Tai Lue language

Short description: Southwestern Tai language

Tai Lue

Template:Script/New Tai Lue, Template:Script/Tai Tham
kam tai lue
Native to| China , Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, United States
Region| Yunnan, China
Ethnicity| Tai Lue

Native speakers

| 550,000 (2000–2013)[1]

Language family

Kra–Dai

* Tai
* Southwestern (Thai)
* Chiang Saen
* Tai Lue

Writing system

| Tai Tham alphabet, Thai alphabet, New Tai Lue alphabet
Official status

Recognised minority
language in

China
Laos
Thailand
Myanmar
Vietnam
United States

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `khb`
Glottolog| `luuu1242`[2]
| You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this page correctly.

|

| Tai Lue language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

|

Tai Lue (Tai Lü: Template:Script/New Tai Lue, kam tai lue, Template:IPA-khb, Tai Tham: Template:Script/Tai Tham) or Tai Lɯ, Tai Lü, Thai Lue, Tai Le, Xishuangbanna Dai (Chinese: 傣仂语; pinyin: Dǎilèyǔ; Burmese: လူးရှမ်း, romanized: luu Shan; Lao: ພາສາໄຕລື້; Thai: ภาษาไทลื้อ, phasa thai lue, pronounced [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; Vietnamese: tiếng Lự or tiếng Lữ), is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia. This includes 280,000 people in China (Yunnan), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand and 4,960 in Vietnam.[3] The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language. In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City.

In Vietnam, Tai Lue speakers are officially recognised as the Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people, along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang.

## Contents

* 1 Phonology
* 1.1 Consonants
* 1.1.1 Initials
* 1.1.2 Finals
* 1.2 Vowels
* 1.3 Tones
* 1.3.1 Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables
* 1.3.2 Contrastive tones in checked syllables
* 2 Grammar
* 2.1 Pronouns
* 2.2 Syntax
* 2.3 Interrogatives
* 3 Vocabulary
* 3.1 Different words
* 3.2 Similar words
* 3.3 Numbers
* 4 Writing systems
* 4.1 Fak Kham
* 4.2 Tham
* 4.3 New Tai Lue
* 5 Related varieties
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Phonology

Tai Lue has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 9 syllable-finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in open syllables).

### Consonants

#### Initials

| Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

plain  | labial
Nasal  | [m] | [n] |  | [ŋ] |  |
Plosive  | tenuis | [p] | [t] |  | [k] | [kʷ] | [ʔ]
aspirated | [pʰ] | [tʰ] |  |  |  |
voiced | [b] | [d] |  |  |  |
Affricate  |  | [t͡s] |  |  |  |
Fricative  | voiceless | [f] | [s] |  | [x] | [xʷ] | [h]
voiced | [v] |  |  |  |  |
Approximant  |  | [l] | [j] |  |  |

The initials t͡s\- and s\- are palatalized before front vowels (which in the language are i, e, and ɛ) and become t͡ɕ- and ɕ-, respectively. For example, /t͡síŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [t͡ɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively. (Some textbooks denote t͡s as c).

#### Finals

| Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | [m] | [n] |  | [ŋ] |
Plosive  | [p] | [t] |  | [k] | [ʔ]
Approximant  | [w] |  | [j] |  |

### Vowels

Front | Central-Back | Back

|
|

/i/ | /ɯ/ | /u/
/uː/
/e/ | /ɤ/ | /o/
/ɛ/ | /a/
/aː/ | /ɔ/

Generally, vowels in open syllables (without codas) occur as long whereas ones in closed syllables are short (except /aː/ and /uː/).

### Tones

#### Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables

The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k).

Description | Contour | Transcription | Example | Old Tai Lue | New Tai Lue script | Meaning

|
|
|
|
|
|

high | 55 | á | /káː/ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦂ | crow
high rising | 35 | a᷄ | /ka᷄ː/ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦂᧈ | to go
low rising | 13 | a᷅ | /ka᷅ː/ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦂᧉ | rice shoots
falling | 51 | â | /kâː/ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦅ | to be stuck
mid | 33 | a (not marked) | /kaː/ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦅᧈ | price
low | 11 | à | /kàː/ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦅᧉ | to do business

#### Contrastive tones in checked syllables

The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t], and [k].

