Sino-Austronesian languages

Short description: Proposed language family

Sino-Austronesian

(hypothetical)
Geographic
distribution| East, South and Southeast Asia
Linguistic classification| proposed language family
Subdivisions|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Austronesian (including Kra–Dai)

Glottolog| None

Sino-Austronesian or Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian is a proposed language family suggested by Laurent Sagart in 1990.[1] Using reconstructions of Old Chinese, Sagart argued that the Austronesian languages are related to the Sinitic languages phonologically, lexically and morphologically. Sagart later accepted the Sino-Tibetan languages as a valid group and extended his proposal to include the rest of Sino-Tibetan.[2] He also placed the Tai–Kadai languages within the Austronesian family as a sister branch of Malayo-Polynesian.[3] The proposal has been largely rejected by other linguists who argue that the similarities between Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan more likely arose from contact rather than being genetic.[4][5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 1.1 Sagart (2004)
* 1.2 Starosta (2005)
* 2 Criticism
* 3 Distributions
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## Classification

### Sagart (2004)

The classification below follows Sagart (2004).

* Sino-Austronesian (Sino-Tibetan–Austronesian)
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tibeto-Burman
* Sinitic
* Austronesian
* Luilang, Pazeh, Saisiat
* Pituish
* Atayalic, Thao, Favorlang, Taokas, Papora, Hoanya
* Enemish
* Siraya
* Walu-Siwaish
* Tsouic, Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma, Amis, Bunun
* Muish
* Northeastern Formosan (Kavalan, etc.)
* Tai–Kadai (Daic or Kra–Dai)
* Malayo-Polynesian

Sagart suggests that monosyllabic Old Chinese words correspond to the second syllables of disyllabic Proto-Austronesian roots. However, the type A/B distinction in OC, corresponding to non-palatalized or palatalized syllables in Middle Chinese, is considered to correspond to a voiceless/voiced initial in PAN.

Gloss | Proto-Austronesian | Chinese

|
|

brain | *punuq | 腦 *anuʔ > nǎo
salt | *siRaH1 | 鹵 *araʔ > lǔ
foxtail millet | *beCeng | 稷 *btsək > jì

### Starosta (2005)

Main article: Social:East Asian languages

Stanley Starosta (2005) expands Sagart's Sino-Austronesian tree with a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien, to form an East Asian superphylum.[7]

## Criticism

Weera Ostapirat (2005) supports the link between Austronesian and Kra–Dai (Sagart built upon Ostapirat's findings), though as sister groups. However, he rejects a link to Sino-Tibetan, noting that the apparent cognates are rarely found in all branches of Kra–Dai, and almost none are in core vocabulary.[8]

Austronesian linguists Paul Jen-kuei Li and Robert Blust have criticized Sagart's comparisons, on the grounds of loose semantic matches, inconsistent correspondences, and that basic vocabulary is hardly represented. They also note that comparing with the second syllable of disyllabic Austronesian roots vastly increases the odds of chance resemblance.[4][5] Blust has been particularly critical of Sagart's use of the comparative method.[9] Laurent Sagart (2016) responds to some of the criticisms by Blust (2009).[10]

Alexander Vovin (1997) does not accept Sino-Austronesian as a valid grouping, but instead suggests that some of the Sino-Austronesian parallels proposed by Sagart may in fact be due to an Austronesian substratum in Old Chinese.[6] This view is also espoused by George van Driem, who suggests that Austronesian and Sinitic had come into contact with each other during the fourth and third millennia BC in the Longshan interaction sphere.[11][12][13]

## Distributions

* Distribution of Sino-Tibetan languages

* Distribution of Tai–Kadai languages

* Dispersal of Austronesian languages

## See also

* Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages
* East Asian languages
* Austric languages
* Austro-Tai languages
* Dené–Caucasian languages (Sino-Caucasian)
* Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
* Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
* Languages of China

