Social anxiety and relationship development

## Contents

* 1 Social anxiety and relationship development
* 1.1 Communication style
* 1.2 Friendships
* 1.3 Romantic relationships
* 1.3.1 Perceived social support and satisfaction
* 2 References

## Social anxiety and relationship development

Social anxiety is the fear of being judged or negatively evaluated by other people. Social anxiety, both in terms of the emotion and the disorder, has been talked about at length. However, there aren't any articles that go in depth into how it affects relationship development. The purpose of this article is to discuss how social anxiety affects relationship development both in terms of friendships and romantic relationships. The article will be looking specifically at communication style, perceived social support, and satisfaction in already established relationships with socially anxious individuals.

### Communication style

Individuals who experience high levels of social anxiety may adopt a communication style that involves disclosing very little about themselves in situations where they fear negative evaluation.[1] While this approach may seem like a protective measure, it often backfires, leading to the very negative perceptions they were trying to avoid.[2] As a result, establishing close relationships can be difficult, as the process of moving from strangers to acquaintances to friends requires a certain degree of self-disclosure. In fact, a self-protective communication style can actually be a hindrance, limiting both the quantity and quality of relationships that socially anxious individuals are able to develop. Moreover, high levels of social anxiety have been associated with various dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, such as an inability to assert oneself and a tendency to suppress emotions. This can make it challenging for individuals to navigate conflicts in a healthy and productive manner, as they may struggle to communicate their needs and feelings effectively.

### Friendships

"Adolescents who are socially anxious often find themselves with fewer friends, lower quality friendships, fewer interpersonal skills, and more negative peer experiences".[3] Gender differences may play a role, as research suggests that the association between peer acceptance and social anxiety is stronger for girls, and that there are stronger links between social anxiety and friendship quality and quantity for girls as well.[4] Interestingly, individuals with high levels of social anxiety may be more likely to self-disclose to others who also experience high levels of social anxiety, suggesting that friendships between individuals with similar levels of social anxiety can lead to more positive outcomes.[5] Additionally, research has indicated that individuals with high levels of social anxiety often experience cognitive and behavioral uncertainty in the early stages of friendships, which can lead to lower self-efficacy and social performance expectations, making them unsure of how to behave in future interactions and potentially hindering their behavior in social situations. This could result in less positive affect, fewer verbalization which may lead to relationship deterioration over time and results in lower level of liking among friends.[5] A study led by Hannesdo´ttir and Ollendick found that self-efficacy in social interaction was a better predictor of social anxiety than outcome expectations, indicating that confidence in one's abilities plays an important role in their anxiety about social situation.

### Romantic relationships

Social anxiety has a similar impact on both platonic relationships and romantic relationships. The social skills learned through early friendships are often transferred to other peer relationships, including romantic relationships.[6] Studies indicate that there is a developmental trajectory from same-sex friendships to other-sex friendships that aids in the development of heterosexual romantic relationships. Therefore, the quality of one's platonic relationships (both same-sex and other-sex) is predictive of their romantic relationship functioning. However, social anxiety can make it difficult to navigate peer relationships at each of these levels. On the first level, socially withdrawn adolescents are more likely to be excluded by their same-sex peers. The creation of mixed-sex peer groups is facilitated by same-sex peers, so rejection from same-sex peers means fewer opportunities to be involved with other-sex peers. Mixed-sex interactions provides opportunities to learn how to interact with other-sex peers and provide an avenue for meeting potential dating partners. This has negative implications for their romantic life like delayed or limited romantic experiences, or they go into a romantic relationship without having developed the necessary skills and/or without a social support system, which could have a negative effect on their relationship quality and functioning.[6] Socially anxious youth that are sensitive to stressful peer experiences like rejection may also struggle with romantic activities which often expose people to potentially anxiety-provoking situations.

