Turkic languages

Short description: Language family of Eurasia

Not to be confused with Turkish language.

Turkic

Ethnicity| Turkic peoples
Geographic
distribution| Eurasia
Linguistic classification| One of the world's primary language families
Proto-language| Proto-Turkic
Subdivisions|

* Common Turkic
* Oghuric

ISO 639-5| trk
Glottolog| turk1311[1]

The distribution of the Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35[2] documented languages spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia, from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China, where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken,[3] and from where they expanded to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium.[4] They are characterized as a dialect continuum.[5]

Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people.[6] The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish, spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans; its native speakers account for about 38% of all Turkic speakers, followed by Uzbek.[4]

Characteristic features such as vowel harmony, agglutination, subject-object-verb order, and lack of grammatical gender, are almost universal within the Turkic family.[4] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility, upon moderate exposure, among the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Chaharmahali Turkic, Gagauz, and Balkan Gagauz, as well as Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar.[7] Other Turkic languages demonstrate varying amounts of mutual intelligibility within their subgroups as well. Although methods of classification vary, the Turkic languages are usually considered to be divided into two branches: Oghur, of which the only surviving member is Chuvash, and Common Turkic, which includes all other Turkic languages.

Turkic languages show many similarities with the Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages. These similarities have led some linguists (such as Turkologist Talât Tekin) to propose an Altaic language family, though this proposal is widely rejected by historical linguists.[8][9] Similarities with the Uralic languages even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the Ural-Altaic hypothesis.[10][11][12] However, there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies. The shared characteristics between the languages are attributed presently to extensive prehistoric language contact.

December 15 is declared as "World Turkic Language Family Day" by UNESCO. On 15 December 1893, Orkhon Inscriptions, one of the first Turkic texts were decrypted.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Characteristics
* 2 History
* 2.1 Pre-history
* 3 Examples
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
* 6.1 Early written records
* 6.2 Geographical expansion and development
* 6.3 Schema
* 7 Members
* 8 Vocabulary comparison
* 9 Other possible relations
* 9.1 Rejected or controversial theories
* 9.1.1 Korean
* 9.1.2 Uralic
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Sources
* 14 External links

## Characteristics

See also: Social:Altaic languages

Map showing countries and autonomous subdivisions where a language belonging to the Turkic language family has official status

Turkic languages are null-subject languages, have vowel harmony (with the notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), converbs, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions, and lack of grammatical articles, noun classes, and grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. In terms of the level of vowel harmony in the Turkic language family, Tuvan is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas Uzbek is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all. Taking into account the documented historical-linguistic development of Turkic languages overall, both inscriptional and textual, the family provides over one millennium of documented stages as well as scenarios in the linguistic evolution of vowel harmony which, in turn, demonstrates harmony evolution along a confidently definable trajectory[14] Though vowel harmony is a common characteristic of major language families spoken in Inner Eurasia (Mongolic, Tungusic, Uralic and Turkic), the type of harmony found in them differs from each other; specifically, Uralic and Turkic have a shared type of vowel harmony (called palatal vowel harmony) whereas Mongolic and Tungusic represent a different type.

## History

See also: Social:Proto-Turkic language, Old Turkic, Turkic peoples, and Turkic migration

### Pre-history

Proto-Turkic homeland and expansion.[15]

The homeland of the Turkic peoples and their language is suggested to be somewhere between the Transcaspian steppe and Northeastern Asia (Manchuria),[16] with genetic evidence pointing to the region near South Siberia and Mongolia as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity.[17] Similarly several linguists, including Juha Janhunen, Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day Mongolia is the homeland of the early Turkic language.[18] Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the Sayan-Altay region.[19]

Extensive contact took place between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two Eurasian nomadic groups is called the "Turco-Mongol" tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, Tengrism, and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and Mongolic languages. Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary.[20]

Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Chuvash family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes.[21]

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[22] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

*1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

*Floruit

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Turkic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/turk1311.
2. ↑ Dybo A.V. (2007). "ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНТАКТЫ РАННИХ ТЮРКОВ" (in ru). p. 766. http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf.
3. ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2013). "Personal pronouns in Core Altaic". Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages. John Benjamins. p. 223. ISBN 978-90-272-0599-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7.
5. ↑ Grenoble, L.A. (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. pp. 10. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
6. ↑ Rybatzki, Volker (2020). "Altaic Languages: Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic". The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–28. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0003.
7. ↑ "Language Materials Project: Turkish". UCLA International Institute, Center for World Languages. February 2007. http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004.
8. ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy: In memory of Gerhard Doerfer". Central Asiatic Journal 49 (1): 71–132.
9. ↑ Georg, Stefan; Michalove, Peter A.; Ramer, Alexis Manaster; Sidwell, Paul J. (1999). "Telling general linguists about Altaic". Journal of Linguistics 35 (1): 65–98. doi:10.1017/S0022226798007312.
10. ↑ Sinor, 1988, p.710
11. ↑ George van DRIEM: Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1 Part 10. Brill 2001. Page 336
12. ↑ M. A. Castrén, Nordische Reisen und Forschungen. V, St.-Petersburg, 1849
13. ↑ "World Turkic Language Family Day". https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396088.
14. ↑ Standish, Russell K.; Bedau, Mark; Abbass, Hussein A. (25 August 2023). Artificial Life 8. MIT Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-262-69281-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=si_KlRbL1XoC&dq=10+vowels+uzbek&pg=PA391.
15. ↑ Uchiyama et al. 2020, p. 12, Figure 3.
16. ↑ Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene et al. (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genetics 11 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7390. PMID 25898006. "The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia,".
17. ↑ Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene et al. (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genetics 11 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7390. PMID 25898006. ""Thus, our study provides the first genetic evidence supporting one of the previously hypothesized IAHs to be near Mongolia and South Siberia."".
18. ↑ Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (2003) (in en). Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-134-82869-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
19. ↑ Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). "Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks". Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes. . Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. pp. 35–37.
20. ↑ Clark, Larry V. (1980). "Turkic Loanwords in Mongol, I: The Treatment of Non-initial S, Z, Š, Č". Central Asiatic Journal 24 (1/2): 36–59.
21. ↑ Rachewiltz, Igor de. Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.
22. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology * Astronomy * Geology * History ** Big History * Paleontology * Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era * Ab urbe condita * Anno Domini / Common Era * Anno Mundi * Byzantine era * Seleucid era * Spanish era * Before Present * Hijri * Egyptian * Sothic cycle * Hindu units of time (Yuga) * Mesoamerican ** Long Count ** Short Count ** Tzolk'in ** Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese * Japanese * Korean * Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar * Ephemeris * Galactic year * Metonic cycle * Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time * Geological history of Earth * Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) * Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

). Töv Province, Mongolia

Turkic languages also show some Chinese loanwords that point to early contact during the time of Proto-Turkic.[1]

### Early written records

The 9th-century Irk Bitig ("Book of Divination") from Dunhuang, written in Old Uyghur language with the Orkhon script, is an important literary source for early Turko-Mongol mythology.