Tone | Example | New Tai Lue | Phonemic | gloss

|
|
|
|

high-risinɡ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦜᧅᧈ | /la᷄k/ | post
mid | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦟᧅᧈ | /lāk/ | steal
high-risinɡ | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦜᦱᧅᧈ | /la᷄ːk/ | differ from others
mid | Template:Script/New Tai Lue | ᦟᦱᧅᧈ | /lāːk/ | draɡ, pull

## Grammar

### Pronouns

[4]

| Singular Familiar  | Singular  | Deferential  | Plural Familiar  | Plural  | Deferential

|
|
|
|
|
|

1st person  | exclusive  | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
pʰuu3xaa3 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
xaa3 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
xaa3nɔj6 | \-  | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
tuu1 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
tuu1xɔj3
inclusive  | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
haw4 | \-
2nd person  | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
caw3man4 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
xiŋ4 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
tun1caw3 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
suu1 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
suu1taan5 | \-
3rd person  | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
tun1taan5 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
man4 | \-  | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
tun1taan5 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
xaw1 | Template:Script/New Tai Lue
xaw1caw3

### Syntax

Word order is usually subject–verb–object (SVO); modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns.

### Interrogatives

[5]

Word | Meaning

|

ᦉᧂ (saŋ1) | What
ᦌᦹ (sɯɯ4) | Why
ᦂᦲᧈ (kii1) | How many
ᦺᦕ (pʰaj1) | Who
ᦺᦐ (naj1) | Where

## Vocabulary

As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lue has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes. Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lue has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with, the other Southwestern Tai languages. Tai Lue has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun.[1]

Below, some Thai Lue words are given with standard Central Thai equivalents for comparison. Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lue words, written in New Tai Lue script, are shown on the right.

### Different words

Many words differ from Thai greatly:

* ยี่สิบ → ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ (/jîː sìp/ → /sâːw/, twenty; cf. Lao: /sáːw/, Northern Thai: /sāw/)
* พูด → ᩋᩪᩢ (/pʰûːt/ → /ʔu᷅ː/, to speak; cf. Northern Thai: /ʔu᷇ː/)
* พี่ชาย → ᩋᩢᩣ᩠ᨿ (/pʰîː t͡ɕʰaːj/ → /ʔa᷅ːj/, older brother; cf. Lao: /ʔâːj/, Northern Thai: /ʔa᷇ːj/)

### Similar words

Some words differ in tone only:

* หนึ่ง → ᨶ᩠ᨦᩧ᩵ (/nɯŋ/, one)
* หก → ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ (/hók/, six)
* เจ็ด → ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ (/t͡ɕét/, seven)
* สิบ → ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ (/síp/, ten)
* กิน → ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ (/kín/, to eat)

Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Thai is ฮ (/h/) in Tai Lue, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan:

* ร้อน → ᩁᩢᩬᩁ (/rɔ́n/ → /hɔ̀n/, hot; cf. Lao: /hɔ̂n/, Northern Thai: /hɔ́ːn/)
* รัก → ᩁᩢ᩠ᨠ (/rák/ → /hak/, to love; cf. Lao: /hāk/, Northern Thai: /ha᷇k/)
* รู้ → ᩁᩪᩢ (/rúː/ → /hùː/, to know; cf. Lao: /hûː/, Northern Thai: /húː/)

Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/) become unaspirated:

* เชียงราย → ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ (/t͡ɕʰiaŋ raːj/ → /t͡ɕêŋ hâːj/, Chiang Rai city and province)
* คิด → ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ (/kʰít/ → /kɯt/, to think; cf. Northern Thai: /kɯ́t/)
* พ่อ → ᨻᩳ᩵ (/pʰɔ̂/ → /pɔ/, father; cf. Northern Thai: /pɔ̂ː/)
* ทาง → ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ (/tʰaːŋ/ → /tâːŋ/, way; cf. Northern Thai: /tāːŋ/)

(Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lue and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.)

Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร (/r/) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated:

* ประเทศ → ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ (/praʔtʰêːt/ → /pʰaʔtêːt/, country; cf. Northern Thai /pʰa.têːt/)

Other differences:

* ให้ → ᩉᩨᩢ (/hâj/ → /hɯ᷅/, to give, let)

### Numbers

1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 100 | 10,000 | 100,000 | 1,000,000

