Sustainable packaging

Short description: Packaging which results in improved sustainability

Molded pulp uses recycled newsprint to form package components. Here, researchers are molding packaging from straw[1]

Sustainable packaging is packaging materials and methods that result in improved sustainability.[2][3] This involves increased use of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle assessment (LCA)[4][5] to help guide the use of packaging which reduces the environmental impact and ecological footprint. It includes a look at the whole of the supply chain: from basic function, to marketing, and then through to end of life (LCA) and rebirth.[6] Additionally, an eco-cost to value ratio can be useful[7] The goals are to improve the long term viability and quality of life for humans and the longevity of natural ecosystems. Sustainable packaging must meet the functional and economic needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.[8] Sustainability is not necessarily an end state but is a continuing process of improvement.[9]

Sustainable packaging is a relatively new addition to the environmental considerations for packaging (see Packaging and labeling). It requires more analysis and documentation to look at the package design, choice of materials, processing, and life-cycle. This is not just the vague "green movement" that many businesses and companies have been trying to include over the past years. Companies implementing eco-friendly actions are reducing their carbon footprint, using more recycled materials and reusing more package components.[10] Extended producer responsibility indicates that packagers , product producers, and distributors have a full range of responsibility.

Environmental marketing claims on packages need to be made (and read) with caution. Ambiguous greenwashing titles such as green packaging and environmentally friendly can be confusing without specific definition. Some regulators, such as the US Federal Trade Commission, are providing guidance to packagers[11]

Companies have long been reusing and recycling packaging when economically viable. Using minimal packaging has also been a common goal to help reduce costs. Recent years have accelerated these efforts based on social movements, consumer pressure, and regulation. All phases of packaging, distribution, and logistics are included.[12]

Sustainable packaging encompasses more than just recycling, addressing a broader range of environmental impacts across the product lifecycle. Just as packaging is not the only eco target, although it is still top of mind for many. Right or wrong, the packaging is frequently scrutinized and used as the measure of a company's overall sustainability, even though it may contribute only a small percentage to the total eco-impact compared to other things, such as transportation, and water and energy use.

## Contents

* 1 Environmental impacts
* 2 Criteria
* 3 Benefits
* 4 Alternatives to conventional plastics
* 5 Costs
* 6 ISO standards
* 7 Criticism
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading

## Environmental impacts

Impacts of packaging originate from three main stages including feedstock sourcing, production of polymers and packaging, and the end of life treatment of the packaging. Emissions from each stage contribute to climate change, air pollution, acidification, and other environmental issues. Food waste is another prominent issue as one third of food meant for human consumption is lost. Sustainable packaging aims to address properties of food, for example chemical and microbiological properties, in order to limit packaging and food waste.[13]

## Criteria

The criteria for ranking and comparing packaging based on their sustainability are an active area of development. General guidance, metrics, checklists, and scorecards are being published by several groups.

Government,[14] standards organizations, consumers, retailers,[15] and packagers are considering several types of criteria.[16][17][18][19]

Each organization words the goals and targets a little differently. In general, the broad goals of sustainable packaging are:

1. Functional[20] – product protection, safety, regulatory compliance, etc.
2. Cost effective – if it is too expensive, it is unlikely to be used
3. Support long-term human and ecological health

Specific factors for sustainable design of packaging may include:

* Use of minimal materials – reduced packaging, reduced layers of packaging, lower mass (product to packaging ratio), lower volume, etc.[21]
* Energy efficiency, total energy content and usage, use of renewable energy, use of clean energy, etc.
* Recycled content – as available and functional. For food contact materials, there are special safety considerations, particularly for use of recycled plastics and paper. Regulations are published by each country or region.[22][23]
* Recyclability – recovery value, use of materials which are frequently and easily recycled, reduction of materials which hinder recyclability of major components, etc.
* Reusable packaging – repeated reuse of package, reuse for other purposes, etc.
* Use of renewable, biodegradable[24] and compostable materials – when appropriate and do not cause contamination of the recycling stream[25][26][27]
* Avoid the use of materials toxic to humans or the environment
* Effects on atmosphere/climate – ozone layer, greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane), volatile organic compounds, etc.
* Water use, reuse, treatment, waste, etc.
* Worker impact: occupational health, safety, clean technology, etc.