The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Divânü Lügati't-Türk), written during the 11th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family.[2]

The Codex Cumanicus (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between the Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars, debatably the parent or a distant relative of Chuvash language, are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD.[3][4]

### Geographical expansion and development

Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur language with Old Uyghur alphabet on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass

With the Turkic expansion during the Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, from Siberia to the Mediterranean. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into Persian, Urdu, Ukrainian, Russian,[5] Chinese, Mongolian, Hungarian and to a lesser extent, Arabic.[6] The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of Siberia to Turkey in the West.[7]

For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian, Slavic, and Mongolic languages.[8]

The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches:[9]

* Turkic
* Common Turkic
* Oghuz Turkic (Southwestern)
* Kipchak Turkic (Northwestern)
* Karluk Turkic (Southeastern)
* Siberian Turkic (Northeastern)
* Arghu Turkic
* Oghur Turkic

In this classification, Oghur Turkic is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or Common Turkic. It is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged.[10]

With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic.[11]

Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.[citation needed]

Hruschka, et al. (2014) use computational phylogenetic methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological sound changes.[12]

A classification scheme of all the Turkic languages

### Schema

The following isoglosses are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages:[9][13]

* Rhotacism (or in some views, zetacism), e.g. in the last consonant of the word for "nine" *tokkuz. This separates the Oghur branch, which exhibits /r/, from the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/. In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/, *-/z/, and *-/d/ to /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in this branch.[14] See Antonov and Jacques (2012)[15] on the debate concerning rhotacism and lambdacism in Turkic.
* Intervocalic *d, e.g. the second consonant in the word for "foot" *hadaq
* Suffix-final -G, e.g. in the suffix *lIG, in e.g. *tāglïg

Additional isoglosses include:

* Preservation of word initial *h, e.g. in the word for "foot" *hadaq. This separates Khalaj as a peripheral language.
* Denasalisation of palatal *ń, e.g. in the word for "moon", *āń

Isogloss  | Common Turkic  | Oguric

|
|

Siberian  | Oghuz  | Karluk  | Kipchak  | Sayan  | Arghu
Old Turkic | Northern Altai | Western Yugur | Khakas | Sakha/Yakut | Fu-yü Gyrgys | Turkish | Turkmen | Azerbaijani | Qashqai | Uzbek | Uyghur | Tatar | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Southern Altai | Tuvan | Khalaj | Chuvash
z/r (nine)  | toquz  | toɣïs  | toqïs  | toɣïs  | toɣus  | doɣus  | dokuz  | dokuz  | doqquz  | doqquz  | toʻqqiz  | toqquz  | tuɣïz  | toğyz  | toɣuz  | toɣus  | tos  | toqquz  | tăχăr
*h- (foot)  | adaq  | ayaq  | azaq  | azaq  | ataχ  | azïχ  | ayak  | aýak  | ayaq  | ayaq  | oyoq  | ayaq  | ayaq  | aiaq  | ayaq  | ayak  | adaq  | hadaq  | ura
*VdV (foot)  | adaq  | ayaq  | azaq  | azaχ  | hadaq  | azïχ  | ayak  | aýak  | ayaq  | ayaq  | oyoq  | ayaq  | ayaq  | aiaq  | ayaq  | ayak  | adaq  | hadaq  | ura
*-ɣ (mountain)  | tāɣ  | taɣ  | taɣ  | taɣ  | tıa  | daχ  | dağ*  | dag  | dağ  | daɣ  | togʻ  | tagh  | taw  | tau  | tō  | tū  | daɣ  | tāɣ  | tu
suffix *-lïɣ (mountainous)  | tāɣlïɣ  | taɣlïɣ  | taɣliɣ  | taɣlïɣ  | χayalaaχ  |  | dağlı  | dagly  | dağlı  | daɣlïɣ  | togʻlik  | taghliq  | tawlï  | tauly  | tōlū  | tūlu  | daɣlïɣ  |  | tullă

*In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish, the ğ in dağ and dağlı is not realized as a consonant, but as a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel.

## Members

The following table is based mainly upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson.[16][17]

Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Southwestern Common Turkic
(Oghuz)

|  |

* Salar[18]

|
|
|
|

West Oghuz  |

* Ajem-Turkic (extinct)
* Old Anatolian Turkish (extinct)
* Ottoman Turkish (replaced by modern Turkish in the early 20th century)
* Pecheneg (extinct)
* Turkish
* Gagauz
* Azerbaijani

East Oghuz  |

* Turkmen
* Khorasani Turkic

South Oghuz  |

* Qashqai[19]
* Chaharmahali Turkic
* Afshari Turkic[19]
* Sonqori Turkic[19]

Arghu

|  |

* Khalaj

Northwestern Common Turkic
(Kipchak)

frameless

West Kipchak  |

* Kumyk
* Karachay-Balkar
* Crimean Tatar
* Urum[20]
* Krymchak[21]
* Karaim
* Cuman (extinct)
* Mamluk-Kipchak (extinct)
* Armeno-Kipchak (extinct)

North Kipchak
(Volga–Ural Turkic)  |

* Tatar
* Bashkir
* Old Tatar (extinct)

South Kipchak
(Aralo-Caspian)  |

* Dobrujan Tatar
* Kazakh
* Karakalpak
* Nogai
* Siberian Tatar

* Kyrgyz[17][lower-alpha 1]
* Fergana Kipchak (extinct)
* Southern Altai[lower-alpha 2]
* Altai proper
* Telengit
* Teleut[25]

Southeastern Common Turkic
(Karluk)

| West Karluk  |

* Uzbek

East Karluk  |

* Uyghur
* Ili Turki[26]
* Äynu (Abdal)[lower-alpha 3]
* Chagatai (extinct)
* Khorezmian Turkic (extinct)
* Karakhanid (extinct)

Northeastern Common Turkic
(Siberian)

| North Siberian  |

* Yakut (Sakha)
* Dolgan

South Siberian[lower-alpha 4] | Sayan Turkic  |

* Tuvan
* Tofa
* Soyot-Tsaatan (extinct, partly revitalized)[27]
* Dukhan

Altai and Yenisei Turkic  |

* Chulym
* Fuyu Kyrgyz[lower-alpha 5]
* Khakas
* Northern Altai[28]
* Kumandin[29][30]
* Chelkan[31]
* Tubalar
* Shor

* Western Yugur[17][32][33][34][35]
* Orkhon Turkic (extinct)
* Old Uyghur (extinct)

Oghuric

* Chuvash
* Khazar (extinct)
* Bulgar (extinct)

## Vocabulary comparison

This section does not cite any external source. HandWiki requires at least one external source. See citing external sources. Please help improve this section. Unsourced material may be removed in future.
Find sources: "Turkic languages" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Despite being cognates, some of the words may denote a different meaning.

