Talking animals in fiction

Short description: Theme in mythology and folk tales

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A 1830 print by Achille Devéria depicting the story of Little Red Riding Hood, where a child mistakes a wolf for her grandmother and converses with it.

Talking animals are a common element in mythology and folk tales, children's literature, and modern comic books and animated cartoons. Fictional talking animals often are anthropomorphic, possessing human-like qualities (such as bipedal walking, wearing clothes, and living in houses). Whether they are realistic animals or fantastical ones, talking animals serve a wide range of uses in literature, from teaching morality to providing social commentary. Realistic talking animals are often found in fables, religious texts, indigenous texts, coming of age stories set in the wilderness, naturalist fiction, animal autobiography, animal satire, and in works featuring pets and domesticated animals. Conversely, fantastical and more anthropomorphic animals are often found in the fairy tale, science fiction, and fantasy genres.

## Contents

* 1 Utility of talking animals in fiction
* 2 Realistic/non-fictional animals
* 2.1 Fables
* 2.2 Animals in religious texts
* 2.3 Native American/indigenous texts
* 2.4 Wilderness coming-of-age stories
* 2.5 Naturalist animal fiction
* 2.6 Animal autobiography
* 2.7 Animal satire
* 2.8 Contemporary fiction
* 3 Fantastical creatures
* 3.1 Fairy tales
* 3.2 Science fiction
* 3.3 Toy stories
* 3.4 Fantasy
* 4 American comics
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Sources
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Utility of talking animals in fiction

The use of talking animals enables storytellers to combine the basic characteristics of the animal with human behavior, to apply metaphor, and to entertain children as well as adults.[1] Animals are used in a variety of ways in fictional works including to illustrate morality lessons for children, to instill wonder in young readers,[1] and as a tool for inserting social commentary.[2] In addition talking animals can be utilized for satirical purposes,[1] for humorous purposes like in the case of Frog and Toad,[1] and to decentralize and deemphasize the human experience.[3] Talking animals can also be used to create analogies or allegories. For example, in Narnia, Aslan the Lion can be seen as an allegory for Christ.[1] Finally, some fictional works with talking animals challenge the human-animal divide and identify children as the members of society who take on the responsibility of being ecological/environmental changemakers.[3]

## Realistic/non-fictional animals

In textual representations the creature retains its original form, other than being able to speak. Sometimes it may only speak as a narrator for the reader's convenience. The rabbits in Watership Down who, except for the ability to discuss their actions, behave exactly as normal rabbits, also come under this category, as do characters from animated films like Happy Feet and The Lion King.

### Fables

The tradition of using talking animals in stories dates as far back as 550 BCE with the Greek Aesop’s Fables. The Panchatantra, a collection of Indian animal fables, is another early example. Both use talking animals for didactic purposes.[4] More recent fables like Sarah Trimmer’s History of the Robins (1786) use talking animals to instruct children on how to behave in society as well as how to maintain the social order.[4] They also reiterate the superiority of humans to animals which is why humans are responsible for caring for animals.[4]

### Animals in religious texts

The talking creature concept is featured within much traditional literature, and several mythologies, including Greek, Chinese and Indian mythologies. A notable example from the Judaeo-Christian tradition is the talking serpent from the Book of Genesis, which tempts Eve to eat the forbidden fruit of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil.[5] Another example is Balaam's donkey.[6]

In the Qur’ān, animals are seen as gifts from God and thus are meant to serve humans.[7] Aside from a few animals being able to speak, they are never anthropomorphized, personified, or given names.[7] There are only a handful of times that animals speak in the Qur’ān and most of these occurrences happen in relation to Solomon.[7] For example, it is a hoopoe (a bird native to Africa, Asia, and Europe) that tells King Solomon of Queen Sheba’s idolatrous ways.[7]

