Simplified Wade

Chinese romanization

Mandarin

Standard Chinese

* Hanyu Pinyin (ISO standard)
* EFEO
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Spelling conventions
* Latinxua Sin Wenz
* Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
* Postal romanization
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* Yale romanization
* Lessing-Othmer
* Legge romanization
* Simplified Wade
* Comparison chart

Sichuanese

* Sichuanese Pinyin
* Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz

Common Scheme for all Wu

* Romanization of Wu Chinese

Wenzhounese

* Wenzhounese romanization

Yue

Cantonese

* Jyutping
* Yale romanization
* Guangdong Romanization
* Hong Kong Government
* Macau Government
* Meyer–Wempe
* Sidney Lau
* S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
* S. L. Wong (romanization)
* Cantonese Pinyin
* Standard Romanization
* Barnett–Chao
* Comparison chart

Min

Taiwanese, Amoy and related

* Pe̍h-ōe-jī
* Modern Literal Taiwanese
* Phofsit Daibuun
* Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi
* Bbánlám pìngyīm
* Daighi tongiong pingim
* TLPA
* Tâi-lô
* Comparison chart

Teochew

* Peng'im

Fuzhounese

* Foochow Romanized
* Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme

Minbei

* Kienning Colloquial Romanized

Putianese

* Hinghwa Romanized

Hainanese

* Hainan Romanized (Haikou dialect)
* Hainanese Transliteration Scheme (Wenchang dialect)

Gan

Chang-Du dialect

* Pinfa
* Pha̍k-oa-chhi

Hakka

Meixian dialect

* Pinfa
* Hagfa Pinyim

Sixian dialect

* Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
* TLPA

Xiang

Chang–Yi dialects

* Pinfa

See also

Other transliterations

* General Chinese
* Cyrillization
* Xiao'erjing
* 'Phags-pa script
* Bopomofo
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters
* Manchu transliteration
* Transcription into Chinese

By place

* Romanization in Hong Kong
* Romanization in Singapore
* Romanization in Taiwan

* v
* t
* e

Simplified Wade, abbreviated SW, is a modification of the Wade–Giles romanization system for writing Standard Mandarin Chinese. It was devised by the Swedish linguist Olov Bertil Anderson (1920-1993),[1] who first published the system in 1969.[2] Simplified Wade uses tonal spelling: in other words it modifies the letters in a syllable in order to indicate tone differences. It is one of only two Mandarin romanization systems that indicate tones in such a way (the other being Gwoyeu Romatzyh). All other systems use diacritics or numbers to indicate tone.

## Contents

* 1 Initials
* 2 Finals
* 2.1 Equivalents of Wade–Giles ü
* 3 Tones
* 4 The right apostrophe
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 Citations
* 8 Bibliography
* 9 External links

## Initials

One of the important changes that Anderson made to Wade–Giles to was to replace the apostrophe following aspirated consonants with an ⟨h⟩.[note 1] This modification, previously used in the Legge romanization, was also adopted by Joseph Needham in his Science and Civilisation in China series. The table below illustrates the spelling difference.[3]

Wade–
Giles | Simplified
Wade  | Hànyǔ
Pīnyīn  | IPA

|
|
|

pTemplate:Wg-apos | ph  | p  | pʰ
tTemplate:Wg-apos | th  | t  | tʰ
kTemplate:Wg-apos | kh  | k  | kʰ
chTemplate:Wg-apos | chh  | q  | tɕʰ
ch  | tʂʰ
tsTemplate:Wg-apos | tsh  | c  | tsʰ
tzTemplate:Wg-apos

While Wade–Giles spells the initials differently before the vowel [ɹ̩] (written ŭ in WG but y in SW), Simplified Wade spells them the same as everywhere else:[4]

Wade–
Giles  | Simplified
Wade

|

tzŭ but
tsu, tsang, etc.  | tsy like
tsu, tsang, etc.
tzTemplate:Wg-aposŭ but
tsTemplate:Wg-aposu, tsTemplate:Wg-aposang, etc.  | tshy like
tshu, tshang, etc.
ssŭ but
su, sang, etc.  | sy like
su, sang, etc.

Like most romanization systems for Standard Mandarin, Simplified Wade uses r for Wade–Giles j: WG jih, jê, jên, jêng, jo, jui, jung, etc., become SW ry, re, ren, reng, ro, ruei, rung, etc.[5]

All other initials are the same as in Wade–Giles.[6]

## Finals

The finals of Simplified Wade differ from those of Wade–Giles in the following ways:[7]

* An -h at the end of a Wade–Giles final is dropped in Simplified Wade: WG -ieh, yeh, -üeh, yüeh, êrh become SW -ie, ye, -üe (but see below), yüe (but see below), er.