#### Perceived social support and satisfaction

Researchers hypothesize that due to the rates of comorbidity between social anxiety and depression, depression may be a possible mediator in the relationship between social anxiety and relationship satisfaction, being as depression is also strongly correlated with decreased relationship satisfaction.[7] To investigate this, many studies aim to control for depression when examining the relationship between social anxiety and relationship satisfaction. However, the findings are mixed. On one hand, some studies show that individuals with social anxiety report lower levels of satisfaction in their intimate relationships, even after controlling for depression. Compared to non-anxious controls, these individuals tend to perceive their relationships as lacking emotional intimacy, and they may feel neglected, lonely, unheard, or misunderstood.[2] On the other hand, other studies have found that social anxiety is not independently correlated with relationship development when controlling for depression.[7]

Social support and social anxiety can be broadly categorized into three categories: received support, provided support, and desired support.[8] Received support refers to the amount of support that a person receives from their partner or social network, while provided support refers to the amount of support that a person provides to their partner or social network. Desired support refers to the ideal amount of support that a person would like to receive from their partner or social network. Most research on this topic suggests that due to their negative interpretation bias of interpersonal relationships, socially anxious individuals tend to perceive less received support from their social network.[9][2] In other words, they have a tendency to perceive their partner's behavior in a negative light, leading them to feel unsupported even when their partner is behaving in a supportive manner. This negative interpretation bias can exacerbate feelings of social anxiety and may contribute to lower levels of perceived support in social relationships. With women especially, higher levels of social anxiety is associated with reported lower received, desired, and provided support.

## References

1. ↑ Cuming, Samantha; Rapee, Ronald M. (February 2010). "Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships" (in en). Behaviour Research and Therapy 48 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.010. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005796709002241.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Casey, Kit; King, Ross; Banner, Jennifer; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew (2022-07-03). "Romantic relationship quality and functioning for individuals with clinical and sub-clinical social anxiety: a scoping review". Journal of Mental Health: 1–29. doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2091755. ISSN 0963-8237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2022.2091755.
3. ↑ Starr, Lisa R.; Davila, Joanne (2015), Ranta, Klaus; La Greca, Annette M; Garcia-Lopez, Luis-Joaquin et al., eds., "Social Anxiety and Romantic Relationships" (in en), Social Anxiety and Phobia in Adolescents (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 183–199, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_8, ISBN 978-3-319-16702-2, https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_8, retrieved 2023-03-13
4. ↑ Kingery, Julie Newman; Erdley, Cynthia A.; Marshall, Katherine C.; Whitaker, Kyle G.; Reuter, Tyson R. (March 2010). "Peer Experiences of Anxious and Socially Withdrawn Youth: An Integrative Review of the Developmental and Clinical Literature" (in en). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 13 (1): 91–128. doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0063-2. ISSN 1096-4037. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10567-009-0063-2.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 BOUCHER, ELIANE M.; JACOBSON, JILL A.; CUMMINGS, JORDEN A. (2014-12-22). "Exploring the effects of social anxiety similarity in newly developed same-sex friendships". Personal Relationships 22 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1111/pere.12064. ISSN 1350-4126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pere.12064.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hebert, Karen R.; Fales, Jessica; Nangle, Douglas W.; Papadakis, Alison A.; Grover, Rachel L. (November 2013). "Linking Social Anxiety and Adolescent Romantic Relationship Functioning: Indirect Effects and the Importance of Peers" (in en). Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42 (11): 1708–1720. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9878-0. ISSN 0047-2891. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10964-012-9878-0.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Doyle, Frances L.; Baillie, Andrew J.; Crome, Erica (2021-09-24). "Examining Whether Social Anxiety Influences Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships". Behaviour Change 38 (4): 263–275. doi:10.1017/bec.2021.18. ISSN 0813-4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2021.18.
8. ↑ Porter, Eliora; Chambless, Dianne L. (2013-10-02). "Shying Away From a Good Thing: Social Anxiety in Romantic Relationships". Journal of Clinical Psychology 70 (6): 546–561. doi:10.1002/jclp.22048. ISSN 0021-9762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22048.
9. ↑ Porter, Eliora; Chambless, Dianne L. (May 2017). "Social Anxiety and Social Support in Romantic Relationships". Behavior Therapy 48 (3): 335–348. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.12.002. ISSN 0005-7894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.12.002.

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