### Native American/indigenous texts

In Native American mythology, animals are integral to human survival and thus a part of the Native American family/community.[8] Distinctions between humans and animals are more fluid.[8] In these stories animals represent the ability to adapt and serve as mentors and guides.[8] For example, in Louise Erdrich’s book Chickadee the protagonist is saved by a Chickadee, who instructs him in finding food and water, after he escapes a kidnapping.[8]

Other examples of Native American works with talking animal stories include How I Became a Ghost, Keepers of the Earth, and The Orphan and the Polar Bear, just to name a few.[2]

### Wilderness coming-of-age stories

In the Disney franchises of The Jungle Book and Tarzan, Mowgli along with Shanti and Ranjan can talk to the animals (such as a sloth bear, an elephant, a black panther, a tiger and a python) in the jungles of India, and Tarzan along with Jane and her father can talk to the animals: gorillas and elephants in African jungle. Out of the animals, Sabor the leopard does not speak.

In the French feral child comic book Pyrénée, Pyrénée can talk to the forest animals in the French mountains of Pyrenees.

In Go, Diego, Go! and Dora the Explorer, Dora and her cousin Diego can talk to the animals in the rainforest.

In Tommy and the Wishing Stone (1915) by Thornton W. Burgess, Tommy, who lives on a farm with his parents, resents his chores. He sees a mouse and envies it for not having chores, and imagines that it lives a carefree life. He wishes he was a mouse too, and suddenly, he IS a real mouse. For the rest of the first chapter, Tommy learns firsthand the challenges of being a real mouse living in the wild. He can converse with other mice in human language, but is otherwise just as a real mouse. In dreams, Tommy is thrust into life as 12 wild animals in turn: a mouse, a squirrel, a rabbit, a fox, a goose, a toad, a muskrat, a grouse, a mink, a raccoon, a beaver, and a bear. He learns how difficult and dangerous it is to live as these wild animals, and comes to respect and sympathize with them. Some editions split the book into three volumes: Tommy and the Wishing Stone, Tommy’s Wishes Come True, and Tommy’s Change of Heart.

### Naturalist animal fiction

Animal fictions with more conservation-oriented themes allow young readers to engage with challenging messages at a safe distance. For example, Charlotte’s Web introduces the concept of death when Charlotte dies and Wilbur is charged with taking care of her offspring.[4] Similarly, naturalist animal fictions also provide a vehicle with which to provide commentary on the humane treatment of animals, animal rights, and the conservation of animals. A good example of this would be the Doctor Doolittle series.[1] Finally, in this digital age where modern childhood generally has very little contact and exposure to animals in the natural environment, naturalist animal fictions allow authors to portray natural animal behavior.[1][3] For instance Bambi, both the 1928 novel and the Disney film, realistically portrays the life cycle of deers.[1] The hunting dogs in the film adaptation do not talk.

### Animal autobiography

Fictional works told from an animal’s perspective, like the horse in Black Beauty, encourage readers to empathize with animals. Furthermore, more generally they challenge the human-animal divide.[4] Other examples of animal autobiographies include The Life and Perambulations of a Mouse (1783), The Biography of a Spaniel (1806), The Adventures of a Donkey (1815), The Curious Adventures of a Field Cricket (1881), and Thy Servant, a Dog (1930).[4]

### Animal satire

For some authors talking animals, rather than human characters, allowed them to publish their satirical commentary by protecting them from censure. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Orwell’s Animal Farm are some of the most famous examples of this.[4]

### Contemporary fiction

Contemporary novels such as Alexis Wright's The Swan Book, Colin McAdam's A Beautiful Truth, Erin Hortle's The Octopus and I and Laura Jean McKay's The Animals in That Country show animal voices alongside human characters. These novels portray animals as equally deserving of a place in the narrative.