* A circumflex in a Wade–Giles final is dropped in Simplified Wade: WG ê, -ên, wên, -êng, wêng, êrh become SW e, -en, wen, -eng, weng, er.

* The Wade–Giles ê/o final is always e in Simplified Wade: for Wade–Giles ko, kTemplate:Wg-aposo, ho; ê or o; tê, tTemplate:Wg-aposê, chê, chTemplate:Wg-aposê, tsê, tsTemplate:Wg-aposê, jê, etc., Simplified Wade has ke, khe, he; e; te, the, che, chhe, tse, tshe, re, etc.

* The Wade–Giles ui/uei final is always uei in Simplified Wade (except when it forms a syllable on its own; then it is wei in both WG and SW). Wade–Giles writes kuei and kTemplate:Wg-aposuei but otherwise -ui (hui, shui, jui, etc.), while Simplified Wade writes not only kuei and khuei but also huei, shuei, ruei, etc.

* While Wade–Giles writes the syllable [i] as i or yi depending on the character, Simplified Wade consistently uses yi.

* Like Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Simplified Wade uses -y for Wade–Giles -ih and -ŭ: WG chih, chTemplate:Wg-aposih, shih, jih, tzŭ, tzTemplate:Wg-aposŭ, ssŭ become SW chy, chhy, shy, ry, tsy, tshy, sy.

### Equivalents of Wade–Giles ü

When ü is available, it is used as in Wade–Giles. Otherwise, the following rules apply:

* The Wade–Giles syllable yu becomes you and WG yü becomes yu: WG yu, yü, yüeh, yüan, yün become you, yu, yue, yuan, yun (yung remains yung).

* Wade–Giles hsü becomes hsu or hsyu: WG hsüeh becomes hsue or hsyue; WG hsüan becomes hsuan or hsyuan; WG hsün becomes hsun or hsyun; WG hsü becomes hsu or hsyu.

* In all other cases, Wade–Giles ü becomes yu, e.g., nyu, lyue, chyu, chyun, chhyu, chhyue, chhyuan.

## Tones

Both Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Simplified Wade use tonal spelling, but in two very different fashions. In Gwoyeu Romatzyh, the spelling of the tone and the spelling of the final often fuse together: WG -iao has the basic spelling -iau in GR, which becomes -yau in the 2nd tone, -eau in the 3rd tone, -iaw in the 4th tone, and remains -iau in the 1st tone – hence WG chiao1, chiao2, chiao3, chiao4 become GR jiau, jyau, jeau, jiaw. There are different rules for different cases: WG pTemplate:Wg-aposin1, pTemplate:Wg-aposin2, pTemplate:Wg-aposin3, pTemplate:Wg-aposin4 become GR pin, pyn, piin, pinn, but WG sui1, sui2, sui3, sui4 become GR suei, swei, soei, suey.

In Simplified Wade, on the other hand, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tones are always indicated by an otherwise silent letter following the final: -v for the 2nd tone, -x for the 3rd tone, and -z for the 4th tone.[8] The spelling of the tone and the spelling of the final are always separable from each other. Simplified Wade's tonal spelling is therefore similar to the adding of a digit at the end of the syllable.

The 1st tone is always indicated by the absence of a letter following the final.[9] Examples:

First
tone  | Second
tone  | Third
tone  | Fourth
tone

|
|
|

ma  | mav | max | maz
chiao  | chiaov | chiaox | chiaoz
phin  | phinv | phinx | phinz
suei  | sueiv | sueix | sueiz

When a vertical apostrophe is used above one or more syllables, any syllable without a vertical apostrophe carries the neutral tone: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn lái le is la̍iv-le in Simplified Wade.[10]

## The right apostrophe

A right apostrophe is used to indicate a syllable break in an otherwise ambiguous spelling, e.g., piʼaox for WG pi1-ao3, freeing up the spelling piaox to unambiguously mean WG piao3.[11] Due to the tone letters, this is only needed when the first syllable carries tone 1.

## See also

* Wade–Giles
* Wade–Giles table
* Comparison of Chinese transcription systems
* Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh

## Notes

1. ↑ The IPA also indicates aspiration with a (superscript) h.

## Citations

1. ↑ Malmqvist (2011: 310).
2. ↑ Anderson (1973).
3. ↑ Anderson (1973).
4. ↑ Anderson (1973).
5. ↑ Anderson (1973).
6. ↑ Anderson (1973).
7. ↑ Anderson (1973).
8. ↑ Anderson (1973).
9. ↑ Anderson (1973).
10. ↑ Anderson (1973).
11. ↑ Anderson (1973).