Empty cells do not necessarily imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language may be formed from another stem and is not cognate with the other words in the row or that a loanword is used in its place.

Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "Common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases, the form given is found only in some dialects of the language, or a loanword is much more common (e.g. in Turkish, the preferred word for "fire" is the Persian-derived ateş, whereas the native od is not in use in the standard language anymore). Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.

| Common meaning  | Proto-Turkic | Old Turkic | Turkish | Azerbaijani | Karakhanid | Qashqai | Turkmen | Tatar | Karaim | Bashkir | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Uzbek | Uyghur | Sakha/Yakut  | Chuvash

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

rowspan=8 Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | father, ancestor  | *ata, *kañ  | ata, apa, qañ  | baba, ata  | baba, ata  | apa, ata  | bowa/ata  | ata  | ata, atay[lower-alpha 6] | ata  | ata, atay[lower-alpha 7] | ata  | ata  | ota  | ata[lower-alpha 8] | ağa[lower-alpha 9] | atte, aśu, aşşĕ[lower-alpha 10]
mother  | *ana, *ög  | ana, ög  | ana, anne  | ana  | ana, ene  | ana/nänä  | ene  | ana, äni[lower-alpha 11] | ana  | ana, inä(y)/asay[lower-alpha 12] | ana  | ene, ana[lower-alpha 13] | ona, acha  | ana[lower-alpha 14] | iỹe[lower-alpha 15] | anne, annü, amăşĕ[lower-alpha 16]
son  | *ogul  | oğul  | oğul  | oğul  | oɣul, ohul  | oğul  | ogul  | ul[lower-alpha 17] | uvul  | ul  | ul[lower-alpha 18] | uul[lower-alpha 19] | oʻgʻil  | oghul[lower-alpha 20] | uol[lower-alpha 21] | ıvăl, ul[lower-alpha 22]
man  | *ér, *érkek  | er  | erkek  | ər/erkək  | erkek  | kiši  | erkek  | ir[lower-alpha 23] | ėr  | ir, irkäk[lower-alpha 24] | er, erkek[lower-alpha 25] | er, erkek[lower-alpha 26] | erkak  | er[lower-alpha 27] | er[lower-alpha 28] | ar/arśın[lower-alpha 29]
girl  | *kíŕ  | qız  | kız  | qız  | qɨz  | qïz/qez  | gyz  | qız[lower-alpha 30] | qɨz  | qıð[lower-alpha 31] | qyz[lower-alpha 32] | qız  | qiz  | qiz[lower-alpha 33] | kııs[lower-alpha 34] | hĕr[lower-alpha 35]
person  | *kiĺi, *yạlaŋuk  | kişi, yalañuq  | kişi  | şəxs, adam  | kiši  |  | kişi  | keşe[lower-alpha 36] | kiši  | keşe  | kisi[lower-alpha 37] | kişi[lower-alpha 38] | kishi  | kishi[lower-alpha 39] | kihi[lower-alpha 40] | śın[lower-alpha 41]
bride  | *gélin  | kelin  | gelin  | gəlin  | qalɨŋ  | gälin  | gelin  | kilen[lower-alpha 42] | kelin  | kilen  | kelin[lower-alpha 43] | kelin[lower-alpha 44] | kelin  | kelin[lower-alpha 45] | kiyiit[lower-alpha 46] | kin[lower-alpha 47]
mother-in-law  |  |  | kaynana  | qaynana  |  | qäynänä  | gaýyn ene  | qayın ana[lower-alpha 48] |  | qäynä[lower-alpha 49] | qaıyn ene[lower-alpha 50] | qaynene[lower-alpha 51] | qaynona  | qeyinana[lower-alpha 52] |  | huńama[lower-alpha 53]
rowspan=16 Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | heart  | *yürek  | yürek  | yürek  | ürək  | jürek  | iräg/üräg  | ýürek  | yöräk[lower-alpha 54] | üriak, jürek  | yöräk  | jürek[lower-alpha 55] | cürök[lower-alpha 56] | yurak  | yürek  | sürex[lower-alpha 57] | çĕre[lower-alpha 58]
blood  | *kiān  | qan  | kan  | qan  | qan  | qan  | gan  | qan[lower-alpha 59] | qan  | qan[lower-alpha 60] | qan[lower-alpha 61] | qan  | qon  | qan  | xaan[lower-alpha 62] | yun
head  | *baĺč  | baš  | baş  | baş  | baš  | baš  | baş  | baş  | baš  | baş  | bas  | baş  | bosh  | bash  | bas  | puś/poś
hair  | *s(i)ač, *kïl  | sač, qïl  | saç, kıl  | saç, qıl  | sač, qɨl  | tik/qel  | saç, gyl  | çäç, qıl  | čač, sač, qɨl  | säs, qıl  | shash, qyl  | çaç, qıl  | soch, qil  | sach, qil  | battax, kıl  | śüś, hul
eye  | *göŕ  | köz  | göz  | göz  | köz  | gez/göz  | göz  | küz  | kioź, goz  | küð  | köz  | köz  | koʻz  | köz  | xarax, kös  | kuś/koś
eyelash  | *kirpik  | kirpik  | kirpik  | kirpik  | kirpik  | kirpig  | kirpik  | kerfek  | kirpik  | kerpek  | kirpik  | kirpik  | kiprik  | kirpik  | kılaman, kirbii  | hărpăk
ear  | *kulkak  | qulqaq  | kulak  | qulaq  | qulaq, qulqaq, qulxaq, qulɣaq  | qulaq  | gulak  | qolaq  | qulax  | qolaq  | qulaq  | qulaq  | quloq  | qulaq  | kulgaax  | hălha
nose  | *burun  | burun  | burun  | burun  | burun  | burn  | burun  | borın  | burun  | moron  | muryn  | murun  | burun  | burun  | murun, munnu  | murun
arm  | *kol  | qol  | kol  | qol  | qol  | qol  | gol  | qul  | kol  | qul  | qol  | qol  | qoʻl  | qol  | хol  | hul
hand  | *el-ig  | elig  | el  | əl  | elig  | äl  | el  |  |  |  | alaqan  | alaqan  | ilik  | ilik  | ilii  | ală
finger  | *erŋek, *biarŋak  | erŋek  | parmak  | barmaq  | barmaq  | burmaq  | barmaq  | barmaq  | barmax  | barmaq  | barmaq  | barmaq  | barmoq  | barmaq  | tarbaq  | pürne/porńa
fingernail  | *dïrŋak  | tïrŋaq  | tırnak  | dırnaq  | tɨrŋaq  | dïrnaq  | dyrnak  | tırnaq  | tɨrnax  | tırnaq  | tyrnaq  | tırmaq  | tirnoq  | tirnaq  | tıngıraq  | çĕrne
knee  | *dīŕ, *dǖŕ  | tiz  | diz  | diz  | tizle-