## References

1. ↑ Sagart, L. (1990) "Chinese and Austronesian are genetically related". Paper presented at the 23rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, October 1990, Arlington, Texas.
2. ↑ Sagart, Laurent (2005). "Sino-Tibetan–Austronesian: an updated and improved argument". The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 161–176. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3. https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen.
3. ↑ Sagart, Laurent (2004). "The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai". Oceanic Linguistics 43 (2): 411–444. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0012. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00090906.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Li, Paul Jenkuei (1995). "Is Chinese genetically related to Austronesian?". in Wang, William S-Y.. The Ancestry of the Chinese Language. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. 8. Chinese University Press. pp. 92–112.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Blust, Robert (1995). "An Austronesianist looks at Sino-Austronesian". in Wang, William S-Y.. The Ancestry of the Chinese Language. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. 8. Chinese University Press. pp. 283–298.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Vovin, Alexander (1997). "The comparative method and ventures beyond Sino-Tibetan". Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25 (2): 308–336.
7. ↑ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3. https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen.
8. ↑ Ostapirat, Weera (2005). "Kra–Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution". The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 107–131. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3. https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen.
9. ↑ Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages". Oceanic Linguistics 53 (2): 300–391. doi:10.1353/ol.2014.0025.
10. ↑ Sagart, Laurent (2016). "The wider connections of Austronesian: A response to Blust (2009)". Diachronica 33 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1075/dia.33.2.04sag.
11. ↑ van Driem, G. 1998. ‘Neolithic correlates of ancient Tibeto-Burman migrations’, pp. 67–102 in Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, eds., Archaeology and Language II. London: Routledge.
12. ↑ van Driem, G. 2005. ‘Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory’, pp. 285–338 in Yogendra Prasada Yadava, Govinda Bhattarai, Ram Raj Lohani, Balaram Prasain and Krishna Parajuli, eds., Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal.
13. ↑ van Driem, George. 2016. ‘The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory[Usurped!]’, pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».

## Further reading

* Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian languages (revised ed.). Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5.
* Miyake, Marc. 2015. Proto-Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian *ponuq 'brain'?
* Miyake, Marc. 2015. Do Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan share a word for Setaria italica?
* Sagart, Laurent (1994). "Proto-Austronesian and the Old Chinese evidence for Sino-Austronesian". Oceanic Linguistics 33 (2): 271–308. doi:10.2307/3623130.
* Sagart, Laurent (2016). "The wider connections of Austronesian: a response to Blust". Diachronica 33 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1075/dia.33.2.04sag.

## External links

* Laurent Sagart's list of Old Chinese words at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Tibetan languages

Western Himalayas
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)|

* West Himalayish
* Tamangic
* Newaric
* Newar
* Baram–Thangmi
* Kiranti
* Dhimalish
* Dhimal
* Toto
* Lhokpu
* Lepcha

| Greater Magaric|

* Magaric
* Magar
* Kham
* Chepangic
* Chepang
* Bhujel
* Raji–Raute
* Dura
* Tandrange

|

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)|

* Bodish
* Tibetic
* East Bodish
* Tshangla
* Basum
* Nam?
* Gongduk
* ʼOle
* Tani
* Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border|

* Karbi
* Kuki-Chin
* Mruic
* Mru
* Hkongso
* Pyu
* Taman

| "Naga"|

* Ao
* Angami–Pochuri
* Meitei
* Tangkhulic
* Zeme

|

Sal|

* Boro–Garo
* Konyak
* Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia|

* Sinitic
* Bai
* Tujia
* Nungish
* Karenic
* Gong
* Kathu
* Caijia–Longjia–Luren

| Burmo-Qiangic|

* Qiangic
* Gyalrongic
* Ersuic
* Naic
* Lolo-Burmese
* Mondzish
* Burmish
* Loloish

|

Dubious (possible isolates)
(Arunachal)|

* Hrusish
* Hruso
* Miji
* Kho-Bwa
* Puroik
* Miju–Meyor

| Greater Siangic|

* Siangic
* Koro
* Milang
* Idu–Taraon

|

Proposed groupings|

* Central Tibeto-Burman
* Greater Bai
* Mahakiranti
* Rung
* Tibeto-Burman
* Tibeto-Kanauri

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Tibeto-Burman
* Proto-Loloish
* Proto-Karenic
* Proto-Min

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

* v
* t
* e

Kra–Dai languages

Kra|

* Laha
* Gelao
* Lachi
* Paha
* Buyang
* En
* Qabiao

Kam–Sui|

* Mulam
* Kam (Dong)
* Cao Miao
* Naxi Yao
* Sanqiao
* Then
* Maonan
* Chadong
* Sui
* Mak
* Ai-Cham