## Bibliography

* Anderson, Olov Bertil (1970). A Concordance to Five Systems of Transcription for Standard Chinese. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
* Anderson, Olov Bertil (1973). Konkordans till fem transkriptionssystem för kinesiskt riksspråk. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
* Malmqvist, N. G. D. (2011). Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.

## External links

* A review of Anderson (1970), explaining Simplified Wade with an example

* v
* t
* e

Chinese language

Major
subdivisions|

| Mandarin|

* Northeastern
* Harbin
* Shenyang
* Taz
* Beijing
* Beijing
* Ji–Lu
* Tianjin
* Jinan
* Jiao–Liao
* Dalian
* Qingdao
* Weihai
* Central Plains
* Gangou
* Guanzhong
* Luoyang
* Xuzhou
* Dungan
* Dongping
* Lan–Yin
* Southwestern
* Sichuanese
* Minjiang
* Kunming
* Wuhan
* Wuming
* Lower Yangtze
* Nanjing
* Xinjiang

|

Wu|

* Taihu
* Shanghainese
* Suzhou
* Wuxi
* Changzhou
* Hangzhou
* Shaoxing
* Ningbo
* Jinxiang
* Jiangyin
* Shadi
* Taizhou Wu
* Taizhou
* Tiantai
* Oujiang
* Wenzhou
* Wuzhou
* Jinhua
* Chu–Qu
* Quzhou
* Jiangshan
* Qingtian
* Xuanzhou

Gan|

* Chang–Du
* Yi–Liu
* Ying–Yi
* Da–Tong

Xiang|

* Changyi
* Changsha
* Loushao
* Shuangfeng
* Xiangxiang
* Ji–Xu
* Yong–Quan
* Qiyang

Min|

| Eastern|

* Fuzhou
* Fuqing
* Fu'an
* Manjiang

|

Southern|

* Hokkien
* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Amoy
* Taiwanese
* Philippine Hokkien
* Medan Hokkien
* Penang Hokkien
* Singaporean Hokkien
* Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
* Burmese Hokkien
* Zhenan
* Longyan
* Chaoshan
* Teochew
* Shantou
* Haifeng
* Zhongshan
* Nanlang
* Sanxiang

Other|

* Northern
* Jian'ou
* Jianyang
* Central
* Pu–Xian
* Shao–Jiang
* Leizhou
* Zhanjiang
* Hainan

Hakka|

* Meixian
* Wuhua
* Huizhou
* Tingzhou
* Changting
* Taiwanese Hakka
* Sixian
* Hailu
* Raoping

Yue|

* Yuehai
* Cantonese
* Xiguan
* Jiujiang
* Shiqi
* Weitou
* Dapeng
* Gao–Yang
* Siyi
* Taishan
* Goulou
* Wu–Hua
* Yong–Xun
* Luo–Guang
* Qin–Lian

Proposed|

* Huizhou
* Jin
* Hohhot
* Pinghua

Unclassified|

* Badong Yao
* Danzhou
* Junjiahua
* Mai
* Shaozhou Tuhua
* Shehua
* Waxiang
* Yeheni

Standardised
forms|

* Standard Chinese (Mandarin)
* Sichuanese
* Taiwanese
* Philippine
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Cantonese
* Taiwanese Hokkien

Phonology|

* Historical
* Old
* Old National
* Cantonese
* Mandarin
* Literary and colloquial readings

Grammar|

* Chinese grammar
* Chinese numerals
* Chinese classifier
* Chinese honorifics
* Chinese Idiom

Set phrase|

* Chengyu (Chinese Four Character Idiom)
* Xiehouyu

Input method|

* Pinyin input method
* Bopomofo
* Cangjie input method
* Four-Corner method
* Boshiamy method
* Wubi method

History|

* Old Chinese
* Eastern Han
* Middle Chinese
* Old Mandarin
* Middle Mandarin
* Proto-Min
* Ba–Shu
* Gan

Literary
forms|

| Official|

* Classical
* Adoption
* in Vietnam
* Vernacular

|

Other varieties|

* Written Cantonese
* Written Dungan
* Written Hokkien
* Written Sichuanese

Scripts|

| Standard|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Chinese punctuation
* Stroke order

|

Styles|

* Oracle bone
* Bronze
* Seal
* Clerical
* Semi-cursive
* Cursive

Braille|

* Cantonese Braille
* Mainland Chinese Braille
* Taiwanese Braille
* Two-cell Chinese Braille

Phonetic|

* Cyrillization
* Dungan Cyrillic
* Romanization
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Hanyu Pinyin
* MPS II
* Postal
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* Yale
* Bopomofo
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Hangul
* Xiao'erjing
* Nüshu

List of varieties of Chinese

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