ Page, A.; Petray, T. (2015). "Agency and Structural Constraints: Indigenous Peoples and the Settler-State in North Queensland". Settler Colonial Studies 5 (2).
132. ↑ "Convicts and the British colonies in Australia". Government of Australia. http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/convicts-and-the-british-colonies.
133. ↑ "Convicts and the Colonisation of Australia, 1788-1868 | The Digital Panopticon" (in en). https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/Convicts_and_the_Colonisation_of_Australia,_1788-1868.
134. ↑ Veracini 2015, p. 44.
135. ↑ Adhikari, Mohamed. "Destroying to replace: reflections on motive forces behind civilian-driven violence in settler genocides of Indigenous peoples". In Simon & Kahn (2023), pp. 42–53. Harvc error: no target: CITEREFSimonKahn2023 (help)
136. ↑ Byrd, Jodi A. (2011-09-06) (in en). The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism. University of Minnesota Press. pp. xix. ISBN 978-1-4529-3317-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=3_JNcXnUjZkC.
137. ↑ Dahl 2018, p. 1.

### Works cited

* Dahl, Adam (2018) (in en). Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2607-6.
* Veracini, Lorenzo (2013). "'Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 41 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.768099. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

## Further reading

* Adhikari, Mohamed (2021). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-41177-5.
* Cox, Alicia. "Settler Colonialism". Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0029.xml.
* Englert, Sai (2022) (in en). Settler Colonialism: An Introduction. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-4490-4.
* Belich, James (2009). Replenishing the earth: the settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-19-929727-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh76bzOX7XAC.
* Horne, Gerald. The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean. Monthly Review Press, 2018. 243p. ISBN 9781583676639
* Horne, Gerald. The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century. Monthly Review Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-58367-875-6.
* Mamdani, Mahmood (2020) (in en). Neither Settler nor Native. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98732-6.
* Manjapra, Kris (2020). "Settlement". Colonialism in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–70. ISBN 978-1-108-42526-1.
* Marx, Christoph (2017). Settler Colonies, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History , retrieved: 17 March 2021 (pdf).
* Mikdashi, Maya (2013). What is settler colonialism? American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37.2: 23–34.
* Pedersen, Susan; Elkins, Caroline, eds (2005). Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century. Routledge.
* Sakai, J. (1983). Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-62963-037-3.
* Veracini, Lorenzo (2010). Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 182. ISBN 9780230284906.
* Veracini, Lorenzo (2015) (in en). The Settler Colonial Present. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-37247-5.
* Wolfe, Patrick (2016). Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race. Verso Books.

## External links

* Articles on Settler Colonialism in Western American Literature

Template:Colonialism

* v
* t
* e

Colonization, decolonization, and neocolonialism

Earth|

| Exploration|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Oceania
* Antarctica — World oceans

|

Colonization|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Oceania
* Antarctica

* World oceans
* Subterranea

Decolonization|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Oceania

General
topics|

| Exploration|

* Maritime history (European)
* Age of Discovery
* Solar System discovery

|

Colonization|

* Antiquity — Imperialism
* Chartered companies
* Interventionism
* Colonialism
* chronology
* history
* empires
* detribalization
* settler colonialism
* wars
* Current: Non-Self-Governing
* Dependent
* Space Station — Space Militarization
* Commercial use of space

Colonial empires
in Modern era|

* Overseas, major: British
* Dutch
* French
* German
* Italian
* Portuguese
* Spanish

* Overseas, minor: American
* Australian
* Austro-Hungarian
* Belgian
* Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
* Danish
* New Zealand
* Norwegian
* Swedish

* Mostly contiguous: American
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Ottoman
* Russian
* South African

Decolonization|

* Wars of national liberation — Predecessors of sovereign states
* in Europe
* in South America
* Independence referendum
* Sovereign states formation dates

Postcolonialism|

* Independence
* Internal colonialism
* Nation-building
* Neo-colonialism
* Postcolonialism (international relations)

* Terra nullius
* Indigenous peoples
* Uncontacted peoples

Outer space|

| Exploration|

* Mercury
* Venus
* Moon
* Lagrangian points
* Mars
* Phobos
* Ceres
* Asteroids
* Outer Solar System: Jupiter
* Europa
* Callisto
* Saturn
* Titan
* Uranus
* Neptune
* trans-Neptunian objects
* Pluto

|

Colonization|

* Mercury
* Venus
* Moon
* Lagrangian points
* Mars
* Phobos
* Asteroids
* Outer Solar System: Jupiter
* Europa
* Callisto
* Saturn
* Titan
* Uranus
* Neptune
* trans-Neptunian objects
* Pluto

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler colonialism. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Settler_colonialism&oldid=4235997"
*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template