Sham marriage

Short description: False marriage of convenience for gain

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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Officers from the UK Border Agency lead away the would-be bride in an operation to prevent a suspected sham marriage.

A sham marriage or fake marriage is a marriage of convenience entered into without intending to create a real marital relationship. This is usually for the purpose of gaining an advantage from the marriage.

Definitions of sham marriage vary by jurisdiction, but are often related to poverty. The essential point in the varying definitions is whether the couple intend to live in a real marital relationship, to establish a life together.[1] A typical definition by the UK Home Office in 2015:[2]

> A sham marriage or civil partnership is one where the relationship is not genuine but one party hopes to gain an immigration advantage from it. There is no subsisting relationship, dependency, or intent to live as husband and wife or civil partners.

While referred to as a "sham" or "fake" because of its motivation, the union itself is legally valid if it conforms to the formal legal requirements for marriage in the jurisdiction. Arranging or entering into such a marriage to deceive public officials is in itself a violation of the law of some countries, for example the US.

After a period, couples often divorce if there is no purpose in remaining married. The reverse situation, in which a couple gets a divorce while continuing to live together, is called paper divorce.

## Contents

* 1 Marriage fraud
* 2 Background
* 3 Fraud
* 3.1 United Kingdom
* 3.2 United States
* 3.3 Switzerland
* 3.4 India
* 4 Legislation and investigation
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Marriage fraud

Sham marriages are sometimes considered distinct from a marriage fraud, which is a type of romance scam, in which one spouse is unwittingly taken advantage of by the foreign spouse who feigns romantic interest, typically in order to obtain a residence permit or for money.[3][4][5]

## Background

Common reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration,[6][7] residency, work, or citizenship rights for one of the spouses.

There have been cases of people entering into a sham marriage to avoid suspicion of homosexuality, bisexuality, etc. For example, Hollywood studios had allegedly requested homosexual/homoromantic actors, such as Rock Hudson, to conceal their homosexuality in a so-called lavender marriage.[8][9]

Sham marriages have also been used to avoid military conscription in the US[10] and Israel.

## Fraud

Since the intersection of citizenship-by-marriage laws and affordable international travel in the latter half of the 20th century, sham marriages have become a common method to allow a foreigner to reside, and possibly gain citizenship, in the country of the spouse.[11] The couple marries with knowledge that the marriage is solely for the purpose of obtaining the favorable immigration status, and without intending to live as a couple. This is frequently arranged as a business transaction with payment of a sum of money, and occurs more commonly with foreigners already in the country.

### United Kingdom

In the UK, sham marriage is a form of immigration fraud undertaken to gain legal immigrant status. The fraud is investigated mostly by the UK Border Force and previously by the UK Border Agency.

Increases in sham marriage were reported in London boroughs such as Wandsworth.[12] In August 2010, a senior registrar in Ireland estimated that 15 percent of civil marriages were bogus, for the purpose of gaining residency.[13] Before 2010, people would need a marriage visa from their own country of origin.

In April 2011, the Border Agency issued guidance to clergy to help prevent sham marriages intended only to gain the right to reside. English and Welsh clergy may perform a marriage, according to the law there. They have been advised not to offer to publish banns for any marriage where one partner is from outside the European Union. Instead, the couple were to be asked to apply for a licence; if a member of the clergy is not satisfied that a marriage is genuine, they must make that clear to the person responsible for granting the licence.[14]

Since the Home Office hostile environment policy started in 2012, there has been criticism in the UK of heavy-handed action affecting genuine marriages. Genuine weddings have been interrupted, and dawn raids have been made to check whether couples are sharing a bed. People have been detained for months on wrongly being accused of being in a sham marriage. In 2018, 1,618 marriages reported by registrars as being suspicious were investigated; the Home Office refused to say how many were found to be sham.[15]

In 2013, the Home Office estimated that between 4,000 and 10,000 marriages per year were sham marriages entered for the purpose of gaining legal immigration status for the non-EU partner.[16]