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

᧚ | ᧒ | ᧓ | ᧔ | ᧕ | ᧖ | ᧗ | ᧘ | ᧙ | ᧚᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐
ᦓᦹᧂᧈ | ᦉᦸᧂ | ᦉᧄ | ᦉᦲᧈ | ᦠᦱᧉ | ᦠᦸᧅ | ᦵᦈᧆ | ᦶᦔᧆᧈ | ᦂᧁᧉ | ᦉᦲᧇ | ᦠᦸᦲᧉ | ᦖᦹᧃᧈ | ᦶᦉᧃ | ᦟᧃᧉ
ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ | ᩈᩬᨦ | ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ | ᩈᩦ᩵ | ᩉᩢᩣ | ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ | ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ | ᩯᨸ᩠ᨯ | ᩮᨠᩢᩢᩣ | ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ | ᩁᩢᩭ | ᩉ᩠ᨾᩨ᩵ᩁ | ᩯᩈ᩠ᨶ | ᩃᩢᩣ᩠ᨶ
nɯŋ | sɔ́ŋ | sám | ɕi᷄ː | ha᷅ː | hók | t͡ɕét | pɛ᷄t | ka᷅w | ɕíp | hɔ̀i | mɯ᷄n | ɕɛ́n | làn

## Writing systems

Tai Lue is written in three different scripts. One is the Fak Kham script, a variety of the Thai script of Sukhothai. The second is the Tham script, which was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new script is a simplified version of the old script.

### Fak Kham

An ancient script, also used in Kengtung, Northern Thailand and Northern Laos centuries ago.

### Tham

The Tham script is called 老傣文 lao dai wen (Old laos script) in Chinese. Readable by the most people in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

### New Tai Lue

China Post logo with the New Tai Lue script in Mohan, Yunnan

New Tai Lue is a modernization of the Lanna alphabet (also known as the Tai Tham script), which is similar to the Thai alphabet, and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after the syllable initial consonant.

Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length, and the tone mark.

## Related varieties

The Bajia people (八甲人), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village (勐康村), Meng'a Town (勐阿镇), Menghai County, Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lue.[citation needed] There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270).[6] The Bajia are also known as the Chinese Dai 汉傣.

## See also

* Tai Nüa language
* Tai Dam language

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tai Lue at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Lu". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/luuu1242.
3. ↑ "Lü" (in en). http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=khb.
4. ↑ Tai Lü Dictionary – Webonary
5. ↑ Tai Lü Dictionary – Webonary
6. ↑ You, Weiqiong 尤伟琼 (2013) (in zh). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié yánjiū. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-12703-0.

## Further reading

* Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou (2002) (in zh). Dǎi Hàn cídiǎn. Kunming shi: Yunnan minzu chubanshe. – This is a dictionary of Tai Lue in unreformed spelling.
* Yu, Cuirong 喻翠荣; Luo, Meizhen 罗美珍 (2004) (in zh). Dǎilè Hàn cídiǎn. Beijing shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-105-05834-X.
* Hanna, William J. (2012) (in en). Dai Lue-English Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-616-215-031-9.

## External links

* SeaSite: Tai Lue, under construction
* Omniglot - Tai Lue script
* Tai Lue dictionary online

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Myanmar

Official language|

* Burmese

Semiofficial language|

* English

Indigenous languages
(by state or region)|

| Chin|

| Kuki-Chin|

| Northern|

* Falam
* Siyin
* Tedim
* Thadou
* Zo

|

Central|

* Bawm
* Hakha Chin
* Mizo
* Ngawn
* Tawr

Maraic|

* Lautu
* Mara
* Senthang
* Zotung
* Zyphe

Southern|

* Daai
* Kaang
* Khumi
* Müün
* Nga La
* Shö
* Songlai
* Sumtu
* Thaiphum
* Welaung

Other|

* Anu-Hkongso

Kachin|

| Sino-Tibetan|

* Achang
* Drung
* Hpon
* Jingpho
* Lashi
* Lhao Vo
* Lisu
* Nusu
* Rawang
* Zaiwa

|

Other|

* Khamti
* Nung
* Palaung
* Tai Laing

Kayah|

* Kayaw
* Red Karen

Kayin|

* Bwe Karen
* Geba Karen
* Pwo
* Eastern
* Western
* S’gaw Karen

Magway|

* Rungtu (Taungtha)

Mon|

* Mon

Rakhine|

* Arakanese
* Chakma
* Laitu
* Mro-Khimi
* Mru
* Rohingya
* Sak

Sagaing|

| Sal|

* Khiamniungan
* Konyak
* Leinong
* Makyam
* Ponyo
* Sak
* Tangsa

|

Other|

* Akyaung Ari
* Anal
* Koki
* Makury
* Long Phuri
* Para
* Tangkhul

Shan|

| Austroasiatic|

* Blang
* Danau
* Palaung
* Riang
* Tai Loi
* Wa

|

Sino-Tibetan|

* Akeu
* Akha
* Danu
* Geko Karen
* Intha
* Lahta
* Lahu
* Pa’o
* Padaung
* Pyen
* Taungyo
* Southwestern Mandarin