(to press with one's knees)

| diz  | dyz  | tez  | tɨz  | teð  | tize  | tize  | tizza  | tiz  | tobuk  | çĕrśi, çĕrkuśśi
calf  | *baltïr  | baltïr  | baldır  | baldır  | baldɨr  | ballïr  | baldyr  | baltır  | baldɨr  | baltır  | baltyr  | baltır  | boldir  | baldir  | ballır  | pıl
foot  | *(h)adak  | adaq  | ayak  | ayaq  | aδaq  | ayaq  | aýak  | ayaq  | ajax  | ayaq  | aıaq  | but, ayaq  | oyoq, adoq  | ayaq  | ataq  | ura
belly  | *kạrïn  | qarïn  | karın  | qarın  | qarɨn  | qarn  | garyn  | qarın  | qarɨn  | qarın  | qaryn  | qarın  | qorin  | qerin  | xarın  | hırăm
rowspan=5 Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | horse  | *(h)at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | at  | ot  | at  | at  | ut/ot
cattle  | *dabar  | ingek, tabar  | inek, davar, sığır  | inək, sığır  | ingek, ingen; tavar  | seğer  | sygyr  | sıyır  | sɨjɨr  | hıyır  | siyr  | uy, sıyır, inek  | sigir, inak  | siyir  | ınax  | ĕne
dog  | *ït, *köpek  | ït  | it, köpek  | it  | ɨt  | kepäg  | it  | et  | it´  | et  | ıt  | it, köbök  | it  | it  | ıt  | yıtă
fish  | *bālïk  | balïq  | balık  | balıq  | balɨq  | balïq  | balyk  | balıq  | balɨx  | balıq  | balyq  | balıq  | baliq  | beliq  | balık  | pulă
louse  | *bït  | bit  | bit  | bit  | bit  | bit  | bit  | bet  | bit  | bet  | bıt  | bit  | bit  | bit  | bıt  | pıytă/puťă
rowspan=18 Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | house  | *eb, *bark  | eb, barq  | ev, bark  | ev  | ev  | äv  | öý  | öy  | üy, üv  | öy  | üı  | üy  | uy  | öy  |  | śurt
tent  | *otag, *gerekü  | otaɣ, kerekü  | çadır, otağ  | çadır; otaq  | otaɣ, kerekü  | čador  | çadyr; otag  | çatır  | oda  | satır  | shatyr; otau  | çatır, otoo, otoq  | chodir; oʻtoq  | chadir; otaq  | otuu  | çatăr
way  | *yōl  | yol  | yol  | yol  | jol  | yol  | ýol  | yul  | jol  | yul  | jol  | col  | yoʻl  | yol  | suol  | śul
bridge  | *köprüg  | köprüg  | köprü  | körpü  | köprüg  |  | köpri  | küper  | kiopriu  | küper  | köpir  | köpürö  | koʻprik  | kövrük  | kürpe  | kĕper
arrow  | *ok  | oq  | ok  | ox  | oq  | ox/tir  | ok  | uq  | oq  | uq  | oq  | oq  | oʻq  | oq  | ox  | uhă
fire  | *ōt  | ōt  | od, ateş (Pers.)  | od  | ot  | ot  | ot  | ut  | ot  | ut  | ot  | ot  | oʻt  | ot  | uot  | vut/vot
ash  | *kül  | kül  | kül  | kül  | kül  | kil/kül  | kül  | köl  | kul  | köl  | kül  | kül  | kul  | kül  | kül  | kĕl
water  | *sub, *sïb  | sub  | su  | su  | suv  | su  | suw  | su  | su  | hıw  | su  | suu  | suv  | su  | uu  | şıv/şu
ship, boat  | *gḗmi  | kemi  | gemi  | gəmi  | kemi  |  | gämi  | köymä  | gemi  | kämä  | keme  | keme  | kema  | keme  |  | kimĕ
lake  | *kȫl  | köl  | göl  | göl  | köl  | göl/gel  | köl  | kül  | giol´  | kül  | köl  | köl  | koʻl  | köl  | küöl  | külĕ
sun/day  | *güneĺ, *gün  | kün  | güneş, gün  | günəş, gün  | kün, qujaš  | gin/gün  | gün  | qoyaş, kön  | kujaš  | qoyaş, kön  | kün  | kün  | quyosh, kun  | quyash, kün  | kün  | hĕvel, kun
cloud  | *bulït  | bulut  | bulut  | bulud  | bulut  | bulut  | bulut  | bolıt  | bulut  | bolot  | bulut  | bulut  | bulut  | bılıt  | pĕlĕt
star  | *yultuŕ  | yultuz  | yıldız  | ulduz  | julduz  | ulluz  | ýyldyz  | yoldız  | julduz  | yondoð  | juldyz  | cıldız  | yulduz  | yultuz  | sulus  | śăltăr
ground, earth  | *toprak  | topraq  | toprak  | torpaq  | topraq  | torpaq  | toprak  | tufraq  | topraq, toprax  | tupraq  | topyraq  | topuraq  | tuproq  | tupraq  | toburax  | tăpra
hilltop  | *tepö, *töpö  | töpü  | tepe  | təpə  | tepe  |  | depe  | tübä  | tebe  | tübä  | töbe  | döbö, töbö  | tepa  | töpe  | töbö  | tüpĕ
tree/wood  | *ïgač  | ïɣač  | ağaç  | ağac  | jɨɣač  | ağaĵ  | agaç  | ağaç  | ahač  | ağas  | ağash  | baq, daraq, cığaç  | yogʻoch  | yahach  | mas | yıvăś
god (Tengri)  | *teŋri, *taŋrï  | teŋri, burqan  | tanrı  | tanrı  | teŋri  | tarï/Allah/Xoda  | taňry  | täñre  | Tieńri  | täñre  | täŋiri  | teñir  | tangri  | tengri  | tangara  | tură/toră
sky  | *teŋri, *kȫk  | kök, teŋri  | gök  | göy  | kök  | gey/göy  | gök  | kük  | kök  | kük  | kök  | kök  | koʻk  | kök  | küöx  | kăvak/koak
rowspan=7 Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | long  | *uŕïn  | uzun  | uzun  | uzun  | uzun  | uzun  | uzyn  | ozın  | uzun  | oðon  | uzyn  | uzun  | uzun  | uzun  | uhun  | vărăm