## Fantastical creatures

In the industries of illustration, cartooning, and animation, professionals refer to these types of creature characters as talking animals,[9] funny animals,[10] or anthropomorphic characters.[11]

### Fairy tales

Many fairy tales include talking creatures that prove to be shapeshifted people, or even ghosts. The fairy tales How Ian Direach got the Blue Falcon and Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf have the hero aided by a fox and a wolf respectively, but in the similar tale The Golden Bird, the talking fox is freed from a spell to become the heroine's brother, and in The Bird 'Grip', the fox leaves the hero after explaining that it was the dead man whose debts the hero had paid.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022} Whether shape-shifted or merely having the magical ability to speak, the talking creature is perhaps the most common trait of fairy tales. The motif is certainly present in many more tales than fairies.[12]

### Science fiction

A good example of the science fiction genre is the webcomic Anima: Age of the Robots which uses anthropomorphism to portray an alternate world as modern as ours, but inhabited by creature-lookalikes.[disputed - discuss] The intelligent robots that they have made do rebel and threaten the creatures. This serves as a warning to mankind's thoughtless pursuit of technological advancement.

### Toy stories

Animated toys in fictional works are popular for expressing human developmental and existential concerns.[13] In toy literature, there are a few common motifs talking toys are used to convey. For example, talking toys can embody human anxiety about what it means to be "real" as well as reflect struggles of power when they are at the disposal of humans.[13] Another common motif is the religious allusion to divine creation when humans create toys that come alive.[13] Some examples of talking toy animals include the animals in Winnie the Pooh, the wooden toy dog in Poor Cecco,[13] the Skin Horse and Velveteen rabbit in The Velveteen Rabbit, and the Slinky Dog toy and Tyrannosaurus Rex toy in Disney's Toy Story.[14]

### Fantasy

Anthropomorphism of animals is common in the fantasy genre.[2] For example, in L. Frank Baum's Land of Oz, creatures (such as the Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger) talk. The chicken Billina gains the ability to talk when she is swept away by a storm to land near Oz, as do other animals, and Toto, as explained in a retcon, always had the ability since arriving in Oz, but never used it. In C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia, the world of Narnia is ruled by a talking lion by the name of Aslan, and many minor characters are talking woodland animals, both of which interact with both the humans of Narnia, and the children who act as the protagonists of the books. The popularity of talking animals in Western fantasy has fluctuated over time, with a new wave of animal stories appearing in the 1970s, but they became less common in subsequent decades.[15] In the Sailor Moon franchise, the protagonist Usagi Tsukino and her friends awaken their powers as Sailor Guardians thanks to talking cats Luna and Artemis, who also serve as mentoring figures and advisors to them.[16]: Act 1 In the Pokémon franchise. Meowth of Team Rocket is considered a unique Pokémon in that he can understand and use human language, even serving as a translator for his fellow Pokémon, where they can only usually call out their own names verbally.[17]

## American comics

Dell's Animal Comics from the 1940s, whose cover features animals who behave like humans.

Funny animal comics feature non-human protagonists displaying anthropomorphic traits for humorous purposes.[18] The term "funny animals" has been used since at least the early 1870s, with an American Bookseller descrbing a book titled Pretty Picture and Pretty Rhymes which featured anthropomorphic animals.[18][19] The authors of Animal Comics; Multispecies Storyworlds in Graphic Narratives (2017) described the style as "rampant" in comic strips in the first half of the 20th century.[20]

Nicholas Labarre in Understanding Genres in Comics (2020) stated that Fawcett Publications preempted the style when they began publishing Funny Animals in December 1942 while the first dedicated funny animal comic books were likely Disney and Warner-based comics, such as Dell Comics Four Color series, which started with Donald Duck.[18]

## See also

* Anthropomorphism
* Furry fandom
* Talking animal
* Uplift (science fiction)