Kra–Dai|

* Khün
* Tai Lue
* Shan
* Tai Nuea

Hmong–Mien|

* Hmong Njua

Tanintharyi|

* Malay
* Moken
* Moklen
* S’gaw
* Tavoyan

Sign languages|

* Burmese sign language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of China

Official|

* Standard Mandarin

Regional|

| ARs / SARs|

* CantoneseHK/MC
* EnglishHK
* MongolianNM
* PortugueseMC
* TibetanXZ
* UyghurXJ
* ZhuangGX

|

Prefecture|

* Hmong
* Kam
* Bouyei
* Tujia
* Korean
* Qiang
* Yi
* Kyrgyz
* Kazakh
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Lü
* Zaiwa
* Lisu
* Bai
* Hani
* Zhuang

Counties/Banners|

numerous

Indigenous|

Sino-Tibetan languages

| Lolo-
Burmese|

| Mondzish|

* Kathu
* Maang
* Manga
* Mango
* Maza
* Mondzi
* Muangphe

|

Burmish|

* Achang
* Xiandao
* Pela
* Lashi
* Chashan
* Lhao Vo
* Zaiwa

Loloish|

| Hanoish|

* Akeu
* Akha
* Amu
* Angluo
* Asuo
* Baihong
* Bisu
* Budu
* Bukong
* Cosao
* Duoni
* Duota
* Enu
* Habei
* Hani
* Honi
* Jino
* Kabie
* Kaduo
* Lami
* Laomian
* Laopin
* Mpi
* Muda
* Nuobi
* Nuomei
* Phana’
* Piyo
* Qidi
* Sadu
* Sangkong
* Suobi
* Tsukong
* Woni
* Yiche

|

Lisoish|

* Eka
* Hlersu
* Kua-nsi
* Kuamasi
* Laizisi
* Lalo
* Lamu
* Lavu
* Lawu
* Limi
* Lipo
* Lisu
* Lolopo
* Mangdi
* Micha
* Mili
* Sonaga
* Toloza
* Xuzhang
* Yangliu
* Zibusi

Nisoish|

* Alingpo
* Alugu
* Aluo
* Axi
* Azha
* Azhe
* Bokha
* Gepo
* Khlula
* Lope
* Moji
* Muji
* Muzi
* Nasu
* Nisu
* Nuosu
* Phala
* Phola
* Phowa
* Phukha
* Phuma
* Phupa
* Phupha
* Phuza
* Samei
* Sani
* Thopho
* Zokhuo

Other|

* Gokhy
* Katso
* Kucong
* Lahu
* Naruo
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Nusu
* Samu
* Sanie
* Zauzou

Qiangic|

* Baima
* Choyo
* Ersu
* Guiqiong
* Horpa
* Japhug
* Khroskyabs
* Laze
* Lizu
* Na
* Muya
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Pumi
* Northern Qiang
* Southern Qiang
* Shixing
* Situ
* Tshobdun
* Zbu
* Zhaba

Tibetic|

* Amdo
* Baima
* Basum
* Central Tibetan
* Choni
* Dao
* Dongwang
* Drugchu
* Groma
* Gserpa
* Khalong
* Khams
* Kyirong
* Ladakhi
* Tseku
* Zhongu
* Zitsadegu

Other|

* Bai
* Caijia
* Derung
* Jingpho
* Longjia
* Nung
* Tujia
* Waxianghua

Other languages

| Austroasiatic|

* Bit
* Blang
* Bolyu
* Bugan
* Bumang
* Hu
* Kuan
* Mang
* Man Met
* Muak Sa-aak
* Palaung
* Riang
* U
* Va
* Wa

|

Hmong-Mien|

| Hmongic|

* A-Hmao
* Bu-Nao
* Gejia
* Guiyang
* Hm Nai
* Hmong
* Hmu
* Huishui
* Kiong Nai
* Luobohe
* Mashan
* Pa-Hng
* Pa Na
* Pingtang
* Qo Xiong
* Raojia
* She
* Small Flowery
* Xixiu
* Younuo

|

Mienic|

* Biao Min
* Dzao Min
* Iu Mien
* Kim Mun

Mongolic|

* Bonan
* Buryat
* Daur
* Eastern Yugur
* Kangjia
* Khamnigan
* Monguor
* Oirat
* Ordos
* Santa
* Torgut