new  | *yaŋï, *yeŋi  | yaŋï  | yeni  | yeni  | jaŋɨ  | yeŋi  | ýaňy  | yaña  | jɨŋgɨ  | yañı  | jaña  | cañı  | yangi  | yengi  | saña  | śĕnĕ
fat  | *semiŕ  | semiz  | semiz, şişman  | səmiz  | semiz  |  | semiz  | simez  | semiz  | himeð  | semiz  | semiz  | semiz  | semiz  | emis  | samăr
full  | *dōlï  | tolu  | dolu  | dolu  | tolu  | dolu  | doly  | tulı  | tolɨ  | tulı  | toly  | toluq, tolu, toluu, tolo  | toʻla  | toluq  | toloru  | tulli
white  | *āk, *ürüŋ  | āq, ürüŋ  | ak, beyaz (Ar.)  | ağ  | aq  | aq  | ak  | aq  | aq  | aq  | aq  | aq  | oq  | aq  | ürüñ (үрүҥ)  | şură
black  | *kara  | qara  | kara, siyah (Pers.)  | qara  | qara  | qärä  | gara  | qara  | qara  | qara  | qara  | qara  | qora  | qara  | xara  | hura, hora
red  | *kïŕïl  | qïzïl  | kızıl, kırmızı (Ar.)  | qızıl  | qɨzɨl  | qïzïl  | gyzyl  | qızıl  | qɨzɨl  | qıðıl  | qyzyl  | qızıl  | qizil  | qizil  | kıhıl  | hĕrlĕ
rowspan="20" Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | 1  | *bīr  | bir  | bir  | bir  | bir  | bir  | bir  | ber  | bir, bɨr  | ber  | bir  | bir  | bir  | bir  | biir  | pĕrre, pĕr
2  | *éki  | eki  | iki  | iki  | ẹki  | ikki  | iki  | ike  | eky  | ike  | eki  | eki  | ikki  | ikki  | ikki  | ikkĕ, ikĕ, ik
3  | *üč  | üč  | üç  | üç  | üč  | uǰ, u̇č  | üç  | öč  | üć  | ös  | üş  | üč  | uch/u̇č  | üch/üç  | üs  | viśśĕ, viśĕ, viś
4  | *dȫrt  | tört  | dört  | dörd  | tört  | derd/dörd  | dört  | dürt  | dört  | dürt  | tört  | tört  | toʻrt  | tört  | tüört  | tăvattă, tăvată, tăvat
5  | *bēĺ(k)  | béš  | beş  | beş  | béš  |  | bäş  | beş  | beš  | biš  | bes  | beş  | besh/beş  | besh/beş  | bies  | pillĕk, pilĕk
6  | *altï  | altï  | altı  | altı  | altï  | altï  | alty (altï)  | altï  | altï  | altï  | alty  | altı  | olti (ålti)  | altä  | alta  | ulttă, ultă, ult
7  | *yéti  | yeti  | yedi  | yeddi  | jeti  | yeddi  | ýedi  | cide  | jedi  | yete  | jeti  | ceti  | yetti  | yetti  | sette  | śiççĕ, śiçĕ, śiç
8  | *sekiŕ  | säkiz  | sekiz  | səkkiz  | sek(k)iz, sik(k)iz  | sӓkkiz  | sekiz  | sigez  | sekiz  | higeð  | segiz  | segiz  | säkkiz  | säkkiz  | aɣïs  | sakkăr, sakăr
9  | *tokuŕ  | toquz  | dokuz  | doqquz  | toquz  | doġġuz  | dokuz  | tugïz  | toɣuz  | tuɣïð  | toğyz  | toğuz  | to'qqiz  | toqquz  | toɣus  | tăxxăr, tăxăr
10  | *ōn  | on  | on  | on  | on  | on  | on  | un  | on  | un  | on  | on  | oʻn  | on  | uon  | vunnă, vună, vun
20  | *yẹgirmi  | yigirmi/yégirmi  | yirmi  | iyirmi  | yigirmi, yigirme  | igirmi, iyirmi  | yigrimi  | yegerme  | yigirmi  | yegerme  | jiyirma  | cıyırma  | yigirmä  | yigirmä  | süürbe  | śirĕm
30  | *otuŕ  | otuz  | otuz  | otuz  | otuz  | ottiz  | otuz (otuð)  | otuz  | otuz  | utïð  | otyz  | otuz  | o'ttiz  | ottuz  | otut  | vătăr
40  | *kïrk  | qïrq  | kırk  | qırx  | qïrq  | ġèrḫ (ɢərx)  | kyrk (kïrk)  | qırq (qïrq)  | kïrx  | qïrq  | qyryq  | qırq  | qirq  | qirq  | tüört uon  | xĕrĕx
50  | *ellig  | älig  | elli  | ǝlli (älli)  | el(l)ig  | älli, ẹlli  | elli  | ille  |  |  | elu  | elüü  |  |  |  | allă, ală, al
60  | *altmïĺ  | altmïš  | altmış  | altmış (altmïš)  | altmïš  | altmïš  | altmyş (altmïš)  | altmïš  | altïmïš  | altïmïš  | alpys  | altımış  | oltmish (åltmiš)  | altmiš  | alta uon  | ultmăl
70  | *yẹtmiĺ  | yētmiš/s  | yetmiş  | yetmiş  | yetmiš  | yetmiš  | ýetmiş (yetmiš)  | ǰitmeš  | yetmiš/s  | yetmeš  | jetpis  | cetimiş  | yetmiš  | yätmiš  | sette uon  | śitmĕl
80  | *sekiŕ ōn  | säkiz on  | seksen  | sǝksǝn (säksän)  | seksün  | sӓɣsen  | segsen  | seksen  | seksen, seksan  | hikhen  | seksen  | seksen  | sakson (säksån)  | säksän  | aɣïs uon  | sakăr vunnă, sakăr vun
90  | *dokuŕ ōn  | toquz on  | doksan  | doxsan  | toqsan  |  | togsan  | tuksan  | toksan, toxsan  | tukhan  | toqsan  | toqson  | to'qson (tȯksån)  | toqsan  | toɣus uon  | tăxăr vunnă, tăxăr vun
100  | *yǖŕ  | yüz  | yüz  | yüz  | jüz  | iz/yüz  | ýüz  | yöz  | jiz, juz, jüz  | yöð  | jüz  | cüz  | yuz  | yüz  | süüs  | śĕr
1000  | *bïŋ  | bïŋ  | bin  | min  | miŋ, men  | min  | müň (müŋ)  | meŋ  | min, bin  | meŋ  | myñ  | miñ  | ming (miŋ)  | miŋ  | tïhïïnča  | pin
| Common meaning  | Proto-Turkic | Old Turkic | Turkish | Azerbaijani | Karakhanid | Qashqai | Turkmen | Tatar | Karaim | Bashkir | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Uzbek | Uyghur | Sakha/Yakut  | Chuvash