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Foster, John; Rahn, Suzanne; Whitley, David (2001). "Animals in Fiction". The Cambridge Guide to Children's Books in English (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: Ed. Victor Watson).
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mathis, Janelle B. "Animal Stories." Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Eds. Bernice E. Cullinan and Diane Goetz Person. London, UK: Continuum, 2005. Web.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 You, Chengcheng (June 2021). "The Necessity of an Anthropomorphic Approach to Children's Literature". Children's Literature in Education 52 (2): 183–199. doi:10.1007/s10583-020-09409-6.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Hunt, Peter (2004). International companion encyclopedia of children's literature. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-32566-4. OCLC 57173551.
5. ↑ Genesis 3:1-15; see Bible Gateway.
6. ↑ Numbers 22:21-39; see Bible Gateway
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Eisenstein, Herbert. "Animal Life." Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. Web.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Harde, Roxanne (2021). "'He called their namesakes, the animals, from each direction': Kinship and Animals in Indigenous Children's Literature". Children's Literature Association Quarterly 46 (3): 230–243. doi:10.1353/chq.2021.0034. Project MUSE 840213.
9. ↑ Katalin Orban, Ethical Diversions: The Post-Holocaust Narratives of Pynchon, Abish, DeLillo, and Spiegelman, New York, London: Routledge, 2013, p. 55.
10. ↑ "Funny Animals Comics and Books". https://comicbookplus.com/?cbplus=funnyanimals. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
11. ↑ M. Keith Booker (ed.), Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2014, p. 177.
12. ↑ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 55, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Kuznets, Lois Rostow (1994). "An Introduction to My World of Literary Toys". When Toys Come Alive: Narratives of Animation, Metamorphosis, and Development. Yale University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0-300-05645-7.
14. ↑ Bolat, Dorris, M. "Jestful nickname". https://findfunnynames.com/.
15. ↑ Mendlesohn, Farah; James, Edward (2009). A Short History of Fantasy. London: Middlesex University Press. p. 115-117. ISBN 978-1-907471-66-7.
16. ↑ Takeuchi, Naoko (July 6, 1992). Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon: Volume 1. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-178721-6.
17. ↑ Harris, Jeffrey (2008-02-04). "Pokémon: Indigo League Season 1, Volume 3 DVD Review" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/04/pokacmon-indigo-league-season-1-volume-3-dvd-review.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Labarre 2020, p. 37.
19. ↑ Labarre 2020, pp. 43–44.
20. ↑ Herman & Yezbick 2017, p. 37.

### Sources

* "Lions and Tigers and Fears: A Natural History of the Sequential Animal". Animal Comics; Miltispecies Storyworlds in Graphic Narratives. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2017.
* Labarre, Nicholas (2020). Understanding Genres in Comics. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-030-43553-0.

## Further reading

* Blount, M. Animal Land: The Creatures of Children's Fiction. William Morrow & Company, 1975. 336 p.
* Cosslett, T. Talking animals in British children's fiction, 1786-1914. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. 205 p. ISBN 0-7546-3656-9, ISBN 978-0-7546-3656-4
* Elick, C. Talking Animals in Children's Fiction: A Critical Study. McFarland, 2015. 258 p. ISBN 0-7864-7878-0, ISBN 978-0-7864-7878-1
* Clute, John; Grant, John (1997). The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-14594-2. OCLC 35978500.
* Morgenstern, J. "Children and other talking animals". The Lion and the Unicorn. 2000. 24.1. pp. 110–127.
* Speaking for animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing. Ed. by Margo DeMello. New York: Routledge, 2012. — 274 p. ISBN 0-415-80899-5, ISBN 978-0-415-80899-6
* Talking Animals Or Humans in Fur?: A Study of Anthropomorphic Animals in Illustrated Children's Literature. Victoria University of Wellington, 1998. 86 p.
* Teupe, L. The Function of Animals in Fairy Tales and Fables. GRIN Verlag, 2014. 12 p. ISBN 3-656-57197-X, ISBN 978-3-656-57197-1.
* Ziolkowski, J. M. Talking animals: Medieval Latin beast poetry, 750-115. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.

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