### United States

A US green card

A green card marriage is a marriage of convenience between a legal resident of the United States of America and a person who would be ineligible for residency if they were not being married to the resident. The term derives from the availability of permanent resident documents ("green cards") for spouses of legal residents in the United States, where marriage is one of the fastest and surest ways to obtain legal residence.[17] Marriages, if legitimate, entitle the spouse to live and work in the United States, as in most other countries. In the United States, 2.3 million marriage visas were approved from 1998 through 2007, representing 25% of all green cards in 2007. Even if the non-resident spouse was previously an illegal immigrant, marriage entitles the spouse to residency.[17]{{better source needed|date=August 2021} Most marriages between residents and non-residents are undertaken properly, for reasons other than or in addition to residency status. That said, the practice of obtaining residency through marriage is illegal in the United States if the marriage itself is fraudulent.[18] A marriage that is solely for purposes of obtaining legal residence is considered a sham, and is a crime in the United States for both participants.[19]

Many of the arrangements are simple transactions between two individuals, often in exchange for money paid to the legal resident. In other cases the legal resident is an unwitting victim of a fraudulent marriage.[20] In yet other cases the marriages are arranged by criminal enterprises, sometimes involving the complicity of corrupt immigration officials who accept payment for describing the marriage as legitimate in immigration paperwork.[21]

### Switzerland

In Switzerland, sham marriages are punished with a monetary punishment or prison if crucial information is intentionally withheld from immigration authorities, or if somebody is married to circumvent immigration laws.[22] Before 2005, being involved in a sham marriage was not punished, but the marriage was dissolved anyway if it manifested an abuse of rights – with the usual consequence that the foreigner lost his permit and had to leave the country. Marriages for any other purpose than circumventing immigration laws (e.g. avoiding inheritance taxes) are legal.

### India

Matrimonial fraud[23] is heavily increasing in India.[24] Some women have been convicted of honey-trapping men into marriages, and later filing fraudulent complaints, with the goal of taking money.[25]

## Legislation and investigation

In United States immigration law, marriage not made in good faith and for purposes of immigration fraud is a felony, subject to a penalty of a US$250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence on the citizen, and deportation of the foreigner.[26] In the 2009 fiscal year, 506 of the 241,154 petitions filed were denied for suspected fraud, a rate of only 0.2%.[27] U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services typically conducts an interview of marriage-based green card applicants, with additional scrutiny if they are from a developing country, have a different ethnicity or religion from their sponsor, have a large age gap with their sponsor, or have a history of prior marriage-based green card applications.[28]

In Canada, legislation on sham marriages was strengthened in 2012.[29] Continuous controversy arose regarding the issue; Canadian officials have been accused both of being too harsh and harassing couples and of being too lenient in deciding what is a genuine relationship.[30] In addition, there have been objections to the policy from women's organizations, which argued that the new policy which requires the sponsor and the new spouse to live in a "genuine relationship" for two years endangers women who are victims of domestic violence. Although there is an exception to this rule in cases of abuse,[31] the policy has been accused of being too weak (as abuse is difficult to prove).[32]

## See also

* Arranged marriage
* Beard (companion)
* Bogus colleges in the United Kingdom
* Green Card (film)—in which a sham marriage is the main plot
* Heqin
* Hollywood marriage—including marriages entered into and promoted primarily for their publicity value
* Legal consequences of marriage and civil partnership in England and Wales
* Mail-order bride—often involving brides wishing to get immigration access to a mate's country
* Mariage blanc—a marriage without consummation
* Marriage of convenience—of which "sham" marriages are a subgroup
* Marriage in the United Kingdom
* National Border Targeting Centre
* The Proposal (film)—a romantic comedy set around what is initially a fake marriage
* U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) § Passport and visa fraud
* Void marriage—an attempted marriage which does not even meet the legal requirements for a marriage
* In episode 10 "A Legal Matter" of season 6 of That '70s Show, Fez carelessly reveals that his marriage is a sham to an immigration officer, as well as in episode 16 "My Fairy King" of season 8, Hyde finds out that Samantha lead him on in a fake marriage.
* Jus soli