The chosen criteria are often used best as a basis of comparison for two or more similar packaging designs; not as an absolute success or failure.[28] Such a multi-variable comparison is often presented as a radar chart (spider chart, star chart, etc.).[29]

## Benefits

Some aspects of environmentally sound packaging are required by regulators while others are decisions made by individual packagers. Investors, employees, management, and customers can influence corporate decisions and help set policies. When investors seek to purchase stock, companies known for their positive environmental policy can be attractive.[30] Potential stockholders and investors see this as a solid decision: lower environmental risks lead to more capital at cheaper rates. Companies that highlight their environmental status to consumers can boost sales as well as product reputation. Going green is often a sound investment that can pay off.[31]

Alongside the environmental benefits of adopting sustainable packaging, eco-friendly packaging can increase sales, reduce packaging cost, and increase the image of a company's brand alongside the rising awareness spread regarding environmental impact. There has also been found a direct correlation between a company's implementation of sustainable packaging and a more sustainable supply chain management.[32] Alternatives such as bio-based plastics that are abundant, low cost, and biodegradable, offer a possibility of reducing use of petroleum resources and carbon dioxide emissions.[33]

## Alternatives to conventional plastics

Main articles: Chemistry:Bioplastic and Biodegradable plastic

Bio-based materials have been developed or used for packaging without plastics, especially for use-cases in which packaging can't be phased-out, such as for food preservation.[34]

thumb A plant proteins-based biodegradable[35] packaging alternative to plastic was developed based on research about spider silk which is known for its high strength and similar on the molecular level.[36][37]

Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service are looking into using dairy-based films as an alternative to petroleum-based packaging. Instead of being made of synthetic polymers, these dairy-based films would be composed of proteins such as casein and whey, which are found in milk. The films would be biodegradable and offer better oxygen barriers than synthetic, chemical-based films. More research must be done to improve the water barrier quality of the dairy-based film, but advances in sustainable packaging are actively being pursued.[38]

Sustainable packaging policy cannot be individualized by a specific product. Effective legislation would need to include alternatives to many products, not just a select few; otherwise, the positive impacts of sustainable packing will not be as effective as they need in order to propel a significant reduction of plastic packaging. Finding alternatives can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from unsustainable packaging production and reduce dangerous chemical by-products of unsustainable packaging practices.[39]

## Costs

The process of engineering more environmentally acceptable packages can include consideration of the costs.[40] Some companies claim that their environmental packaging program is cost effective.[41] Some alternative materials that are recycled/recyclable and/or less damaging to the environment can lead to companies incurring increased costs. Though this is common when any product begins to carry the true cost of its production (producer pays, producer responsibility laws, take-back laws). There may be an expensive and lengthy process before the new forms of packaging are deemed safe to the public, and approval may take up to two years.[42] For most of the developed world, tightening legislation, and changes in major retailer demand (Walmart's Sustainable Packaging Scorecard for example) the question is no longer "if" products and packaging should become more sustainable, but how-to and how-soon to do it.[6]

## ISO standards

The ISO's series of standards relating to packaging and the environment were published in 2013:[43]

* ISO 18601:2013 Packaging and the environment - General requirements for the use of ISO standards in the field of packaging and the environment
* ISO 18602:2013 Packaging and the environment - Optimization of the packaging system
* ISO 18603:2013 Packaging and the environment - Reuse
* ISO 18604:2013 Packaging and the environment - Material recycling
* ISO 18605:2013 Packaging and the environment - Energy recovery
* ISO 18606:2013 Packaging and the environment - Organic recycling

## Criticism

Efforts toward "greener" packaging are supported in the sustainability community; however, these are often viewed only as incremental steps and not as an end. Some people foresee a true sustainable steady state economy that may be very different from today's: greatly reduced energy usage, minimal ecological footprint, fewer consumer packaged goods, local purchasing with short food supply chains, little processed foods, etc.[44][45][46] Less packaging would be needed in a sustainable carbon neutral economy, which means that fewer packaging options would exist and simpler packaging forms may be necessary.[47]

## See also

* Biopolymer
* Cradle to cradle
* Design for the Environment
* Sustainability metric and indices
* Edible packaging
* Ecodesign
* Reusable shopping bag
* Sustainable Design
* Life Cycle Assessment
* Geotextile