Azerbaijani "ǝ" and "ä": IPA /æ/

Azerbaijani "q": IPA /g/, word-final "q": IPA /x/

Turkish and Azerbaijani "ı", Karakhanid "ɨ", Turkmen "y", and Sakha "ï": IPA /ɯ/

Turkmen "ň", Karakhanid "ŋ": IPA /ŋ/

Turkish and Azerbaijani "y",Turkmen "ý" and "j" in other languages: IPA /j/

All "ş" and "š" letters: IPA /ʃ/

All "ç" and "č" letters: IPA /t͡ʃ/

Kyrgyz "c": IPA /d͡ʒ/

Kazakh "j": IPA /ʒ/

## Other possible relations

The Turkic language family is currently regarded as one of the world's primary language families.[36] Turkic is one of the main members of the controversial Altaic language family, but Altaic currently lacks support from a majority of linguists. None of the theories linking Turkic languages to other families have a wide degree of acceptance at present. Shared features with languages grouped together as Altaic have been interpreted by most mainstream linguists to be the result of a sprachbund.[37]

### Rejected or controversial theories

#### Korean

The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and Koreanic, independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists.[38][39][40] The linguist Kabak (2004) of the University of Würzburg states that Turkic and Korean share similar phonology as well as morphology. Li Yong-Sŏng (2014) suggest that there are several cognates between Turkic and Old Korean. He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct the early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and ruling but especially to the sky and stars seem to be cognates.[39]

The linguist Choi suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections:[40]

> In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that the common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic.

— Choi Han-Woo, A Comparative Study of Korean and Turkic (Hoseo University)

Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between Turkic peoples and Koreans.[41] Especially close were the relations between the Göktürks and Goguryeo.[42]

#### Uralic

Some linguists suggested a relation to Uralic languages, especially to the Ugric languages. This view is rejected and seen as obsolete by mainstream linguists. Similarities are because of language contact and borrowings mostly from Turkic into Ugric languages. Stachowski (2015) states that any relation between Turkic and Uralic must be a contact one.[43]

## See also

* Altaic languages
* List of Turkic languages
* List of Turkic-languages poets
* List of Ukrainian words of Turkic origin
* Middle Turkic languages
* Old Turkic
* Old Turkic script
* Proto-Turkic language

## Notes

1. ↑ Lars Johanson once considered Kyrgyz language to be a member of South Kipchak.(Johanson 1998)
2. ↑ Nikolai Baskakov and some others considered Southern Altai language to be a member of Kyrgyz-Kipchak subgroup.[22][23][24]
3. ↑ Äynu contains a very large Persian vocabulary component, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.
4. ↑ Lars Johanson once classified South Siberian group into 4 subgroups (Sayan Turkic, Yenisei Turkic, Chulym Turkic and Altai Turkic). Sayan Turkic consisted of Tuvan (Soyot, Uriankhai) and Tofa (Karagas). Yenisei Turkic consisted of Khakas, Shor and related dialects (Saghay, Qaca, Qizil). Chulym Turkic consisted of dialects such as Küerik. Altai Turkic consisted of Altay (Oirot) and dialects such as Tuba, Qumanda, Qu, Teleut, Telengit. (Johanson 1998)
5. ↑ According to Lars Johanson, Fuyu Kyrgyz is considered to be closely related to Khakas.
6. ↑ Cyrillic: ата, атай
7. ↑ Cyrillic: ата, атай
8. ↑ UEY: ئاتا
9. ↑ Cyrillic: аҕа
10. ↑ Cyrillic: атте, аҫу, ашшӗ
11. ↑ Cyrillic: ана, әни
12. ↑ Cyrillic: ана, инә(й)/асай
13. ↑ Cyrillic: эне, ана
14. ↑ UEY: ئانا
15. ↑ IPA /ij̃e/. Cyrillic: ийэ. The nasal glide /j̃/ is not distinguished from oral glide /j/ in orthography.
16. ↑ Cyrillic: анне, аннӳ, амӑшӗ
17. ↑ Cyrillic: ул
18. ↑ Cyrillic: ұл
19. ↑ Cyrillic: уул
20. ↑ UEY: ئوغۇل
21. ↑ Cyrillic: уол
22. ↑ Cyrillic: ывӑл, ул
23. ↑ Cyrillic: ир
24. ↑ Cyrillic: ир, иркәк
25. ↑ Cyrillic: ер, еркек
26. ↑ Cyrillic: эр, эркек
27. ↑ UEY: ئەر
28. ↑ Cyrillic: эр
29. ↑ Cyrillic: ар/арҫын
30. ↑ Cyrillic: кыз
31. ↑ Cyrillic: ҡыҙ
32. ↑ Cyrillic: қыз
33. ↑ UEY: قىز
34. ↑ Cyrillic: кыыс
35. ↑ Cyrillic: хӗр
36. ↑ Cyrillic: кеше
37. ↑ Cyrillic: кісі
38. ↑ Cyrillic: киши
39. ↑ UEY: كىشى
40. ↑ Cyrillic: киһи
41. ↑ Cyrillic: ҫын
42. ↑ Cyrillic: килен
43. ↑ Cyrillic: келін
44. ↑ Cyrillic: келин
45. ↑ UEY: كەلىن
46. ↑ Cyrillic: кийиит
47. ↑ Cyrillic: кин
48. ↑ Cyrillic: кайын ана
49. ↑ Cyrillic: ҡәйнә
50. ↑ Cyrillic: қайын ене
51. ↑ Cyrillic: кайнене
52. ↑ UEY: قەيىنانا
53. ↑ Cyrillic: хунама
54. ↑ Cyrillic: йөрәк
55. ↑ Cyrillic: жүрек
56. ↑ Cyrillic: жүрөк
57. ↑ Cyrillic: сүрэх
58. ↑ Cyrillic: чӗре
59. ↑ Cyrillic: кан
60. ↑ Cyrillic: ҡан
61. ↑ Cyrillic: қан
62. ↑ Cyrillic: хаан