## References

1. ↑ Law Offices of Susan V. Perez. "A Bad Marriage Is Not the Same as a Sham Marriage". HG.org. https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/a-bad-marriage-is-not-the-same-as-a-sham-marriage-28481.
2. ↑ "Criminal investigation: sham marriage". UK Government - Home Office. 19 August 2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/488521/Sham_Marriages_v1.0_EXT_clean.pdf.
3. ↑ "Victims of Immigration Fraud". http://voif.org/.
4. ↑ "Romance Scams". https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/romance-scams.
5. ↑ Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship (9 October 2009). "Protect yourself from marriage fraud - Canada.ca". https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/protect-fraud/marriage-fraud.html.
6. ↑ "Owner of Thai Ginger admits to immigration fraud – paying people to 'marry' her relatives". Bellevue Reporter. 2009-10-23. http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/bel/news/65882672.html.
7. ↑ "Thai Ginger owner sentenced for sham-marriage scheme". Seattle Times. 2010-02-19. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011129819_thaiginger20m.html.
8. ↑ "LGBT Asians turning to marriages of convenience". 8 November 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-41899363.amp.
9. ↑ "Sham Marriages Between Gay Men and Lesbians Are on the Rise in China". 7 March 2016. https://www.vice.com/en/article/gay-men-and-lesbians-in-china-are-getting-married-inside-the-chinese-closet/.
10. ↑ Orvedahl, Reid (2001-02-01). "PrimeTime: Marrying to Avoid Draft". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=132298.
11. ↑ Walter, Sim. "Convictions for bogus marriages soar to 284: ICA". http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/courts-crime/story/convictions-bogus-marriages-soar-284-ica-20140626.
12. ↑ "Rise in sham marriages to beat UK immigration laws". BBC News. 7 January 2010. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8444360.stm.
13. ↑ "Registrar warns of rapid rise in 'sham marriages'". The Irish Times. 17 August 2010. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2010/0817/1224276972826.html.
14. ↑ "Bishops act to tackle sham marriages". homeoffice.gov.uk. 11 April 2011. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/news/sham-marriage-bishops.
15. ↑ "Couples face 'insulting' checks in sham marriage crackdown". 14 April 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/14/couples-sham-marriage-crackdown-hostile-environment.
16. ↑ Wright, Robert (9 September 2018). "Crackdown on sham marriages leaves migrants in limbo". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/3a724c10-ac47-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 David Seminara (November 2008). "Hello, I Love You, Won't You Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon". Center for Immigration Studies. http://www.cis.org/marriagefraud.
18. ↑ "Man pleads not guilty in alleged Internet green card marriage". Associated Press. 2007-12-31. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/12/31/state/n163542S96.DTL&feed=rss.news.
19. ↑ Scott Glover (2007-12-07). "Pair arrested in green card marriage that resulted from Web ads". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/technology/la-me-craigslist7dec07,1,68047.story.
20. ↑ Greg Gordon (1997-09-27). "For love or a green card? As tougher INS laws loom: Minnesotan tells her story". Minneapolis Star-Tribune. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62616735.html.
21. ↑ Bill Hutchinson (2006-06-08). "Immig officer & sis held in scam". New York Daily news. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2006/06/08/2006-06-08_immig_officer___sis_held_in_.html.
22. ↑ "Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration". Swiss Confederation. 2023-04-01. https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2007/758/en. Article 118.
23. ↑ "Speedy Justice: The Absolute Essentiality in Divorce Cases in Karnataka" (in en). https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=6123.
24. ↑ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (2018-06-15). "Matrimonial frauds on the rise" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/matrimonial-frauds-on-the-rise/article24176353.ece.
25. ↑ Swamy, DHNS, H. M. Chaithanya. "Woman arrested for honey-trapping men she found on matrimonial site" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/woman-arrested-for-honey-trapping-men-she-found-on-matrimonial-site-935297.html.
26. ↑ "Just Say No to Immigration Marriage Fraud". The Law Office of Tanya M. Lee. http://aboutusvisas.com/immigration-marriage-fraud/.
27. ↑ "Investigating Marriage Fraud in New York". Ny Times. June 11, 2010. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13fraud.html?pagewanted=all.
28. ↑ "Red Flags for "Marriage Fraud" in the US" (in en-US). https://djjon.es/?p=1346.
29. ↑ "Marriage fraud". cic.gc.ca. 9 October 2009. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/protection/fraud/marriage.asp.
30. ↑ "Marriage fraud: Canadian immigration officials tread thin line". thestar.com. 29 April 2013. https://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2013/04/29/marriage_fraud_canadian_immigration_officials_tread_thin_line.html.
31. ↑ "Backgrounder — Conditional Permanent Resident Status". cic.gc.ca. 26 October 2012. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/backgrounders/2012/2012-10-26a.asp.
32. ↑ "Canadian immigration changes force women to stay with sponsoring spouse for two years". thestar.com. 5 December 2012. https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/2012/12/05/canadian_immigration_changes_force_women_to_stay_with_sponsoring_spouse_for_two_years.html.