## References

1. ↑ Wood, Marcia (April 2002). "Leftover Straw Gets New Life". Agricultural Research. https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/apr/straw.
2. ↑ "Deep eutectic solvents and mango peel extract as active ingredients of Pva films". 2025-11-07. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-25913-5.
3. ↑ Ibrahim, Idowu David; Hamam, Yskandar; Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi; Ndambuki, Julius Musyoka; Kupolati, Williams Kehinde; Jamiru, Tamba; Eze, Azunna Agwo; Snyman, Jacques (2022). "Need for Sustainable Packaging: An Overview". Polymers 14 (20): 4430. doi:10.3390/polym14204430. PMID 36298009.
4. ↑ Zabaniotou, A; Kassidi (August 2003). "Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper". Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (5): 549–559. doi:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00076-8.
5. ↑ Franklin (April 2004). "Life Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods". http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/sw/packaging/LifeCycleInventory.pdf.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jedlicka, W, "Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design", (Wiley, 2008), ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6
7. ↑ Wever, R; Vogtlander, Joost (June 2013). "Eco-efficient Value Creation: An Alternative Perspective on Packaging and Sustainability". Packaging Technology and Science 26 (4): 229–248. doi:10.1002/pts.1978. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7b4c899b-ed68-4ae2-819b-c907d5f4fed4.
8. ↑ World Packaging Organization (17 April 2008). "Position Paper on Sustainable Packaging". http://www.worldpackaging.org/uploads/paperpublished/3_pdf.pdf.
9. ↑ "What is Sustainable Packaging? Our Vision". EUROPEN, European Organization for Packaging and the Environment. May 2009. http://www.europen.be/?action=onderdeel&onderdeel=37&titel=Our+Sustainability+Vision.
10. ↑ Amcor (2014). Sustainability Review 2014. (http://www.amcor.com/sustainability/ ). Retrieved 10 January 2015.
11. ↑ "Environmental Claims". Federal Trade Commission. 2008-11-17. http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/grnrule/guides980427.htm.
12. ↑ Fecourt, Adrien; Li, F. (2013), "Report No. E2013:015", Improving transport packaging sustainability – a case study in a production logistics company, Gothenburg, Sweden: CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Technology Management and Economics, http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/178276/178276.pdf, retrieved 28 February 2014
13. ↑ Islam, Md Monjurul; Chaudry, Sofia; Thornton, Aaron W.; Haque, Nawshad; Lau, Deborah; Bhuiyan, Muhammed; Pramanik, Biplob Kumar (2025-03-10). "Environmental footprint of polylactic acid production utilizing cane-sugar and microalgal biomass: An LCA case study". Journal of Cleaner Production 496. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145132. ISSN 0959-6526. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652625004822.
14. ↑ "Packaging, Product Stewarship". US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/osw/partnerships/stewardship/products/packaging.htm.
15. ↑ "Wal-Mart Unveils Packaging Scorecard to Suppliers". Wal-Mart. November 2, 2008. http://walmartstores.com/FactsNews/NewsRoom/6039.aspx.
16. ↑ "Sustainable Packaging Metrics and Indicators Framework" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Coalition. December 2009. https://www.sustainablepackaging.org/resources/default.aspx.
17. ↑ "COMPASS, Metrics for Rating Packages". Sustainable Packaging Coalition. 2011. http://sustainablepackaging.org/Uploads/Documents/COMPASS_v2_brochure_070110.pdf.
18. ↑ "Towards Sustainable Packaging". Sustainable Packaging Alliance. October 2002. http://www.sustainablepack.org/database/files/filestorage/Towards Sustainable Packaging.pdf.
19. ↑ "PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES & KPIs FOR PACKAGING SUSTAINABILITY". Sustainable Packaging Alliance. July 2010. http://www.sustainablepack.org/Database/files/filestorage/Sustainable Packaging Definition July 2010.pdf.
20. ↑ anon: "Packaging Matters", Institute of Packaging Professionals, 1993
21. ↑ Jason DeRusha. "The Incredible Shrinking Package". 16 July 2007. WCCO.
22. ↑ Guidance for Industry: Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging: Chemistry Considerations, Contract, US Food and Drug Administration, 2006, https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm120762.htm, retrieved 22 February 2015
23. ↑ Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 176.260 (Pulp from reclaimed fiber), US Government, 2009, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title21-vol3-sec176-260.pdf, retrieved 22 February 2015
24. ↑ {{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.882682