## References

1. ↑ Johanson, Lars; Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató (29 April 2015) (in en). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-82527-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
2. ↑ Soucek, Svat (March 2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65169-1. https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc.
3. ↑ Johanson, Lars, ed (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-1-003-24380-9. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-éva-csató. ""Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another.""
4. ↑ Agyagási, K. (2020). "A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study" (in en). University of Debrecen 3: 9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820. ""Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch. The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"".
5. ↑ Poppe, Nicolas J. (1966). "A Survey of Studies of Turkic Loan-Words in the Russian Language". Central Asiatic Journal 11 (4): 287–310. ISSN 0008-9192.
6. ↑ Findley, Carter V. (October 2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517726-8.
7. ↑ Turkic Language tree entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking regions.
8. ↑ Johanson, Lars (2001). Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. ISBN 91-86884-10-7. https://www.academia.edu/84611709. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lars Johanson, The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds), The Turkic Languages, London, New York: Routledge, 81–125, 1998.Classification of Turkic languages
10. ↑ See the main article on Lir-Turkic.
11. ↑ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Turkic". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010. The reliability of Ethnologue lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959–1964). A more up-to-date alternative to classifying these languages on internal comparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.
12. ↑ Hruschka, Daniel J.; Branford, Simon; Smith, Eric D.; Wilkins, Jon; Meade, Andrew; Pagel, Mark; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy (2015). "Detecting Regular Sound Changes in Linguistics as Events of Concerted Evolution 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064". Current Biology 25 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064. PMID 25532895.
13. ↑ Самойлович, А. Н. (1922) (in ru). http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
14. ↑ Larry Clark, "Chuvash", in The Turkic Languages, eds. Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (London–NY: Routledge, 2006), 434–452.
15. ↑ Anton Antonov & Guillaume Jacques, "Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate" , Turkic Languages 15, no. 2 (2012): 151–70.
16. ↑ Lars Johanson, "The classification of the Turkic languages" , in Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages, 2020, Oxford University Press, pp. 105–114
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "turcologica". http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html.
18. ↑ Deviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998) [1]
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. 82-83p.
20. ↑ Urum – Glottolog
21. ↑ Krymchak – Glottolog
22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Baskakov1958`
23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Baskakov1969`
24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Kormushin`
25. ↑ Nevskaya, I.A.. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml.
26. ↑ Ili Turki – Glottolog
27. ↑ Rassadin, V.I.. "The Soyot Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/soiot.shtml.
28. ↑ "Northern Altai". ELP Endangered Languages Project. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3869.
29. ↑ "Kumandin". ELP Endangered Languages Project. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10475.
30. ↑ Bitkeeva, A.N.. "The Kumandin Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/kumandy.shtml.
31. ↑ Tazranova, A.R.. "The Chelkan Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/chelkan.shtml.
32. ↑ Coene 2009 , p. 75
33. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (revised ed.). Elsevier. 2010. p. 1109. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1109. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
34. ↑ Johanson, Lars, ed (1998). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28. ISBN 978-3-447-03864-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=cgNQdljvk70C&pg=PA28. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
35. ↑ In Glottolog, Western Yugur is classified as Enisei-East Siberian Turkic.
36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `DRIEM 2001. Page 336`
37. ↑ Janhunen, Juha A. (17 January 2023). "The Unity and Diversity of Altaic" (in en). Annual Review of Linguistics 9 (1): 135–154. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356. ISSN 2333-9683. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356.
38. ↑ Sibata, Takesi (1979). "Some syntactic similarities between Turkish, Korean, and Japanese". Central Asiatic Journal 23 (3/4): 293–296. ISSN 0008-9192.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 SOME STAR NAMES IN MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES-I – Yong-Sŏng LI – Academy of Korean Studies Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (AKS-2010-AGC-2101) – Seoul National University 2014
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Choi, Han-Woo (1996). "A comparative study of Korean and Turkic: Is Korean Altaic?". International Journal of Central Asian Studies 1. http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CHOI/choi1996.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
41. ↑ Babayar, Gaybullah (2004). "On the ancient relations between the Turkic and Korean peoples". Journal of Turkic Civilization Studies (1): 151–155. http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/15_779-2047-1-PB.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
42. ↑ Tae-Don, Noh (2016). "Relations between ancient Korea and Turkey: An examination of contacts between Koguryŏ and the Turkic Khaganate" (in en). Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 29 (2): 361–369. doi:10.1353/seo.2016.0017. ISSN 2331-4826. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646472. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
43. ↑ Stachowski, Marek (2015). "Turkic pronouns against a Uralic background". Iran and the Caucasus 19 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150106. ISSN 1609-8498. https://www.academia.edu/12022061. Retrieved 24 April 2019.

## Sources

* Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Baskakov, N. A. (1962, 1969). Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
* Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
* Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
* Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
* Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 2022. The Turkic Languages. Second edition. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73856-9.
* Johanson, Lars. 2022. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 83–120.[2]
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 September 2007.[3]
* Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
* Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
* Savelyev, Alexander and Martine Robbeets. (2019). lexibank/savelyevturkic: Turkic Basic Vocabulary Database (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3556518
* Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
* Schönig, Claus. "The Internal Division of Modern Turkic and Its Historical Implications". In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 52, no. 1, 1999, pp. 63–95. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369 . Accessed 3 January 2023.
* Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
* Uchiyama, Junzo; Gillam, J. Christopher; Savelyev, Alexander; Ning, Chao (2020). "Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" (in en). Evolutionary Human Sciences 2: 11. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.11. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427466. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341548378_Populations_dynamics_in_Northern_Eurasian_forests_A_long-term_perspective_from_Northeast_Asia.
* Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.