Biao–Lakkia|

* Biao
* Lakkia

Hlai|

* Hlai
* Cun

Jiamao|

* Jiamao

Be–Jizhao|

* Be
* Jizhao

Tai
(Zhuang)|

| Northern|

* Standard Zhuang
* Bouyei
* Hezhang Buyi
* Yei Zhuang
* Longsang Zhuang
* E
* Saek
* Tai Yo (Nyaw)
* Yoy
* Tai Pao

|

Central|

* Nong Zhuang
* Dai Zhuang
* Min Zhuang
* Yang Zhuang
* Pyang Zhuang
* Myang Zhuang
* Nung
* Tày
* Tsʻün-Lao

Southwestern
(Thai)|

| Northwestern|

* Shan
* Tai Ya
* Tai Nuea
* Tai Long
* Tai Hongjin
* Khamti
* Tai Laing
* Tai Phake
* Tai Aiton
* Khamyang
* Ahom
* Turung

|

Lao–Phutai|

* Lao
* Phu Thai
* Isan
* Nyaw
* Lao Nyo
* Kaloeng

Chiang Saen|

* Thai (Siamese)
* Northern Thai
* Tai Daeng
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hang Tong
* Tai Lue
* Tai Dam
* Khun
* Phuan
* Thai Song
* Tày Tac

Southern|

* Southern Thai

(other)|

* Sapa
* Pa Di
* Tai Muong Vat
* Tai Thanh
* Tai Khang
* Yong
* Kuan

(mixed)|

* Caolan

(mixed origins)|

* Hezhang Buyi
* E
* Caolan
* Sanqiao
* Jiamao

proposed groupings|

* Kam–Tai

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Kra
* Proto-Tai
* Proto-Kam–Sui
* Proto-Hlai

* v
* t
* e

Austronesian languages

Formosan

| Rukaic|

* Rukai

|

Tsouic|

* Tsou
* Kanakanabu
* Saaroa

Northern Formosan|

| Atayalic|

* Atayal
* Seediq

|

Northwest Formosan|

* Saisiyat
* Pazeh †
* Kulon †
* Thao
* Babuza
* Favorlang †

East Formosan|

* Ketagalan †
* Basay †
* Kavalan
* Amis
* Siraya †

Southern|

* Puyuma
* Paiwan
* Bunun

Malayo-Polynesian

Western branches of Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

| Batanic (Bashiic)|

* Itbayat
* Ivatan
* Yami

|

Northern Luzon|

* Ilokano
* Pangasinan
* Ibanag
* Arta
* Isnag
* Atta
* Itawis
* Yogad
* Cagayan Aeta
* Gaddang
* Ga'dang
* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta
* Isinai
* Itneg
* Kalinga
* Ifugao
* Tuwali ?
* Balangao
* Bontok-Finallig
* Kankanaey
* Ilongot
* Ibaloi
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Dicamay Agta †

Central Luzon|

* Kapampangan
* Abellen
* Ambala
* Bolinao
* Botolan
* Mag-antsi
* Mag-indi
* Mariveleño
* Sambali
* Remontado Agta (Sinauna)

Northern Mindoro|

* Alangan
* Iraya
* Tadyawan

Greater
Central
Philippine|

| Southern Mindoro|

* Buhid
* Hanuno'o
* Tawbuid

|

Central
Philippine|

* Tagalog

Bisayan|

* Cebuano
* Hiligaynon
* Waray
* Tausug
* Kinaray-a
* Aklanon
* Capiznon
* Asi
* Ati
* Bantayanon
* Baybayanon
* Boholano
* Butuanon
* Caluyanon
* Cuyunon
* Kinabalian
* Onhan
* Porohanon
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Surigaonon
* Masbatenyo
* Southern Sorsogon (Gubat)
* Central Sorsogon (Masbate)

Bikol|

* Central Bikol
* Albay Bikol
* Isarog Agta
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada

Unclassified|

Sulod

Mansakan|

* Davawenyo
* Kalagan
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa
* Mandaya
* Mansaka

Palawan|

* Aborlan Tagbanwa
* Palawan Batak
* Palawano

Mindanao|

* Maguindanao
* Maranao
* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Binukid
* Cotabato Manobo
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Iranun
* Kagayanen
* Kinamigin
* Matigsalug
* Obo
* Sarangani
* Subanen
* Tagabawa
* Western Bukidnon

Gorontalo-
Mongondow|

* Bolango
* Buol
* Bintauna
* Gorontalo
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Suwawa
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan

Kalamian|

* Agutaynen
* Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic|

* B'laan
* Giangan
* T'boli
* Tiruray

Sangiric|

* Sangirese
* Talaud
* Bantik
* Ratahan

Minahasan|

* Tonsawang
* Tontemboan
* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsea

Unclassified|

* Umiray Dumaget

Manide-Inagta|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide

Other western branches

| North Bornean|

| Sabahan|

* Ida'an
* Bonggi
* Brunei Bisaya
* Tatana (Sabah Bisaya)
* Lotud
* Dumpas
* Dusun
* Kuijau
* Eastern Kadazan
* Gana'
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Kinamaragang (Momogun)
* Klias River Kadazan
* Coastal Kadazan
* Yakan
* Tombonuwo
* Kinabatangan
* Sungai
* Keningau Murut
* Okolod
* Tagol
* Paluan
* Selungai Murut
* Timugon
* Bookan
* Abai
* Papar
* Kalabakan
* Sembakung
* Serudung
* Nonukan Tidong

Unclassified|

* Molbog

North Sarawakan|

* Kenyah (Bakung)
* Sebob
* Tutoh
* Uma' Lasan
* Wahau Kenyah
* Penan ?
* Kelabit
* Lengilu
* Lundayeh
* Sa'ban
* Tring
* Berawan
* Belait
* Kiput
* Narom
* Tutong
* Bintulu

Melanau-Kajang|

* Kajaman
* Lahanan
* Sekapan
* Daro-Matu
* Kanowit-Tanjong
* Melanau
* Bukitan
* Punan Batu
* Sian
* Ukit
* Basap
* Burusu
* Bah-Biau Punan
* Sajau
* Punan Merap
* Bukat
* Seru †
* Lelak †

Kayan-Murik|

* Kayan
* Bahau
* Modang
* Segai
* Hovongan
* Aoheng
* Aput
* Punan
* Krio Dayak
* Murik

Land Dayak|

* Bekati'
* Sara
* Lara'
* Bukar Sadong
* Rejang
* Biatah
* Tringgus
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Semandang
* Ribun
* Benyadu'
* Sanggau

Barito|

* Malagasy
* Bushi
* Deyah
* Malang
* Witu
* Ma'anyan
* Paku
* Lawangan
* Kohin
* Dihoi
* Siang
* Bakumpai
* Ngaju
* Ampanang
* Tunjung

| Sama-Bajaw|

* Abaknon
* Bajaw
* Mapun
* Pangutaran Sama
* Sama
* West Coast Bajau
* Yakan

|

Malayo-Sumbawan|

| Sundanese|

* Baduy
* Sundanese

|

Madurese|

* Kangean
* Madurese

Malayo-Chamic|

| Aceh–Chamic|

* Acehnese
* Cham dialects
* Chru
* Haroi
* Jarai
* Rade
* Roglai
* Tsat (Utsat)

|

Malayic|

* Bamayo
* Banjar
* Brunei/Kedayan Malay
* Berau Malay
* Bangka Malay
* Balau
* Bengkulu
* Col
* Duano'
* Haji
* Iban
* Jambi Malay
* Jakun
* Kedah Malay
* Kutai Malay
* Kaur
* Kerinci
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay (Yawi)
* Kendayan
* Keninjal
* Kubu
* Orang Laut
* Lubu
* Johore-Riau Malay (Malaysian & Indonesian)
* Minangkabau
* Musi
* Mualang
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Pekal
* Perak Malay
* Pontianak Malay
* Remun
* Sarawak Malay
* Seberuang
* Sebuyau
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Urak Lawoi'

Bali–Sasak|

* Balinese
* Sasak
* Sumbawa

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands|

* Enggano
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nias
* Sikule
* Simeulue

Batak|

* Alas
* Angkola
* Dairi
* Karo
* Simalungun
* Toba
* Mandailing

Lampungic|

* Lampung Nyo
* Lampung Api
* Komering

Celebic|

| Bungku–Tolaki|

* Bahonsuai
* Bungku
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Padoe
* Rahambuu
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Waru
* Wawonii

|

Kaili–Pamona|

* Bada
* Behoa
* Kaili
* Mbelala
* Moma
* Napu
* Pamona
* Rampi
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Topoiyo
* Uma

Muna–Buton|

* Bonerate
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Kaimbulawa
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Liabuku
* Muna
* Pancana
* Tukang Besi