25. ↑ Wu, F (2021). "Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging". Progress in Polymer Science 117. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101395.
26. ↑ ASTM D6400, Standard Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities
27. ↑ Ammala, Anne (2011). "An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins". Progress in Polymer Science 36 (8): 1015–1049. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002. https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP102448&dsid=DS3. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
28. ↑ Al-Kindi (2021). "Green packaging for durable engineering products in Iraqi markets". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 13. doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100389. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765723000492. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
29. ↑ Svanes, Erik; Vold, Mie; Møller, Hanne; Kvalvåg Pettersen, Marit; Larsen, Hanne; Hanssen, Ole Jørgen (2010). "Sustainable Packaging Design: a Holistic Methodology for Packaging Design". Packaging Technology and Science 23 (3): 161–175. doi:10.1002/pts.887.
30. ↑ "Benefits For Being Green". http://www.nef.org.uk/greencompany/benefits.htm.
31. ↑ "More Benefits For Green Companies". http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/aug2008/bs20080817_557068.htm?campaign_id=rss_null.
32. ↑ Ker[en]Xin, Wong; Kar Sen, Yap; Devi Rajendran, Salini (2019). "A study on the benefits of eco-friendly packaging on sustainable supply chain management in fast moving consumer goods industry". E3S Web of Conferences 136: 04092. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/201913604092. ISSN 2267-1242. Bibcode: 2019E3SWC.13604092K.
33. ↑ Mendes, Ana C.; Pedersen, Gitte Alsing (June 2021). "Perspectives on sustainable food packaging:– is bio-based plastics a solution?". Trends in Food Science & Technology 112: 839–846. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.049. ISSN 0924-2244.
34. ↑ Meshram, Bhushan P.; Jain, Prachi; Gaikwad, Kirtiraj K. (2025-02-21). "Innovative Development of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)-Based Functional Edible Cups Modified with Hibiscus Powder and Guar Gum: An Eco-Efficient Resource Utilization". ACS Food Science & Technology 5 (2): 788–799. doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00985. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00985.
35. ↑ {{Cite web|url=https://www.techscience.com/jrm/v13n3/60051/html
36. ↑ "'Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics" (in en). phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2021-06-vegan-spider-silk-sustainable-alternative.html.
37. ↑ Kamada, Ayaka; Rodriguez-Garcia, Marc; Ruggeri, Francesco Simone; Shen, Yi; Levin, Aviad; Knowles, Tuomas P. J. (10 June 2021). "Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 3529. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 34112802. Bibcode: 2021NatCo..12.3529K.
38. ↑ "Potential of Dairy-based Wraps Outlined". USDA Agricultural Research Service. January 22, 2010. https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2010/potential-of-dairy-based-package-wraps-outlined/.
39. ↑ Verghese, Karli; Lewis, Hellen; Leanna, Fitzpatrick (2012) (in English). Packaging for Sustainability. London: Springer. pp. 156–163. ISBN 978-0-85729-987-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=x67sP0jeAZkC&q=policy.
40. ↑ Seidel, Manuel; Shabazpour, Tedford (2007). "Sustainability in Practice, a case of environmental packaging for ready to assemble furniture". Auckland, New Zealand: The New Zealand Society for Sustainability Engineering and Science. http://www.nzsses.auckland.ac.nz/conference/2007/papers/SEIDEL.M-Sustainability in practice.pdf. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
41. ↑ "Packaging - Global Citizenship". H-P. http://h41111.www4.hp.com/globalcitizenship/it/it/environment/productdesign/packaging.html.
42. ↑ Is Going Green Worth It
43. ↑ Standards New Zealand, ISO Standards for packaging and the environment , Touchstone, published 7 March 2013, accessed 3 November 2020
44. ↑ Kunstler, James Howard (2012). Too Much Magic; Wishful Thinking, Technology, and the Fate of the Nation. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-9438-1.
45. ↑ McKibben, D, ed (2010). The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis. Watershed Media. ISBN 978-0-9709500-6-2.
46. ↑ Brown, L. R. (2012). World on the Edge. Earth Policy Institute. Norton. ISBN 978-1-136-54075-2.
47. ↑ Speigleman, H, and Sheehan, B. (2010). "Climate Change, Peak Oil, and the End of Waste". in McKibben, D. The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis. Watershed Media. ISBN 978-0-9709500-6-2.