## External links

* Turkic Languages Verb Comparison
* Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia
* Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
* Map of Turkic languages by Goethe University Frankfurt
* Classification of Turkic Languages by Lars Johanson
* Grouping chart of Turkic Languages
* Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
* Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary
* Pauctle.com dictionaries of various Turkic Languages and games for learning words by Pamukkale University
* A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
* The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell with illustrations.
* Turkic basic vocabularies at Zenodo
* Monumenta Altaica (Grammar and other sources by Russian Academy of Sciences)
* Turkic Interlingua (NLP project for Turkic languages)
* Turkic Database at Elegant Lexicon (Comprehensive lexical database for Turkic languages)
* TurkLang Conference : Astana, Kazakhstan, 2013, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014 , Kazan, Tatarstan, 2015

Template:Altaic languages

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Uralic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Elymian
* Ligurian
* North Picene
* Sicani
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Hurro-Urartian
* Hattic
* Kassite ?
* Kaskian ?
* Philistine ?
* Sumerian
* Proto-Euphratean ?
* Elamite

Caucasian|

* Kartvelian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Nihali
* Burushaski
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Austroasiatic
* Sino-Tibetan
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Kenaboi
* Enggano

North Asia|

| Altaic ?|

* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Koreanic ?
* Japonic ?

|

"Paleosiberian"|

* Koreanic
* Ainu
* Nivkh
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Yukaghir
* Yeniseian

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Ruanruan ?
* Eskimo–Aleut

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Pontic
* Karasuk
* Turanian
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Ural–Altaic
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Uralo-Siberian

| Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

|

Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Kwomtari
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Sentani
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keresan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

* v
* t
* e

Turkic languages

Proto-language|

* Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic|

| Arghu|

* Khalaj

|

Karluk|

* Äynu1
* Ili Turki
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Extinct
* Middle Turkic
* Khorezmian
* Chagatai

Kipchak|

| Ponto-Caspian|

* Crimean Tatar
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Urum
* Extinct
* Kipchak
* Cuman

|

Aralo-Caspian|

* Siberian Tatar
* Karakalpak
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Extinct
* Fergana Kipchak

Uralo-Caspian|

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* Extinct
* Old Tatar

Oghuz|

* Azerbaijani
* Gagauz
* Khorasani Turkic
* Qashqai
* Rumelian Turkish
* Salar
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Extinct
* Pecheneg2
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish

Siberian|

* Altai
* Chulym
* Dolgan
* Khakas
* Shor
* Tofa
* Tuvan
* Yakut
* Western Yugur2
* Extinct
* Orkhon Turkic
* Old Turkic
* Old Uyghur
* Fuyu Girgis
* Dukhan

Oghur|

* Chuvash
* Extinct
* Khazar2
* Bulgar

* 1 Mixed language.
* 2 Classification disputed.

* v
* t
* e

Turkic topics

Languages|

* Afshar
* Altai
* Northern
* Southern
* Äynu
* Azerbaijani
* Bashkir
* Bulgar
* Chagatai
* Chulym
* Chuvash
* Crimean Tatar
* Cuman
* Dolgan
* Fuyü Gïrgïs
* Gagauz
* Ili Turki
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Karakalpak
* Karamanli Turkish
* Kazakh
* Khakas
* Khalaj
* Khazar
* Khorasani Turkic
* Kipchak
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Kipchak languages
* Kyrgyz
* Nogai
* Old Turkic
* Ottoman Turkish
* Pecheneg
* Qashqai
* Sakha/Yakut
* Salar
* Shor
* Siberian Tatar
* Tatar
* Tofa
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Tuvan
* Urum
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Western Yugur

| Alphabets|

* Old Turkic
* Common Turkic
* Cyrillic
* Old Uyghur
* Perso-Arabic script

|

Peoples|

* Afshars
* Altaians
* Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, Tubalar
* Azerbaijanis
* in Iran, Armenia, Georgia1
* Balkars
* Bashkirs
* Chulyms
* Chuvash
* Crimean Karaites
* Crimean Tatars
* Dolgans
* Gagauz
* Karachays
* Karakalpaks
* Kazakhs
* in China1
* Khakas
* Khalaj
* Khorasani Turks
* Krymchaks
* Kyrgyz
* in China1
* Kumyks
* Naimans
* Nogais
* Qashqai
* Salar
* Shors
* Siberian Tatars
* Baraba Tatars
* Tatars
* Astrakhan Tatars, Chinese Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Kryashens, Mishars, Nağaybäk, Volga Tatars
* Tofalar
* Turkmens
* in Afghanistan, Iran1
* Turkish
* in Abkhazia, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Crete, Cyprus (North and South), Dodecanese, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Meskhetia (Ahiska), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Western Thrace, Yemen1
* Tuvans
* Uyghurs
* Uzbeks
* in Afghanistan1
* Yakuts (Sakha)
* Yugurs

| Extinct Turkic groups|

* Bulaqs
* Bulgars
* Cumans
* Dughlats
* Karluks
* Khazars
* Kimek
* Kipchaks
* Oghuz Turks
* Shatuo
* Turgesh
* Uzes

|

Politics|

* Grey Wolves
* Kemalism
* Burkhanism
* Jadid
* Pan-Turkism
* Turkesism
* Turanism (Hungarian)

Origins|

* Turkestan
* History
* Timeline of the Göktürks
* Timeline 500–1300
* migration
* Nomadic empire
* Tian Shan / Altai Mountains
* Otuken

Locations|

| Sovereign states (Comparison)|

* Azerbaijan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus2
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

Autonomous areas|

* Altai Republic
* Bashkortostan
* Chuvashia
* Gagauzia
* Kabardino-Balkaria
* Karachay-Cherkessia
* Karakalpakstan
* Khakassia
* Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
* Sakha Republic
* Tatarstan
* Tuva
* Xinjiang

Studies|

* Old Turkic alphabet
* Proto-Turkic language
* Turkology

Religions|

* Turkic mythology
* Tengrism
* Shamanism
* Islam
* Alevism
* Batiniyya
* Bayramiye
* Bektashi Order
* Burkhanism
* Christianity
* Hurufism
* Khalwati order
* Malamatiyya
* Qadiri
* Qalandariyya
* Rifa'i*
* Safaviyya
* Zahediyeh
* Vattisen Yaly

Traditional sports|

* Kyz kuu
* Jereed
* Kokpar
* Dzhigit
* Chovgan

Organizations|

* Turkic Council
* International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
* Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
* Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
* World Turks Qurultai

1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
2State with limited international recognition.

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic languages. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Turkic_languages&oldid=4352596"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template