Saluan–Banggai|

* Andio
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Bobongko
* Saluan

Tomini–Tolitoli|

* Balaesang
* Boano
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Lauje
* Pendau
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tomini
* Totoli

Wotu–Wolio|

* Kalao
* Kamaru
* Laiyolo
* Wolio
* Wotu

South Sulawesi|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Bentong
* Budong-Budong
* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Coastal Konjo
* Dakka
* Duri
* Embaloh
* Enrekang
* Highland Konjo
* Kalumpang
* Lawa
* Lemolang
* Maiwa (Sulawesi)
* Makassarese
* Malimpung
* Mamasa
* Mamuju
* Mandar
* Panasuan
* Pannei
* Selayar
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah
* Tae'
* Talondo'
* Taman
* Toraja-Sa'dan
* Ulumanda'

Moken|

* Moken dialects

Javanese|

* Banyumasan
* Kawi (Old Javanese)
* Osing
* Tenggerese

Branch-level isolates|

* Chamorro
* Palauan

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Central Malayo-Polynesian

| Sumba–Flores|

* Bima

Sumba-Manggarai|

| Sumba–Hawu|

* Hawu
* Dhao
* Kambera
* Mamboru
* Anakalangu
* Wanukaka
* Pondok
* Baliledo
* Wejewa
* Lamboya
* Kodi
* Gaura

|

Western Flores|

* Komodo
* Manggarai
* Riung
* Rembong
* Rajong
* Kepo'
* Wae Rana
* Palu'e
* Ende
* Li'o
* Nage
* Ke'o
* Ngad'a
* Rongga
* So'a

Flores-Lembata|

* Kedang

Sika-Lamaholot|

* Sika

Lamaholotic|

* Lamatuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Levuka
* South Lembata
* Lamaholot
* Alorese
* Lamalera
* Lewotobi
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Mingar

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Kei-Tanimbar|

* Kei
* Fordata
* Yamdena
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin

Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

Timor-Babar|

| Timoric ?|

* Kemak
* Tukudede
* Mambai
* Idalaka
* Dawan
* Amarasi
* Helong
* Bilba
* Dengka
* Lole
* Ringgou
* Dela-Oenale
* Termanu
* Tii
* Tetum
* Bekais
* Wetar
* Galoli
* Luang
* Makuva

|

Babar|

* West Damar ?
* Dawera-Daweloor
* North Babar
* Dai
* Masela
* Serili
* Southeast Babar
* Emplawas
* Imroing
* Tela'a

Unclassified|

* Naueti
* Kairui
* Waimoa
* Midiki

Kowiai|

* Kowiai

Central Maluku ?|

* Teor-Kur

West Central Maluku|

* Ambelau
* Buru
* Lisela
* Hukumina †
* Moksela †
* Sula
* Mangole
* Taliabo

East Central Maluku|

* Banda
* Bati
* Geser
* Watubela
* Bobot
* Masiwang
* Hoti †
* Benggoi
* Salas
* Liana

Nunusaku|

* Kayeli †
* Nuaulu
* Huaulu
* Manusela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?|

* Asilulu
* Luhu
* Manipa
* Wakasihu
* Boano (Moluccas)
* Sepa-Teluti
* Paulohi
* Kaibobo
* Hitu
* Tulehu
* Laha
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Kamarian †
* Haruku
* Amahai
* Nusa Laut
* Saparua
* Latu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

* South Halmahera–West New Guinea
* Oceanic languages

* Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Kwomtari
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Sentani
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keresan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Uralic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Elymian
* Ligurian
* North Picene
* Sicani
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Hurro-Urartian
* Hattic
* Kassite ?
* Kaskian ?
* Philistine ?
* Sumerian
* Proto-Euphratean ?
* Elamite

Caucasian|

* Kartvelian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Nihali
* Burushaski
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Austroasiatic
* Sino-Tibetan
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Kenaboi
* Enggano

North Asia|

| Altaic ?|

* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Koreanic ?
* Japonic ?

|

"Paleosiberian"|

* Koreanic
* Ainu
* Nivkh
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Yukaghir
* Yeniseian

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Ruanruan ?
* Eskimo–Aleut

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Pontic
* Karasuk
* Turanian
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Ural–Altaic
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Uralo-Siberian

| Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

|

Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Austronesian languages. Read more

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