## Further reading

* Azzato, Maureen, "Facilitating the Use of Recycled Content in Packaging"
* Jedlicka, W, "Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design", (Wiley, 2008), ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6
* Selke, S, "Packaging and the Environment", 1994, ISBN 1-56676-104-2
* Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
* S., Sterling, "Field Guide to Sustainable Packaging", 2008
* Stillwell, E. J, "Packaging for the Environment", A. D. Little, 1991, ISBN 0-8144-5074-1
* Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
* ISO 18601-18606 Packaging and the Environment series of Standards

* v
* t
* e

Sustainability

* Outline
* History
* Index

Principles|

* Anthropocene
* Earth system governance
* Ecological modernization
* Environmental governance
* Environmentalism
* Global catastrophic risk
* Human impact on the environment
* Planetary boundaries
* Social sustainability
* Stewardship
* Sustainable development

Consumption|

* Anthropization
* Anti-consumerism
* Earth Overshoot Day
* Ecological footprint
* Ethical
* Over-consumption
* Simple living
* Sustainability advertising
* Sustainability brand
* Sustainability marketing myopia
* Sustainable
* Systemic change resistance
* Tragedy of the commons

Population|

* Birth control
* Family planning
* Control
* Overpopulation
* Zero growth

Technology|

* Appropriate
* Environmental
* Sustainable

Biodiversity|

* Biosecurity
* Biosphere
* Conservation biology
* Endangered species
* Holocene extinction
* Invasive species

Energy|

* Carbon footprint
* Climate change mitigation
* Conservation
* Descent
* Efficiency
* Emissions trading
* Fossil-fuel phase-out
* Peak oil
* Poverty
* Rebound effect
* Renewable

Food|

* Civic agriculture
* Community-supported agriculture
* Forest gardening
* Local
* Permaculture
* Security
* Sustainable agriculture
* Sustainable fishery
* Urban horticulture
* Vegetable box scheme

Water|

* Conservation
* Crisis
* Efficiency
* Footprint
* Reclaimed

Accountability|

* Sustainability accounting
* Sustainability measurement
* Sustainability metrics and indices
* Sustainability reporting
* Standards and certification
* Sustainable yield

Applications|

* Advertising
* Architecture
* Art
* Business
* City
* College programs
* Community
* Design
* Ecovillage
* Education for Sustainable Development
* Fashion
* Gardening
* Geopark
* Green marketing
* Industries
* Landscape architecture
* Living
* Low-impact development
* Sustainable market
* Organizations
* Packaging
* Practices
* Procurement
* Tourism
* Transport
* Urban drainage systems
* Urban infrastructure
* Urbanism

Management|

* Environmental
* Fisheries
* Forest
* Landscape
* Materials
* Natural resource
* Planetary
* Waste

Agreements and conferences|

* UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
* Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
* Our Common Future (1987)
* Earth Summit (1992)
* Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
* ICPD Programme of Action (1994)
* Lisbon Principles (1997)
* Kyoto Protocol (1997)
* Earth Charter (2000)
* UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
* Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg)
* UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012)
* Sustainable Development Goals (2015)
* Paris Agreement (2015)
* UN Ocean Conference (2017)

* Category
* Lists
* Science
* Studies
* Degrees

* v
* t
* e

Packaging

General topics|

* Active packaging
* Child-resistant packaging
* Contract packager
* Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
* Package pilferage
* Package testing
* Packaging engineering
* Resealable packaging
* Reusable packaging
* Reuse of bottles
* Shelf life
* Shelf-ready packaging
* Shelf-stable
* Sustainable packaging
* Tamper-evident
* Tamper resistance
* Wrap rage

Product packages|

* Alternative wine closure
* Beer bottle
* Box wine
* Case-ready meat
* Coffee bag
* Cosmetic packaging
* Currency packaging
* Disposable food packaging
* Drink can
* Egg carton
* Evidence packaging
* Flour sack
* Foam food container
* Food packaging
* Glass milk bottle
* Growler
* Juicebox
* Luxury packaging
* Milk bag
* Optical disc packaging
* Popcorn bag
* Pharmaceutical packaging
* Plastic milk container
* Self-heating food packaging
* Screw cap (wine)
* Single-serve coffee container
* Water bottle
* Wine bottle