## Further reading

* Academic article on political discourse & policies on forced and fraudulent marriages in the Netherlands: Bonjour&De Hart 2013, "A proper wife, a proper marriage. Constructions of 'us' and 'them' in Dutch family migration policy", European Journal of Women's Studies
* Academic article providing two telling examples of the fear of and resort to sham marriage in eighteenth-century England. Castro Santana, A (2015). "Sham Marriages and Proper Plots: Henry Fielding's Shamela and Joseph Andrews". English Studies 96 (6): 636–653.
* Academic article on how the distinction between interest and love informs immigration authorities categorizations of marriages as "sham" or "genuine": Andrikopoulos 2021, "Love, money and papers in the affective circuits of cross-border marriages: beyond the ‘sham’/‘genuine’ dichotomy". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (2): 343-360.

## External links

* UK Government

* v
* t
* e

Types of fraud

Business-related|

* Billing
* Cramming
* Disability
* Drug / Pharmaceutical
* Email
* Employment
* Fixing
* Impersonation
* Intellectual property
* Internet
* Job
* Long firm
* Odometer
* Phone
* Quackery / Health care
* Racketeering
* Return
* Tech support
* Slamming
* Telemarketing
* Wine

Family-related|

* Marriage
* Paternity

Financial-related|

* Advance-fee
* Lottery scam
* Bank
* Bankruptcy
* Chargeback
* Cheque
* Credit card
* Forex
* Insurance
* Lottery
* Mortgage
* Securities
* Shill bidding
* Tax

Government-related|

* Benefit
* Electoral
* Medicare
* Visa
* Welfare

Other types|

* Affinity
* Charity
* Confidence trick
* Counterfeiting
* Faked death
* Forgery
* Hoax
* Impersonation
* Mail and wire
* honest services
* Romance
* Bride
* Scientific
* Spyware
* Vomit
* White-collar crime

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Types of marriages

Age|

* Adult
* Child
* Teen

Arranged|

* Flash
* Forced
* Abduction
* Raptio
* Heqin
* Miai
* Shotgun
* Tongyangxi

Ceremonial|

* Betrothal
* Handfasting
* Wedding
* Las Vegas
* Proxy
* Quaker

Circumstantial
basis|

| Death|

* Posthumous
* Chinese ghost marriage
* Widow inheritance
* Ghost marriage in South Sudan
* Levirate
* Yibbum
* Widow conservation

|

Financial|

* Flash
* Hypergamy
* Naked
* Peer
* Tongyangxi
* Trial

Convenience|

* Lavender
* Sham
* Green card
* Marriage allowance
* Predatory

Other|

* Exchange
* Watta satta
* Heqin
* Love
* Sologamy
* Sororate

De facto|

* Common-law
* Nikah 'urfi
* Plaçage

Endogamy|

* Consanguine
* Avunculate
* Cousin
* Middle Eastern
* Homogamy
* Royal intermarriage

Exogamy|

* Human–animal
* Hypergamy
* Inter-caste
* Interethnic
* International
* Interracial
* Interfaith
* Mixed-orientation
* Morganatic

Legal scenarios|

* Civil
* Concubinage
* Covenant
* Customary
* Nikah 'urfi
* Plaçage
* Fleet
* Monogamy
* Serial monogamy
* Remarriage
* Temporary
* Hollywood
* Nikah mut'ah
* Wedlease
* Voidable
* Putative
* Void

Non-monogamous|

* Group
* Line
* Open
* Plural
* Bigamy
* Polygamy
* Polyandry
* Polygyny

Religious|

* Christian
* Catholic
* Josephite
* Eastern Orthodox
* Mormon
* Clerical marriage
* Islamic
* Misyar
* Nikah mut'ah
* Nikah 'urfi
* Levirate
* Yibbum
* Natural
* Self-uniting
* Widow conservation
* Yogic

Sexless|

* Mariage blanc

Other|

* Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
* Boston
* Walking

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