Kra-Dai|

| Zhuang|

* Bouyei
* Dai
* Min
* Ningming
* Nong
* Tai Dam
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hongjin
* Tai Lü
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Ya
* Yang
* Yei

|

Other|

* Ai-Cham
* Biao
* Buyang
* Cao Miao
* Chadong
* Cun
* Gelao
* Hlai
* Jiamao
* Kam
* Lakkja
* Mak
* Maonan
* Mulam
* Naxi Yao
* Ong Be
* Paha
* Qabiao
* Sui
* Then

Tungusic|

* Evenki
* Manchu
* Nanai
* Oroqen
* Xibe

Turkic|

* Äynu
* Fuyu Kyrgyz
* Ili Turki
* Lop
* Salar
* Western Yugur

Other|

* Sarikoli (Indo-European)
* Tsat (Austronesian)
* Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Minority|

* Kazakh
* Korean
* Kyrgyz
* Russian
* Tatar
* Tuvan
* Uzbek
* Vietnamese (Kinh)
* Wakhi

Varieties of
Chinese|

* Mandarin
* Southwestern
* Dongbei
* Jiang Huai
* Gan
* Hakka
* Hui
* Jin
* Min
* varieties
* Ping
* Wu
* Wenzhounese
* Xiang
* Yue
* Cantonese

Creole/Mixed|

* E
* Hezhou
* Lingling
* Macanese
* Maojia
* Qoqmončaq
* Sanqiao
* Tangwang
* Wutun

Extinct|

* Ba-Shu
* Jie
* Khitan
* Ruan-ruan
* Saka
* Tangut
* Tocharian
* Tuoba
* Tuyuhun
* Xianbei
* Zhang-Zhung

Sign|

* Chinese Sign
* Hong Kong SignHK/MC
* Tibetan SignXZ

* GX = Guangxi
* HK = Hong Kong
* MC = Macau
* NM = Inner Mongolia
* XJ = Xinjiang
* XZ = Tibet

* v
* t
* e

Kra–Dai languages

Kra|

* Laha
* Gelao
* Lachi
* Paha
* Buyang
* En
* Qabiao

Kam–Sui|

* Mulam
* Kam (Dong)
* Cao Miao
* Naxi Yao
* Sanqiao
* Then
* Maonan
* Chadong
* Sui
* Mak
* Ai-Cham

Biao–Lakkia|

* Biao
* Lakkia

Hlai|

* Hlai
* Cun

Jiamao|

* Jiamao

Be–Jizhao|

* Be
* Jizhao

Tai
(Zhuang)|

| Northern|

* Standard Zhuang
* Bouyei
* Hezhang Buyi
* Yei Zhuang
* Longsang Zhuang
* E
* Saek
* Tai Yo (Nyaw)
* Yoy
* Tai Pao

|

Central|

* Nong Zhuang
* Dai Zhuang
* Min Zhuang
* Yang Zhuang
* Pyang Zhuang
* Myang Zhuang
* Nung
* Tày
* Tsʻün-Lao

Southwestern
(Thai)|

| Northwestern|

* Shan
* Tai Ya
* Tai Nuea
* Tai Long
* Tai Hongjin
* Khamti
* Tai Laing
* Tai Phake
* Tai Aiton
* Khamyang
* Ahom
* Turung

|

Lao–Phutai|

* Lao
* Phu Thai
* Isan
* Nyaw
* Lao Nyo
* Kaloeng

Chiang Saen|

* Thai (Siamese)
* Northern Thai
* Tai Daeng
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hang Tong
* Tai Lue
* Tai Dam
* Khun
* Phuan
* Thai Song
* Tày Tac

Southern|

* Southern Thai

(other)|

* Sapa
* Pa Di
* Tai Muong Vat
* Tai Thanh
* Tai Khang
* Yong
* Kuan

(mixed)|

* Caolan

(mixed origins)|

* Hezhang Buyi
* E
* Caolan
* Sanqiao
* Jiamao

proposed groupings|

* Kam–Tai

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Kra
* Proto-Tai
* Proto-Kam–Sui
* Proto-Hlai

0.00

(0 votes)

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Tai_Lue_language&oldid=3419726"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template