Containers|

* Aerosol spray
* Aluminium bottle
* Aluminum can
* Ampoule
* Antistatic bag
* Bag-in-box
* Bag
* Barrel
* Biodegradable bag
* Blister pack
* Boil-in-bag
* Bottle
* Box
* Bulk box
* Cage
* Case
* Carboy
* Carton
* Chub
* Clamshell
* Corrugated box design
* Crate
* Disposable cup
* Drum
* Endcap
* Envelope
* Flexible intermediate bulk container
* Folding carton
* Glass bottle
* Gunny sack
* Inhaler
* Insulated shipping container
* Intermediate bulk container
* Jar
* Jerrycan
* Jug
* Keg
* Mesh bag
* Multi-pack
* Oyster pail
* Packet (container)
* Padded envelope
* Pail
* Paper bag
* Paper sack
* Plastic bag
* Plastic bottle
* Retort pouch
* Sachet
* Security bag
* Self-heating can
* Shipping container
* Skin pack
* Spray bottle
* Stand-up pouch
* Steel and tin cans
* Tetra Brik
* Thermal bag
* Tub (container)
* Tube
* Unit load
* Vial
* Wooden box

Materials and
components|

* Adhesive
* Aluminium foil
* Bail handle
* Bioplastic
* Biodegradable plastic
* BoPET
* Bubble wrap
* Bung
* Cellophane
* Closure
* Coated paper
* Coating
* Coextrusion
* Corrugated fiberboard
* Corrugated plastic
* Cushioning
* Desiccant
* Double seam
* Foam peanut
* Gel pack
* Glass
* Hot-melt adhesive
* Kraft paper
* Label
* Lid
* Linear low-density polyethylene
* Liquid packaging board
* Low-density polyethylene
* Metallised film
* Modified atmosphere
* Molded pulp
* Nonwoven fabric
* Overwrap
* Oxygen scavenger
* Package handle
* Packaging gas
* Pallet
* Paper
* Paper pallet
* Paperboard
* Plastic film
* Plastic pallet
* Plastic wrap
* Polyester
* Polyethylene
* Polypropylene
* Pressure-sensitive tape
* Pump dispenser
* Screw cap
* Screw cap (wine)
* Security printing
* Security tape
* Shock detector
* Shock and vibration data logger
* Shrink wrap
* Slip sheet
* Staple (fastener)
* Strapping
* Stretch wrap
* Susceptor
* Tamper-evident band
* Tear tape
* Temperature data logger
* Time temperature indicator
* Tinplate
* Velostat

Processes|

* Aseptic processing
* Authentication
* Automatic identification and data capture
* Blow fill seal
* Blow molding
* Calendering
* Canning
* Coating
* Containerization
* Corona treatment
* Curtain coating
* Die cutting
* Die forming (plastics)
* Electronic article surveillance
* Extrusion
* Extrusion coating
* Flame treatment
* Glass production
* Graphic design
* HACCP
* Hermetic seal
* Induction sealing
* Injection moulding
* Lamination
* Laser cutting
* Molding
* Package tracking
* Papermaking
* Plastic welding
* Plastics extrusion
* Printing
* Quality assurance
* Radio-frequency identification
* Roll slitting
* Shearing (manufacturing)
* Thermoforming
* Track and trace
* Vacuum forming
* Ultrasonic welding
* Vacuum packaging
* Verification and validation

Machinery|

* Barcode printer
* Barcode reader
* Bottling line
* Calender
* Can seamer
* Cartoning machine
* Case sealer
* Check weigher
* Conveyor system
* Extended core stretch wrapper
* Filler
* Heat gun
* Heat sealer
* Industrial robot
* Injection molding machine
* Label printer applicator
* Lineshaft roller conveyor
* Logistics automation
* Material-handling equipment
* Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
* Multihead weigher
* Orbital stretch wrapper
* Packaging machinery
* Palletizer
* Rotary wheel blow molding systems
* Shrink tunnel
* Staple gun
* Tape dispenser
* Turntable stretch wrapper
* Vertical form fill sealing machine

Environment,
post-use|

* Biodegradation
* Environmental engineering
* Glass recycling
* Industrial ecology
* Life-cycle assessment
* Litter
* Packaging waste
* Paper recycling
* Plastic recycling
* Recycling
* Reusable packaging
* Reverse logistics
* Source reduction
* Sustainable packaging
* Waste management

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